Functional neuroanatomy and the rationale for using EEG biofeedback for clients with Asperger's syndrome

Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 39-61

  Thompson, Lynda ^a   Thompson, Michael ^a   Reid, Andrea ^a  

^a ADD Centre   (Canada)

Author keywords

Anterior cingulate; Asperger's; EEG biofeedback; Mirror neurons; Neurofeedback; Polyvagal theory; QEEG; Systems theory of neural synergy

Indexed keywords

ASPERGER SYNDROME; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; AUTISTIC DISORDER; BIOFEEDBACK, PSYCHOLOGY; BRAIN; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING;

EID: 73549114228     PISSN: 10900586     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10484-009-9095-0     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. A Abu-Akel 2003 A neurobiological mapping of theory of mind Brain Research Reviews 43 39 40
2. R Adolphs 2003 Is the human amygdala specialized for processing social information? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 985 326 12724168
3. R Adolphs F Gosselin TW Buchanan D Tranel P Schyns AR Damasio 2005 A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage Nature 433 68 15635411
4. Alvarez, A. (2004). Issues in assessment: Asperger's syndrome and personality. In M. Rhode & T. Klauber (Eds.), The many faces of Asperger's syndrome. The Tavistock clinic series (pp. 113-128). London: Karnac Books.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-4th edition-Text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
6. Asperger, H. (1944). Die - "Autistischen Psychopathen" im Kindesalter. Archiv fuer Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 117, 76-136
7. English translation (1991) Autistic psychopathy in childhood. In U. Frith (Editor and Translator) Autism and Asperger's syndrome (pp. 37-92). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
8. Attwood, T. (1997). Asperger's syndrome: A Guide for parents and professionals. London: Jessica Kingsley Publications.
9. Attwood, T. (2007). The complete guide to Asperger's syndrome. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
10. J Bachevalier KA Loveland 2006 The orbitofrontal-amygdala circuit and self-regulation of social-emotional behavior in autism Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews 30 97 117
11. BG Bara M Bucciarelli L Colle 2001 Communicative abilities in autism: Evidence for attentional deficits Brain and Language 77 2 216 240 11300705
12. JS Barton MV Cherkasov R Hefter TA Cox M O'Connor DS Manoach 2004 Are patients with social developmental disorders prosopagnosic? Perceptual heterogeneity in the Asperger and socio-emotional processing disorders Brain 127 8 1706 1716 15215211
13. Bashe, P. R., & Kirby, B. (2005). The OASIS guide to Asperger syndrome. New York: Crown Publishers.
14. MK Belmonte DA Yurgelun-Todd 2003 Functional anatomy of impaired selective attention and compensatory processing in autism Cognitive Brain Research 17 3 651 664 14561452
15. S Blandford 2005 Children can learn with their shoes off: Supporting students with Asperger's syndrome in mainstream schools and colleges Educational Psychology in Practice 21 1 76 78
16. Bleuler, E. (1911). Dementia praecox oder gruppe der schizophrenien. J. Zinken translation, 1950. New York: International University Press.
17. DM Bowler JM Gardiner N Berthollier 2004 Source memory in adolescents and adults with Asperger's syndrome Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34 5 533 542 15628607
18. Bregman, J. D. (2005). Definitions and characteristics of the spectrum. In D. Zager (Ed.), Autism spectrum disorders: Identification, education, and treatment (3rd ed., pp. 3-46). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
19. DE Carothers RL Taylor 2004 Social cognitive processing in elementary school children with Asperger syndrome Education & Training in Developmental Disabilities 39 2 177 187
20. L Carr M Iacoboni MC Dubeau JC Mazziotta 2003 Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100 5497 5502
21. AS Chan SL Sze M Cheung 2007 Quantitative electroencephalographic profiles for children with autistic spectrum disorder Neuropsychology 21 1 74 81 17201531
22. S Channon 2004 Frontal lobe dysfunction and everyday problem-solving: Social and non-social contributions Acta Psychologica 115 2-3 235 254 14962402
23. CNS Response. (2008). www.cnsresponse.com.
24. Coben, R. (2005). Assessment guided neurofeedback for autistic spectrum disorder. Presentation at the Society for Neuronal Regulation 13th annual conference, Denver, Colorado.
