Is America fragmenting?

Annual Review of Sociology

Volumn 35, Issue , 2009, Pages 435-455

  Fischer, Claude S ^a   Mattson, Greggor ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b OBERLIN COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Culture wars; Immigration; Lifestyles; Polarization; Politics

Indexed keywords

EID: 73149099168     PISSN: 03600572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-115909     Document Type: Article

References (222)

1. Alba RD, Logan JR, Crowder K. 1997. White ethnic neighborhoods and the assimilation process: the greater New York region, 1980-1990. Soc. Forces 75:883-909
2. Alba RD, Logan JR, Stults BJ, Marzan G, Zhang W. 1999. Immigrant groups in the suburbs: a reexamination of suburbanization and spatial assimilation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 64:446-460
3. Alba RD, Nee V. 2003. Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
4. Alderson AS, Junisbai A, Heacock I. 2007. Social status and cultural consumption in the United States. Poetics 35:191-212
5. Alesina A, Glaeser EL. 2004. Fighting Poverty in the US and Europe. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
6. Amato PR, Booth A, Johnson DR, Rogers SJ. 2007. Alone Together: How Marriage in America Is Changing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
7. Anastasio PA, Rose KC, Chapman JG. 2005. The divisive coverage effect: how media may cleave differences of opinion between social groups. Commun. Res. 32:171-192
8. Baker W. 2005. America's Crisis of Values: Reality and Perception. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
9. Baldassarri D, Gelman A. 2008. Partisans without constraint: political polarization and trends in American public opinion. Am. J. Sociol. 114:408-446
10. Baron RS, Zanna MP. 2005. So right it's wrong: groupthink and the ubiquitous nature of polarized group decision making. Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 37:219-255
11. Bean FD, Lee J, Batalova J, Leach M. 2004. Immigration and fading color lines in America. In The American People: Census 2000, ed. R Farley, J Haga, pp. 302-331 New York: Russell Sage Found.
12. Bean FD, Stevens G. 2003. America's Newcomers and the Dynamics of Diversity. New York: Russell Sage Found.
13. Beaudoin CE. 2007. Mass media use, neighborliness, and social support: assessing causal links with panel data. Commun. Res. 34:637-664
14. Beckman CM, Phillips DJ. 2005. Interorganizational determinants of promotion: client leadership and the attainment of women attorneys. Am. Sociol. Rev. 70:678-701
15. Bellah RN. 1998. Is there a common American culture? J. Am. Acad. Relig. 66:613-625
16. Bellah RN, Madsen R, Sullivan WM, Swidler A, Tipton SM. 1985. Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. Berkeley: Univ Calif. Press
17. Birch EL. 2006. Who lives downtown? In Redefining Urban and Suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000, Vol.III, ed. A Berube, B Katz, RE Lang, pp. 29-60.Washington, DC: Brookings Inst.
18. Bishop B. 2008. The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart. New York: Houghton Mifflin
19. Bolce L, de Majo G. 1999. The anti-Christian fundamentalist factor in contemporary politics. Public Opin. Q. 63:508-542
20. Bolzendahl C, Brooks C. 2005. Polarization, secularization, or differences as usual? The denominational cleavage in U.S. social attitudes since the 1970s. Sociol. Q. 46:47-78
21. Borges G, Medina-Mora ME. 2006. Alcohol use disorders in national samples of Mexicans and Mexican- Americans: the Mexican national addiction survey and the U.S. national alcohol survey. Hisp. J. Behav. Sci. 28:425-449
22. Borjas GJ. 1999. Heaven's Door: Immigration Policy and the American Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
23. Brady DW, Han H. 2004. An extended historical view of congressional party polarization. Presented at Conf. Polarization of American Politics: Myth or Reality? Princeton Univ. Princeton, NJ, Dec. 2 http://www.princeton.edu/?csdp/ events/pdfs/colloquia/BradyHan12022004.pdf
