Influence of IQ and age in childhood autism: Lack of support for DSM-IV Asperger's disorder

Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 257-272

  Mayes, Susan Dickerson ^a,b   Calhoun, Susan L ^a  

^a PENN STATE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b PENN STATE MILTON S HERSHEY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Asperger's disorder; Asperger's syndrome; Autism; DSM IV; IQ

Indexed keywords

EID: 3042775028     PISSN: 1056263X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:JODD.0000032301.07550.0e     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn., American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
2. Asperger, H. (1991). Die autistischen psychopathen im kindesalter. Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr. 117: 76-136. Translated by Frith, U. (ed.) (1991). Autism and Asperger Syndrome, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 37-92 (Original work published 1944).
3. Asperger, H. (1991). Die autistischen psychopathen im kindesalter. Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr. 117: 76-136. Translated by Frith, U. (ed.) (1991). Autism and Asperger Syndrome, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 37-92 (Original work published 1944).
4. Attwood, T. (1998). Asperger's Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals, Jessica Kingsley, Philadelphia.
5. Bartak, L., and Rutter, M. (1976). Differences between mentally retarded and normally intelligent autistic children. J. Autism Child. Schizophr. 6: 109-120.
6. Church, C. C., and Coplan, J. (1995). The high-functioning autistic experience: Birth to preteen years. J. Pediatr. Health Care 9: 22-29.
7. Eaves, L. C., Ho, H. H., and Eaves, D. M. (1994). Subtypes of autism by cluster analysis. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 24: 3-22.
8. Eisenmajer, R., Prior, M., Leekam, S., Wing, L., Gould, J., Welham, M., and Ong, B. (1996). Comparison of clinical symptoms in autism and Asperger's disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 35: 1523-1531.
9. Eisenmajer, R., Prior, M., Leekam, S., Wing, L., Ong., B., Gould, J., and Welham, M. (1998). Delayed language onset as a predictor of clinical symptoms in pervasive developmental disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 28: 527-533.
10. Frith, U. (1991). Asperger and his syndrome. In Frith, U. (ed.), Autism and Asperger Syndrome, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-36.
11. Ghaziuddin, M., Leininger, L., and Tsai, L. (1995). Brief report: Thought disorder in Asperger syndrome: Comparison with high-functioning autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 25: 311-317.
12. Ghaziuddin, M., Tsai, L. Y., and Ghaziuddin, N. (1992a). Brief report: A reappraisal of clumsiness as a diagnostic feature of Asperger syndrome. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 22: 651-656.
13. Ghaziuddin, M., Tsai, L. Y., and Ghaziuddin, N. (1992b). Brief report: A comparison of the diagnostic criteria for Asperger syndrome. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 11: 643-649.
14. Gilchrist, A., Green, J., Cox, A., Burton, D., Rutter, M., and Le Couteur, A. (2001). Development and current functioning in adolescents with Asperger syndrome: A comparative study. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 42: 227-240.
15. Gillberg, C. (1985). Asperger Syndrome and recurrent psychosis - a case study. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 15: 389-397.
16. Gillberg, C. (1989). Asperger syndrome in 23 Swedish children. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 31: 520-531.
17. Gillberg, C. (1991). Clinical and neurobiological aspects of Asperger syndrome in six family studies. In Frith, U. (ed.), Autism and Asperger Syndrome, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 122-146.
18. Gillberg, C., and Ehlers, S. (1998). High-functioning people with autism and Asperger syndrome: A literature review. In Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B., and Kunce, L. J. (eds.), Asperger Syndrome or High-functioning Autism?, Plenum, New York, pp. 79-100.
19. Gillberg, C., and Gillberg, C. (1989). Asperger syndrome - -some epidemiological considerations: A research note. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 30: 631-638.
20. Gillberg, C., Nordin, V., and Ehlers, S. (1996). Early detection of autism: Diagnostic instruments for clinicians. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 5: 67-74.
21. Hooper, S. R., and Bundy, M. B. (1998). Learning characteristics of individuals with Asperger syndrome. In Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B., and Kunce, L. J. (eds.), Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism?, Plenum, New York, pp. 317-342.
22. Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nerv. Child 2: 217-250.
23. Klin, A. (1994). Asperger syndrome. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 3: 131-148.
24. Klin, A., Volkmar, F. R., Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., and Rourke, B. D. (1995). Validity and neuropsychological characterization of Asperger's syndrome: Convergence with nonverbal learning disabilities syndrome. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 36: 1127-1140.
25. Kunce, L., and Mesibov, G. B. (1998). Educational approaches to high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. In Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B., and Kunce, L. J. (eds.), Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism?, Plenum, New York, pp. 227-261.
26. Lindgren, S., and Koeppl, G. K. (1987). Assessing child behavior problems in a medical setting: Development of the Pediatric Behavior Scale. In Prinz, R. J. (ed.), Advances in Behavioral Assessment of Children and Families, Vol. 3, JAI, Greenwich, London, pp. 57-90.
27. Mahoney, W. J., Szatmari, P., MacLean, J. E., Bryson, S. E., Bartolucci, G., Walter, S. D., Jones, M. B., and Zwaigenbaum, L. (1998). Reliability and accuracy of differentiating pervasive developmental disorder subtypes. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 37: 278-285.
28. Manjiviona, J., and Prior, M. (1995). Comparison of Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autistic children on a test of motor impairment. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 25: 23-39.