25. Coben, R. (2006). Panel on autistic spectrum disorders at the 36th annual meeting of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. Portland, OR.
26. R Coben 2007 Connectivity-guided neurofeedback for autistic spectrum disorder Biofeedback 35 4 131 135
27. Committee on Children with Disabilities 2001 Technical report: The pediatrician's role in the diagnosis and management of autistic spectrum disorders in children Pediatrics 107 5 1 35
28. BA Corbett LJ Constantine 2006 Autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Assessing attention and response control with the integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test Child Neuropsychology 12 4-5 335 348 16911977
29. Cumine, V., Leach, J., & Stevenson, G. (1998). Asperger syndrome: A practical guide for teachers. London: David Fulton Publishers.
30. K Dalton B Nacewicz T Johnstone H Schaefer M Gernsbacher H Goldsmith A Alexander R Davidson 2005 Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism Nature Neuroscience 8 4 519 526 15750588
31. M Dapretto MS Davies JH Pfeifer AA Scott M Sigman SY Bookheimer M Iacoboni 2006 Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders Nature Neuroscience 9 1 28 30 16327784
32. C Deruelle C Rondan B Gepner C Tardif 2004 Spatial frequency and face processing in children with autism and Asperger syndrome Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34 2 199 210 15162938
33. O Devinsky M Morrell B Vogt 1995 Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour Brain 118 279 306 7895011
34. Dissanayake, C., & Macintosh, K. (2003). Mind reading and social functioning in children with autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder. In B. Repacholi & V. Slaughter (Eds.), Individual differences in theory of mind: Implications for typical and atypical development. Macquarie monographs in cognitive science (pp. 213-239). New York: Psychology Press.
35. S Ehlers C Gillberg 1993 The epidemiology of Asperger's syndrome: A total population study Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 34 8 1327 1350 8294522
36. DM Emerich NA Creaghead SM Grether D Murray C Grasha 2003 The comprehension of humorous materials by adolescents with high-functioning autism and Asperger's syndrome Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33 3 253 257 12908828
37. Fisch, B. (1999). Fisch and Spehlmann's EEG primer: Basic principles of digital and analog EEG-third edition. New York: Elsevier.
38. M Fitzgerald 2000 Jonathan swift: Victim of Asperger's syndrome? The Canadian Journal of Diagnosis 2000 31 36
39. Fitzgerald, M. (2004). Response to "Features of Alexithymia or features of Asperger's syndrome?" by M. Corcos. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(2), 123.
40. M Fitzgerald G Kewley 2005 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Asperger's syndrome Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 44 3 210 15725963
41. Frith, U. (1991). (Editor and Translator) Autism and Asperger's syndrome. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
42. E Frombonne L Tidmarsh 2003 Epidemiological data on Asperger disorder Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 12 1 15 21
43. MP Gattegno C De Fenoyl 2004 Social abilities training in people with Asperger syndrome/L'entraînement aux habiletés sociales chez les personnes attients du syndrome d'Asperger Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive 14 3 109 115
44. Gevirtz, R. (2007). Biofeedback training to increase heart rate variability. In P. M. Lehrer, R. L. Woolfolk, & W. E. Sime (Eds.), Principles and practice of stress management (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Publications.
45. Gevirtz, R., & Lehrer, P. (2005). Resonant frequency heart rate biofeedback. In M. S. Schwartz & F. Andrasik (Eds.), Biofeedback a practitioner's guide-third edition. New York: Guilford Press.
46. Ghaziuddin, M., & Mountain-Kimchi, K. (2004). Defining the intellectual profile of Asperger syndrome: Comparison with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders. 34(3), 279-284.
47. C Gillberg 1989 Asperger syndrome in 23 Swedish children Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 31 520 531 2680690
48. Gillberg, C. (1991). Clinical and neurobiological aspects of Asperger's syndrome in six families studied. In U. Frith (Ed.), Autism and Asperger's syndrome (pp. 122-145). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
49. Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test. (1963). The psychological corporation.