24. Brooks C, Manza J. 1997a. Class politics and political change in the United States, 1952-1992. Soc. Forces 76:379-408
25. Brooks C, Manza J. 1997b. The social and ideological bases of middle-class political realignment in the United States, 1972-1992. Am. Sociol. Rev. 62:191-208
26. Brooks C, Manza J. 2004. A great divide: religion and political change in U.S. national elections, 1972-2000. Sociol. Q. 45:421-450
27. Brown SK. 2007. Delayed spatial assimilation: multigenerational incorporation of the Mexican-origin population in Los Angeles. City Community 6:193-209
28. Buchanan PJ. 1992. Republican National Convention Speech. http://www.buchanan.org/pa-92-0817-rnc.html
29. Carsey TM, Layman GC. 2006. Changing sides or changing minds? Party identification and policy preferences in the American electorate. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 50:464-477
30. Castells M. 1997. The Power of Identity: The Information Age. New York: Blackwell
31. Cho J. 2005. Media, interpersonal discussion, and electoral choice. Commun. Res. 32:295-322
32. Cho J. 2008. Political ads and citizen communication. Commun. Res. 35:423-451
33. Clough SB, Quimby L. 1983. Peacham, Vermont. Vermont Hist. 51:5-28
34. Coleman R, Lieber P, Mendelson AL, Kurplus DD. 2008. Public life and the Internet: If you build a better website, will citizens become engaged? New Media Soc. 10:179-201
35. Coontz S. 1990. The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap. New York: Basic Books
36. Coplon J. 2008. White House DJ battle. Blender, July 30. http://www.blender.com/WhiteHouseDJBattle/ articles/39518.aspx
37. Costa DL, Kahn ME. 2003. Civic engagement and community heterogeneity: an economist's perspective. Perspect. Polit. 1:103-111
38. Demerath NJ III, Straight N. 1997. Lambs among the lions: America's culture wars in cross-cultural perspective. In Cultural Wars in American Politics: Critical Reviews of a Popular Myth, ed. RH Williams, pp. 199-220
39. Demerath NJ III, Yang Y. 1997. What American culture war? SeeWilliams 1997, pp. 17-38
40. DiMaggio P. 2003. The myth of culture war: the disparity between private opinion and public policies. See Rieder 2003a, pp. 79-97
41. DiMaggio P, Evans J, Bryson B. 1996. Have Americans' social attitudes become more polarized? Am. J. Sociol. 102:690-755
42. DiMaggio P, Hargittai E, Celeste C, Shafer S. 2004. From unequal access to differentiated use: a literature review and agenda for research on digital inequality. In Social Inequality, ed K Neckerman, pp. 355-400. New York: Russell Sage Found.
43. Dobrev SD. 2005. Career mobility and job flocking. Soc. Sci. Res. 34:800-820
44. Domina T. 2006. Brain drain and brain gain: rising educational segregation in the United States, 1940-2000. City Community 5:387-407
45. Doyle JM, Kao G. 2007. Friendship choices of multiracial adolescents: racial homophily, blending, or amalgamation? Soc. Sci. Q. 36:633-653
46. Eliasoph N. 1998. Avoiding Politics: How Americans Produce Apathy in Everyday Life. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
47. Ellwood DT, Jencks C. 2001. The growing differences in family structure: what do we know? Where do we look for answers?Work. Pap., John F. Kennedy Sch. Gov., Harvard Univ., July
48. Evans JH. 1997.Worldviews or social groups as the source of moral value attitudes: implications for the culture wars thesis. Sociol. Forum 12:371-404
49. Evans JH. 2003. Have Americans' attitudes become more polarized?-an update. Soc. Sci. Q. 84:71-90
50. Evans JH, Bryson B, DiMaggio P. 2001. Opinion polarization: important contributions, necessary limitations. Am. J. Sociol. 106:944-959
51. Featherstone M. 1991. Consumer Culture and Postmodernism. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
52. Fiorina M. 2004. Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. New York: Pearson Longman
53. Fiorina MP, Abrams SJ. 2008. Political polarization in the American public. Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci. 11:563-588
54. Fischer CS, Hout M. 2006. Century of Difference: How America Changed in the Last One Hundred Years. New York: Russell Sage Found.