29. Mayes, S. D., and Calhoun, S. L. (1999). Symptoms of autism in young children and correspondence with the DSM. Infant. Young Child. 12: 90-97.
30. Mayes, S. D., and Calhoun, S. L. (2001a). Does DSM-IV Asperger's disorder exist? J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 29: 263-272.
31. Mayes, S. D., and Calhoun, S. L. (2001b). Non-significance of early speech delay in children with autism and normal intelligence and implications for DSM-IV Asperger's disorder. Autism 5: 81-94.
32. Mayes, S. D., and Calhoun, S. L. (2003). Ability profiles in children with autism: Influence of age and IQ. Autism. 6: 65-80.
33. Miller, J. N., and Ozonoff, S. (1997). Did Asperger's cases have Asperger disorder? A research note. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 38: 247-251.
34. Miller, J. N., and Ozonoff, S. (2000). The external validity of Asperger disorder: Lack of evidence from the domain of neuropsychology. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 109: 227-238.
35. Myhr, G. (1998). Autism and other pervasive development disorders: Exploring the dimensional view. Can. J. Psychiatry 43: 589-595.
36. Ozonoff, S., Rogers, S. J., and Pennington, B. F. (1991). Asperger's syndrome: Evidence of an empirical distinction from high-functioning autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 32: 1107-1122.
37. Ozonoff, S., South, M., and Miller, J. N. (2000). DSM-IV defined Asperger syndrome: Cognitive, behavioral and early history differentiation from high-functioning autism. Autism 4: 29-46.
38. Prior, M., Eisenmajer, R., Leekam, S., Wing, L., Gould, J., Ong., B., and Dowe, D. (1998). Are there subgroups within the autistic spectrum: A cluster analysis of a group of children with autistic spectrum disorders. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 39: 893-902.
39. Schopler, E. (1996). Are autism and Asperger syndrome (AS) different labels or different disabilities? J. Autism Dev. Disord. 26: 109-110.
40. Schopler, E. (1998). Premature popularization of Asperger syndrome. In Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B., and Kunce, L. J. (eds.), Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism?, Plenum, New York, pp. 385-399.
41. Sevin, J. A., Matson, J. L., Coe, D., Love, S. R., Matese, M. J., and Benavidez, D. A. (1995). Empirically derived subtypes of pervasive developmental disorders: A cluster analytic study. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 25: 561-578.
42. Stone, W. L., Lee, E. B., Ashford, L., Brissie, J., Hepburn, S. L., Coonrod, E. E., and Weiss, B. H. (1999). Can autism be diagnosed accurately in children under 3 years? J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 40: 219-226.
43. Szatmari, P. (1991). Asperger's syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 14: 81-93.
44. Szatmari, P. (1992). The validity of autistic spectrum disorders: A literature review. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 22: 583-600.
45. Szatmari, P. (1998). Differential diagnosis of Asperger disorder. In Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B., and Kunce, L. J. (eds.), Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism?, Plenum, New York, pp. 61-76.
46. Szatmari, P. (2000). The classification of autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder. Can. J. Psychiatry 45: 731-738.
47. Szatmari, P., Archer, L., Fisman, S., Streiner, D. L., and Wilson, F. (1995). Asperger's syndrome and autism: Differences in behavior, cognition, and adaptive functioning. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 34: 1662-1671.
48. Szatmari, P., Bartolucci, G., and Bremner, R. (1989a). Asperger's syndrome and autism: Comparison of early history and outcome. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 31: 709-720.
49. Szatmari, P., Bartolucci, G., Bremner, R., Bond, S., and Rich, S. (1989b). A follow-up study of high-functioning autistic children. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 19: 213-225.
50. Szatmari, P., Tuff, L., Finlayson, M. A. J., and Bartolucci, G. (1990). Asperger's syndrome and autism: Neurocognitive aspects. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 29: 130-136.
51. Tantam, D. (1988). Annotation Asperger's syndrome. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 29: 245-255.
52. Tsai, L. Y. (1992) Diagnostic issues in high-functioning autism. In Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B., and Kunce, L. J. (eds.), Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism?, Plenum, New York, pp. 11-40.
53. Volkmar, F. R., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, D. J., and Bregman, J. (1992). Brief report: Developmental aspects of DSM-III-R criteria for autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 22: 657-662.
54. Volkmar, F. R., and Klin, A. (1998). Asperger syndrome and nonverbal learning disabilities. In Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B., and Kunce, L. J. (eds.), Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism?, Plenum, New York, pp. 107-121.
55. Volkmar, F. R., Klin, A., Siegel, B., Szatmari, P., Lord, C., Campbell, M., Freeman, B. J., Cicchetti, D. V., Rutter, M., Kline, W., Buitelaar, J., Hattab, Y., Fombonne, E., Fuentes, J., Werry, J., Stone, W., Kerbeshian, J., Hoshino, Y., Bregman, J., Loveland, K., Szymanski, L., and Towbin, K. (1994). Field trial for autistic disorder in DSM-IV. Am. J. Psychiatry 151: 1361-1367.
56. Waterhouse, L., Morris, R., Allen, D., Dunn, M., Fein, D., Feinstein, C., Rapin, I., and Wing, L. (1996). Diagnosis and classification in autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 26: 59-86.
57. Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition Manual, The Psychological Corporation, New York.
58. Wing, L. (1976). Diagnosis, clinical description and prognosis. In Wing, L. (ed.), Early Childhood Autism: Clinical, Educational and Social Aspects, 2nd edn., Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 15-64.
59. Wing, L. (1981). Asperger's syndrome: A clinical account. Psychol. Med. 11: 115-129.
60. Wing, L. (1991). The relationship between Asperger's syndrome and Kanner's autism. In Frith, U. (ed.), Autism and Asperger Syndrome, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 93-121.
61. Wing, L. (1998). The history of Asperger syndrome. In Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B., and Kunce, L. J. (eds.), Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism?, Plenum, New York, pp. 11-28.