50. VA Green KA Pituch J Itchon A Choi M O'Reilly J Sigafoos 2006 Internet survey of treatments used by parents of children with autism Research in Developmental Disabilities 27 70 84 15919178
51. Haddon, M. (2002). The curious incident of the dog in the night-time. Toronto: Doubleday Canada.
52. N Hadjikhani RM Joseph J Snyder H Tager-Flusberg 2006 Anatomical differences in the mirror neuron system and social cognition network in autism Cerebral Cortex 16 1276 1282 16306324
53. Hill, E. L., & Frith, U. (2003). Understanding Autism: Insights from mind and brain. Theme Issue 'Autism: mind and brain'. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society London, Bulletin 358, 281-289.
54. M Iacoboni M Dapretto 2006 The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction Nature Reviews and Neuroscience, December 2006 942 951
55. T Jantzen K Graap S Stephanson W Marshall G Fitzsimmons 1995 Differences in baseline EEG measures for ADD and normally achieving pre-adolescent males Biofeedback and Self Regulation 20 1 65 82
56. E Jarusiewicz 2002 Efficacy of neurofeedback for children in the autistic spectrum: A pilot study Journal of Neurotherapy 6 4 39 49
57. H Jasper 1858 Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography EEG and Clinical Neurophysiology 10 374
58. J Johnstone J Gunkelman J Lunt 2005 Clinical database development: Characterization of EEG phenotypes Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 36 2 99 107 15999905
59. N Kaland A Moller-Nielsen L Smith EL Mortensen K Callesen D Gottlieb 2005 The strange stories test: A replication study of children and adolescents with Asperger syndrome European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 14 2 73 82 15793686
60. HR Khouzam F El-Gabalawi N Pirwani F Priest 2004 Asperger's disorder: A review of its diagnosis and treatment Comprehensive Psychiatry 45 3 184 191 15124148
61. N Kleinhans N Akshoomoff DC Delis 2005 Executive functions in autism and Asperger's disorder: Flexibility, fluency, and inhibition Developmental Neuropsychology 27 3 379 401 15843103
62. Klin, A., & Miller, K. (2004). When Asperger's syndrome and a nonverbal learning disability look alike. In M. T. Stein (Ed.), Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics. Special Issue: Challenging Cases in Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 25(5S), S59-S64
63. (This reprinted article originally appeared in the Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 25(3), 190-195).
64. Klin, A., Volkmar, & Sparrow, (2000). Asperger's syndrome. New York: Guilford Press.
65. Knezevic, B. (2007). Pilot project to ascertain utility of tower of London test (ToL) to assess outcomes of neurofeedback in clients with Asperger's syndrome. Student Award paper presented at International Society for Neurofeedback and Research, Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA.
66. R Landry SE Bryson 2004 Impaired disengagement of attention in young children with autism Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 45 6 1115 1122
67. AC Laurent E Rubin 2004 Challenges in emotional regulation in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism Topics in Language Disorders 24 4 286 297 (Pubitemid 39620720)
68. J Lawson S Baron-Cohen S Wheelwright 2004 Empathizing and systemizing in adults with and without Asperger syndrome Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34 3 301 310 15264498
69. Linden, M. (2006). Panel on autistic spectrum disorders at the 36th annual meeting of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. Portland, OR.