55. Fischer CS, Stockmayer G, Stiles J, Hout M. 2004. Distinguishing the geographic levels and social dimensions of U.S. metropolitan segregation, 1960-2000. Demography 41:37-59
56. Florida R. 2002. The Rise of the Creative Class. New York: Basic Books
57. Florida R. 2003. Cities and the creative class. City Community 2:3-19
58. Florida R. 2008. Who's Your City?: How the Creative Economy Is Making Where to Live the Most Important Decision of Your Life. New York: Basic Books
59. Franke-Ruta G. 2006. Remapping the culture debate. Am. Prospect 17:38-44
60. Frey WH. 2001. Melting Pot Suburbs: A Census 20Study of Suburban Diversity.Washington, DC: Brookings Inst.
61. Fong E, Chen W, Luk C. 2007. A comparison of ethnic businesses in suburbs and city. City Community 6:119-136
62. Furstenberg FF. 2007. Destinies of the Disadvantaged: The Politics of Teenage Childbearing. New York: Russell Sage Found.
63. Gamm GH. 1989. The Making of New Deal Democrats: Voting Behavior and Realignment in Boston, 1920-1940. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
64. Gans HJ. 1962. Urbanism and suburbanism as ways of life. In Human Behavior and Social Processes, ed. AM Rose, pp. 625-648 New York: Houghton-Mifflin
65. García- Álvarez E, Katz-Gerro T, López-Sintas J. 2007. Deconstructing cultural omnivorousness 1982-2002: heterology in Americans' musical preferences. Soc. Forces 86:417-443
66. Garreau J. 1989. The Nine Nations of North America. New York: Avon
67. Gelman A, Park D, Shor B, Bafumi J, Cortina J. 2008. Red State, Blue State, Rich State, Poor State: Why Americans Vote the Way They Do. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
68. Ghaziani A. 2008. Dividends of Dissent: How Conflict and CultureWork in Lesbian and Gay Marches onWashington. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
69. Giddens A. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
70. Gjerde J. 1997. The Minds of the West: Ethno-Cultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917. Chapel Hill: Univ. N. C. Press
71. Glaeser EL, Ward BA. 2008. Myths and realities of American political geography. John F. Kennedy Sch. Gov. Res. Pap. No.RWP06-007, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/ Research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP06-007
72. Goodsell TL,Williamson O. 2008. The case of the brick huggers: the practice of an online community. City Community 7:251-271
73. Goss J. 1995. 'We know who you are and we know where you live': the instrumental rationality of geodemographic systems. Econ. Geogr. 71:171-198
74. Gozdziak EM, Martin SF, eds. 2005. Beyond the Gateway: Immigrants in a Changing America. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books
75. Graham OL. 2004. Unguarded Gates: A History of America's Immigration Crisis. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
76. Greeley A, Hout M. 2006. The Truth about Conservative Christians. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
77. Greene JP. 1988. Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture. Chapel Hill: Univ. N. C. Press
78. Gross RA. 1976. The Minutemen and Their World. New York: Hill &Wang
79. Gullickson A. 2006a. Black/white interracial marriage trends, 1850-2000. J. Fam. Hist. 31:289-312
80. Gullickson A. 2006b. Education and black-white interracial marriage. Demography 43:673-689
81. Hampton K, Wellman B. 2003. Neighboring in Netville: how the Internet supports community and social capital in a wired suburb. City Community 2:277-311
82. Han H, Brady DW. 2007. A delayed return to historical norms: congressional party polarization after the SecondWorldWar. Brit. J. Polit. Sci. 37:505-531
83. Hanson FA. 2007. The Trouble with Culture: How Computers Are Calming the CultureWars. Albany: SUNY Press
84. Hargittai E, Hinnant A. 2008. Digital inequality: differences in young adults' use of the internet. Commun. Res. 35:602-621
85. Harris DR, Ono H. 2005. How many interracial marriages would there be if all groups were of equal size in all places? A new look at national estimates of interracial marriage. Soc. Sci. Res. 34:236-251
86. Hetherington MJ. 2001. Resurgent mass partisanship: the role of elite polarization. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 95:619-631
87. Hirschman C. 1983. America's melting pot reconsidered. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 9:397-423
88. Hoefer M, Rytina N, Campbell C. 2006. Estimates of the unauthorized immigrant population residing in the United States: January 2005. Annu. Popul. Estim., Aug. Washington, DC: Off. Immigr. Stat. http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/ assets/statistics/publications/ILL PE 2005.pdf
89. Hout M, Brooks C, Manza J. 1995. The democratic class struggle in the United States, 1948-1992. Am. Sociol. Rev. 60:805-828
90. Hull KE. 2006. Same-Sex Marriage: The Cultural Politics of Love and Law. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
91. Hunter JD. 1991. Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America. New York: Basic Books
92. Hunter JD. 1994. Before the Shooting Begins: Searching for Democracy in America's Culture Wars. New York: Free Press
93. Hunter JD, Bowman C. 1996. The State of Disunion. Ivy, VA: In Media Res. Educ. Found.
94. Huntington SP. 2004. The Hispanic challenge. Foreign Policy 141:30-45
95. Huntington SP. 2005. Who AreWe: The Challenges to America's National Identity.New York: Simon & Schuster
96. Iceland J. Wilkes R. 2006. Does socioeconomic status matter? Race, class, and residential segregation. Soc. Probl. 53:248-273
97. Iyengar S, Morin R. 2006. Red media, blue media evidence for a political litmus test in online news readership. Washington Post, May 3
98. Jackall R. 1989. Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers. Oxford Univ. Press
99. Jelen TG. 1997. Culture wars and the party system: religion and realignment, 1972-1993. See Williams 1997, pp. 145-158
100. Jencks C. 2001. Who should get in. Parts I and II. N.Y. Rev. Books 48(19 & 20). http://www.nybooks.com/ articles/14868 and http://www.nybooks.com/ articles/14942
101. Jiménez TR. 2008. Mexican immigrant replenishment and the continuing significance of ethnicity and race. Am. J. Sociol. 113:1527-1567
102. Johnston J, Baumann S. 2007. Democracy versus distinction: a study of omnivorousness in gourmet food writing. Am. J. Sociol. 113:165-207
103. Jones RC. 2008. Immigrants Outside Megalopolis. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books
104. Joyner K, Kao G. 2000. School racial composition and adolescent racial homophily. Soc. Sci. Q. 81:810-825
105. Kalmijn M. 1998. Intermarriage and homogamy: causes, patterns, trends. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 24:395-421
106. Katz-Gerro T. 2002. Highbrow cultural consumption and class distinction in Italy, Israel, West Germany, Sweden, and the United States. Soc. Forces 81:207-229
107. Katz-Gerro T. 2004. Cultural consumption research: review of methodology, theory, and consequence. Int. Rev. Sociol. 14:11-29
108. Kennedy TLM, Smith A, Wells AT, Wellman B. 2008. Networked Families. Washington, DC: Pew Internet Am. Life Proj. Rep.
109. Kesler C, Bloemraad I. 2008. Do immigrants hurt civic and political engagement? The conditional effects of immigrant diversity on trust, membership and participation across 23 countries, 1981-2001. Presented at Annu. Meet. Am. Sociol. Assoc., 103rd, Boston
110. King BG, Bentele KG, Soule SA. 2007. Protest and policymaking: explaining fluctuation in congressional attention to rights issues, 1960-1986. Soc. Forces 86:137-163
111. Kmec JA. 2007. Ties that bind? Race and networks in job turnover. Soc. Probl. 54:483-503
112. Krysan M, Bader M. 2007. Perceiving the metropolis: seeing the city through a prism of race. Soc. Forces 86:699-733
113. Kunda G. 2006. Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press
114. Lane RE. 1965. The politics of consensus in an age of affluence. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 59:874-895
115. Lareau A. 2003. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
116. Layman GC, Carsey TM. 2002. Party polarization and 'conflict extension' in the American electorate. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 46:786-803
117. Lee J, Bean FD. 2004. America's changing color lines: immigration, race/ethnicity, and multiracial identification. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 30:221-242
118. Lee SM, Fernandez M. 1998. Trends in Asian American racial/ethnic intermarriage: a comparison of 1980 and 1990 census data. Soc. Perspect. 41:323-342
119. Lesthaeghe RJ, Neidert L. 2006. The second demographic transition in the United States: Exception or textbook example? Popul. Dev. Rev. 32:669-698
120. Lichter DT, Brown JB, Qian Z, Carmalt JH. 2007. Marital assimilation among Hispanics: evidence of declining cultural and economic incorporation. Soc. Sci. Q. 88:745-765
121. Lieberson S. 1980. A Piece of the Pie: Blacks and White Immigrants Since 1880. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
122. Livingstone S. 2008. Taking risky opportunities in youthful content creation: teenagers' use of social networking sites for intimacy, privacy and self-expression. New Media Soc. 10:393-411
123. Lizardo O. 2006a. How cultural tastes shape personal networks. Am. Sociol. Rev. 71:778-807
124. Lizardo O. 2006b. The puzzle of women's "highbrow" culture consumption: integrating gender and work into Bourdieu's class theory of taste. Poetics 34:1-23
125. Lloyd R. 2006. Neo-Bohemia: Art and Commerce in the Postindustrial City. New York: Routledge
126. Lobao L, Meyer K. 2001. The great agricultural transition: crisis, change, and social consequences of twentieth century US farming. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 27:103-124