70. M Linden T Habib V Radojevic 1996 A controlled study of EEG biofeedback effects on cognitive and behavioral measures with attention-deficit disorder and learning disabled children Biofeedback and Self-Reguation 21 1 35 49
71. D Loffler 2005 Asperger syndrome: What teachers need to know Educational Psychology in Practice 21 1 80 81
72. JF Lubar 1991 Discourse on the development of EEG diagnostics and biofeedback treatment for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders Biofeedback and Self-Regulation 16 3 202 225
73. JF Lubar J Lubar 1984 Electroencephalographic biofeedback of SMR and beta for treatment of attention deficit disorder in a clinical setting Biofeedback and Self Regulation 9 1 1 23 6487671
74. JF Lubar MO Swartwood JN Swartwood P O'Donnell 1995 Evaluation of the effectiveness of EEG neurofeedback training for ADHD in a clinical setting as measured by changes in T.O.V.A. scores, behavioral ratings, and WISC-R performance Biofeedback and Self Regulation 20 1 83 99 7786929
75. KE Macintosh C Dissanayake 2004 Annotation: The similarities and differences between autistic disorder and Asperger's disorder: A review of the empirical evidence Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 3 421 434 15055363
76. CA Mann JF Lubar AW Zimmerman CA Miller RA Muenchen 1992 Quantitative analysis of EEG in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Controlled study with clinical implications Pediatric Neurology 8 1 30 36 1558573
77. Martinez, Y. (2003). Unpublished thesis done as part of the requirements for an Honours B.A. degree. Copy on file at the ADD Centre, Toronto.
78. SD Mayes SL Calhoun 2004 Influence of IQ and age in childhood autism: Lack of support for DSM-IV Asperger's disorder Journal of Developmental & Physical Disabilities 16 3 257 272
79. GM McAlonan V Cheung C Cheung J Suckling GY Lam KS Tai L Yip DGM Murphy SE Chua 2005 Mapping the brain in autism. A voxel-based MRI study of volumetric differences and intercorrelations in autism Brain: Journal of Neurology 128 2 268 276
80. McCann, J. (2006). Reeg-the new image of diagnostic accuracy. Neuropsychiatry May 7(8).
81. Meltzoff, A., & Prinz, W. (Eds.). (2002). The imitative mind: Development, evolution and brain bases. New York: Cambridge University Press.
82. VJ Monastra 2005 Electroencephalographic biofeedback (neurotherapy) as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Rationale and empirical foundation Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 14 1 55 82 15564052
83. VJ Monastra JF Lubar M Linden 2001 The development of a quantitative electroencephalographic scanning process for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Reliability and validity studies Neuropsychology 15 1 136 144 11216884
84. VJ Monastra JF Lubar M Linden P VanDeusen G Green W Wing, et al. 1999 Assessing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder via quantitative electroencephalography: An initial validation study Neuropsychology 13 3 424 433 10447303
85. VJ Monastra D Monastra S George 2002 The effects of stimulant therapy, EEG biofeedback and parenting on primary symptoms of ADHD Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 27 4 250 272
86. BM Nacewicz KM Dalton T Johnstone MT Long EM McAuliff TR Oakes AL Alexander RJ Davidson 2006 Amygdala volume and nonverbal social impairment in adolescent and adult males with autism Archives of General Psychiatry 63 12 1417 1428 17146016
87. Nash, J. M. (2002). The secrets of Autism. Time. May 6, 2002/159(18), 36-46.
88. Neuroguide Delux, 2.3.7. (2007). Robert Thatcher, applied neuroscience Inc. ( www.appliedneuroscience.com ).
89. NN Nikolaenko 2004 Metaphorical and associative thinking in healthy children and in children with Asperger's syndrome at different ages Human Physiology 30 5 532 536
90. N Nishitani S Avikainen R Hari 2004 Abnorml imitation-related cortical activation sequences in Asperger's syndrome Annals of Neurology 55 558 562 15048895
91. LM Oberman EM Hubbard JP McCleery EL Altschuler VS Ramachandran JA Pineda 2005 EEG evidence for motor neuron dysfunction in autistic spectrum disorders Brain Research & Cognitive Brain Research 24 190 198 15993757
92. RD Pascual-Marqui M Esslen K Kochi D Lehmann 2002 Functional imaging with low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA): A review Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 24C 91 95
93. Pfeiffer, H., Iacoboni, M., Mazziotta, C., & Dapretto, M. (2005). Mirror neuron system activity in children and its relation to empathy and interpersonal competence. In Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society of Neuroscience Abstract 660(24).