127. Lockridge KP. 1985. A New England Town: The First Hundred Years. New York: Norton. Expanded Ed.
128. Logan JR, Alba RD, Zhang W. 2002. Immigrant enclaves and ethnic communities in New York and Los Angeles. Am. Sociol. Rev. 67:299-332
129. Logan JR, Stults BJ, Farley R. 2004. Segregation of minorities in the metropolis: two decades of change. Demography 41:1-22
130. López-Sintas J, Katz-Gerro T. 2005. From exclusive to inclusive elitists and further: twenty years of omnivorous ness and cultural diversity in arts participation in the USA. Poetics. 33: 299-319
131. Luker K. 1985. Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
132. Luker K. 2007. When Sex Goes to School:Warring Views on Sex-and Sex Education-Since the Sixties. New York: Norton
133. Luloff AE, Krannich RS, eds. 2002. Persistence and Change in Rural Communities: A 50-Year Follow-Up to Six Classic Studies.Wallingford, UK: CABI
134. Mahler SJ. 1995. American Dreaming: Immigrant Life in the Margins. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
135. Manza J, Brooks C. 1997. The religious factor in U.S. presidential elections, 1960-1992. Am. J. Sociol. 103:38-81
136. Mark N. 2003. Culture and competition: homophily and distancing explanations for cultural niches. Am. Sociol. Rev. 68:319-345
137. Martin SP. 2006. Trends in marital dissolution by women's education in the United States. Demogr. Res. 15:537-560 http://www.demographic-research.org/ Volumes/Vol15/20
138. McCarty N, Poole KT, Rosenthal H. 2006. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
139. McConkey D. 2001. Whither Hunter's culture war? Shifts in evangelical morality, 1988-1998. Sociol. Relig. 62:149-174
140. McPherson M, Smith-Lovin L, Cook JM. 2001. Birds of a feather: homophily in social networks. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 27:415-444
141. Melican DB, Dixon TL. 2008. News on the net: credibility, selective exposure, and racial prejudice. Commun. Res. 35:151-168
142. Michman RD, Mazze EM, Greco AJ. 2003. Lifestyle Marketing: Reaching the New American Consumer.Westport, CT: Praeger
143. Miller AS, Hoffmann JP. 1999. The growing divisiveness: culture wars or a war of words? Soc. Forces 78:721-745
144. Modarres A. 2004. Neighborhood integration: temporality and social fracture. J. Urban Aff. 26:351-377
145. Montgomery AF. 2006. 'Living in each other's pockets': the navigation of social distances by middle class families in Los Angeles. City Community 5:425-450
146. Morawska E. 1994. In defense of the assimilation model. J. Am. Ethn. Hist. 13:75-87
147. Morris JS. 2007. Slanted objectivity? Perceived media bias, cable news exposure, and political attitudes. Soc. Sci. Q. 88:707-728
148. Murphy AK. 2007. The suburban ghetto: the legacy of Herbert Gans in understanding the experience of poverty in recently impoverished American suburbs. City Community 6:21-37
149. Nivola PS, Brady DW, eds. 2006. Red and Blue Nation? Characteristics and Causes of America's Polarized Politics. Vol.1.Washington, DC: Brookings Inst. Press
150. Nivola PS, Brady DW, eds. 2008. Red and Blue Nation? Consequences and Correction of America's Polarized Politics. Vol.2.Washington, DC: Brookings Inst. Press
151. Ono H, Zavodny M. 2008. Immigrants, English ability and the digital divide. Soc. Forces 86:1455-1479
152. Papademetriou D. 2004. The foreign-born from Mexico in the United States: 1960 to 2000. In The Hispanic Challenge? What We Know About Latino Immigration, ed. PS Strum, A Selee, pp. 3-7. Washington, DC: WoodrowWilson Int. Cent. Sch.