94. SW Porges 2003 Social engagement and attachment: A phylogenetic perspective Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1008 31 47 14998870
95. Porges, S. W. (2004). The Vagus: A mediator of behavioral and physiologic features associated with autism. In M. L. Bauman & T. L. Kemper (Eds.), The neurobiology of autism (pp. 65-78). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
96. SW Porges 2007 The Polyvagal perspective Biological Psychiatry 74 116 143
97. SM Portway B Johnson 2005 Do you know I have Asperger's syndrome? Risks of non-obvious disability Health, Risk & Society 7 1 73 83
98. ES Prichep F Mas E Hollander M Liebowitz ER John M Almas CM DeCaria RH Levine 1993 Quantitative electroencephalographic subtyping of obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 50 25 32 8511221
99. VS Ramachandran LM Oberman 2006 Broken mirrors Scientific American 295 5 62 69 17076085
100. Reid, A. (2005). Autistic spectrum disorders: Assessment and intervention results after neurofeedback in 146 cases. Student Award Presentation, International Society for Neuronal Regulation annual meeting. Denver, Colorado.
101. ED Ross 1981 The aprosodias: Functional-anatomic organization of the affective components of language in the right hemisphere Archives of Neurology 38 561 569 7271534
102. TR Rossiter TJ LaVaque 1995 A comparison of EEG biofeedbaclk and psychostimulants in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorders Journal of Neurotherapy 1 1 48 59
103. Rourke, B., & Tsatsanis, K. (2000). Nonverbal learning disabilities and Asperger's syndrome. In A. Klin, F. Volkmar, & S. Sparrow (Eds.), Asperger syndrome. New York: Guilford Press.
104. E Rubin L Lennon 2004 Challenges in social communication in Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism Topics in Language Disorders 24 4 271 285 (Pubitemid 39620719)
105. CH Salmond J Ashburner A Connelly KJ Friston DG Gadian F Vargha-Khadem 2005 The role of the medial temporal lobe in autistic spectrum disorders European Journal of Neuroscienc 22 3 764 772
106. Sears, W., & Thompson, L. (1998). The A.D.D. book: New understandings, new approaches to parenting your child. New York: Little, Brown and Co.
107. SG Shamay-Tsoory R Tomer BD Berger D Goldsher J Aharon-Peretz 2005 Impaired "Affective Theory of Mind" is associated with right ventromedial prefrontal damage Cognitive & Behavioral Neurology 18 1 55 67
108. MN Shouse JF Lubar 1979 Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) operant conditioning and methylphenidate in the treatment of hyperkinesis Biofeedback & Self-Regulation 4 299 311
109. Simpson, D. (2004). Asperger's syndrome and autism: Distinct syndromes with important similarities. In M. Rhode & T. Klauber (Eds.), The many faces of Asperger's syndrome. The Tavistock clinic series (Vol xviii, 302, pp. 25-38). London, England: Karnac Books.
110. Sloman, L. (2005). Medication use in children with high functioning pervasive developmental disorder and Asperger syndrome. In K. Stoddart (Ed.), Children, youth and adults with Asperger syndrome: Integrating multiple perspectives. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
111. H Soderstrom T Nilsson A Sjodin A Carlstedt A Forsman 2005 The childhood-onset neuropsychiatric background to adulthood psychopathic traits and personality disorders Comprehensive Psychiatry 46 2 111 116 15723027
112. B Solnick 2005 Effects of electroencephalogram biofeedback with Asperger's syndrome International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 28 2 159 163
113. Sterman, M. B. (1999). Atlas of Topometric clinical displays: Functional interpretations and neurofeedback strategied. New Jersey: Sterman-Kaiser Imaging Laboratory.
114. MB Sterman 2000 Basic concepts and clinical findings in the treatment of seizure disorders with EEG operant conditioning Clinical Electroencephalography 31 1 45 55 10638352
115. MB Sterman 2000 EEG markers for attention deficit disorder: Pharmacological and neurofeedback applications Child Study Journal 30 1 1 22
116. Stewart, K. (1998). Helping a child with nonverbal learning disorder or Asperger's syndrome. Place: Publisher.
117. SC Suffin WH Emory 1995 Neurometric subgroups in attentional and affective disorders and their association with pharmacotherapeutic outcomes Clinical Electroencephalography 26 2 76 83 7781194
118. JM Swanson K McBurnett T Wigal LJ Pfiffner L Williams DL Christian L Tamm E Willcutt K Crowley W Clevenger N Khouam C Woo FM Crinella TM Fisher 1993 The effect of stimulant medication on children with attention deficit disorder: A "Review of Reviews" Exceptional Children 60 2 154 162
119. Tammet, D. (2007). Born on a blue day. London: Free Press (Division of Simon & Shuster).
120. Tanguay, P. B. (2001). Nonverbal learning disabilities at home: A parent's guide. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
121. Thatcher, R. W., Walker, R. A., Biver, C. J., North, D. N., & Curtin, R. (2003). Quantitative EEG normative databases: Validation and clinical correlation. In J. F. Lubar (Ed.), Quantitative electroencephalographic analysis (QEEG) databases for neurotherapy: Description, validation, and application. New York: Haworth Press.
122. Thompson, M. G. G., & Havelkova, M. (1983). Childhood Psychosis. In P. Steinhauer & Q. Rae-Grant (Eds.), Psychological Problems of the Child in the Family. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
123. Thompson L., & Thompson M. (1995). Exceptional Results with Exceptional Children. In Proceedings of the Society for the Study of Neuronal Regulation. Annual Meeting: Scottsdale, Arizona.
124. L Thompson M Thompson 1998 Neurofeedback combined with training in metacognitive strategies: Effectiveness in students with ADD Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 23 4 243 263 10457815
125. Thompson, L., & Thompson, M. (2003a). The neurofeedback book. Wheatridge, CO: Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback.
126. Thompson, M. & Thompson, L. (2003b). Neurofeedback for Asperger's syndrome: Theoretical rationale and clinical results. The Newsletter of the Biofeedback Society of California, 19(1).
127. Thompson, L., & Thompson, M. (2006a). Panel on Autistic Spectrum Disorders. 36th Annual meeting of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, Portland, Oregon, April.
128. M Thompson L Thompson 2006 Improving attention in adults and children: Differing electroencephalograhy profiles and implications for training Biofeedback Magazine 34 3 99 105
129. Thompson, L., & Thompson, M. (2007a). Autistic spectrum disorders including Asperger's syndrome: EEG and QEEG findings, results, and neurophysiological rationale for success using neurofeedback training. Presented at the 11th Annual Meeting of the Biofeedback Foundation of Europe, Berlin, Germany. Abstract reprinted in Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 32(3-4), 213-214.
130. Thompson, M., & Thompson, L. (2007b). Neurofeedback for stress management. In P. Lehrer, R. Woolfolk, & W. Sime (Eds.), Principles and practice of stress management (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Publications.
131. Thompson, M., Thompson, L., & Reid, A. (2008). Neurofeedback outcomes in clients with Asperger's syndrome. Submitted to Journal of Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback.
132. Thompson, M., & Thompson, L. (2009). Asperger's syndrome intervention: Combining neurofeedback, biofeedback and metacognition. In T. Budzinski, H. Budzinski, J. Evans, & A. Abarbanel (Eds.), Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback (2nd ed.). New York: Elsevier.
133. Tower of London Test. (1982). Colorado assessment tests. www.catstests.com/prod03.htm.
134. Von Bertalanffy, L. (1976). General systems theory: Foundations, development, applications. New York: George Braziller, Inc.
135. AK Weimer AM Schatz A Lincoln AO Ballantyne DA Truaner 2001 "Motor" impairment in Asperger syndrome: Evidence for a deficit in proprioception Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 22 2 92 101 11332785
136. Weitz, P., & Weitz, C. (2002). "About a Boy". Movie starring Hugh Grant, Universal pictures, Tribeca/working title production.
137. L Wing 1981 Asperger's syndrome: A clinical account Psychological Medicine 11 115 129 7208735
138. Wing, L. (2001). The autistic spectrum: A parent's guide to understanding and helping your child. Berkeley, CA: Ulysses Press.
139. L Wing J Gould 1979 Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 9 11 29 155684