153. Park RE. 1915. The city: suggestions for the investigation of human behavior in the city environment. Am. J. Sociol. 20:577-612
154. Parrado EA, Morgan SP. 2008. Intergenerational fertility among Hispanic women: new evidence of immigrant assimilation. Demography 45:651-671
155. Passel JS. 2006. The size and characteristics of the unauthorized migrant population in the U.S. Estimates based on the March 2005 Current Population Survey. Res. Rep. Pew Hisp. Cent.,Washington, DC, Mar. 7
156. Perlmann J. 2007. Italians Then, Mexicans Now: Immigrant Origins and Second-Generation Progress, 1890 to 2000. New York: Russell Sage Found.
157. Perlmann J, Waldinger R. 1997. Second generation decline? Children of immigrants, past and present-a reconsideration. Int. Migr. Rev. 31:893-922
158. Peterson RA. 2005. Problems in comparative research: the example of omnivorous ness. Poetics 33:257-282
159. Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 2003. Evenly Divided and Increasingly Polarized: 2004 Political Landscape.Washington, DC: Pew Res. Cent. http://people-press.org/report/196/the-2004-politicallandscape
160. Phelan TJ, Schneider M. 1996. Race, ethnicity, and class in American suburbs. Urban Aff. Rev. 31:659-680
161. Portes A. 2007. Migration, development, and segmented assimilation: a conceptual review of the evidence. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 610:73-97
162. Powell WW, Snellman K. 2004. The knowledge economy. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 30:199-220
163. Putnam RD. 2001. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster
164. Putnam RD. 2007. E pluribus unum: diversity and community in the twenty-first century. Scand. Polit. Stud. 30:138-175
165. Qian Z, Lichter DT. 2007. Social boundaries and marital assimilation: interpreting trends in racial and ethnic intermarriage. Am. Sociol. Rev. 72:68-94
166. Rieder J, ed. 2003a. The Fractious Nation: Unity and Division in Contemporary American Life. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
167. Rieder J. 2003b. Getting a fix on fragmentation. See Rieder 2003a, pp. 13-54
168. Riis JA. 1890. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Scribner's
169. Rodino-Colocino M. 2006. Laboring under the digital divide. New Media Soc. 8:487-511
170. Rohlinger DA. 2006. Friends and foes: media, politics, and tactics in the abortion war. Soc. Forces 53:537-561
171. Rosenfeld MJ. 2002. Measures of assimilation in the marriage market: Mexican Americans 1970-1990. J. Marriage Fam. 64:152-162
172. Roth LM. 2004a. Bringing clients back in: homophily preferences and inequality on Wall Street. Sociol. Q. 45:613-635
173. Roth LM. 2004b. The social psychology of tokenism: status and homophily processes on Wall Street. Soc. Perspect. 47:189-214
174. Ruef M, Aldrich HE, Carter NM. 2003. The structure of founding teams: homophily, strong ties, and isolation among U.S. entrepreneurs. Am. Sociol. Rev. 68:195-222
175. Rumbaut RG. 1994. The crucible within: ethnic identity, self-esteem, and segmented assimilation among children of immigrants. Int. Migr. Rev. 28:748-795
176. Rumbaut RG, Massey DS, Bean FD. 2006. Linguistic life expectancies: immigrant language retention in southern California. Popul. Dev. Rev. 32:447-460
177. Saad L. 2008. Americans evenly divided on morality of homosexuality. Gallup Poll, July 18. http://www.gallup.com/poll/108115/Americans-Evenly- Divided-Morality-Homosexuality.aspx
178. Schmitt KM, Gunther AC, Liebhard JL. 2004. Why partisans see mass media as biased. Commun. Res. 31:623-641
179. Schwartz CR, Mare RD. 2005. Trends in educational assortative marriage from 1940 to 2003. Demography 42:621-646
180. Shah DV, Cho J, Eveland WP Jr, Kwak N. 2005. Information and expression in a digital age. Commun. Res. 32:531-565
181. Siegel P, Martin E, Bruno R. 2000. Language use and linguistic isolation: historical data and methodological issues. Presented at FCSM Statistical Policy Semin., Bethesda, MD Nov. 8-9. http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/ lang use.html
182. Singer A, Hardwick SW, Brettell CB, eds. 2008. Twenty-First-Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America. Washington, DC: Brookings
183. Smith C. 1997. The myth of culture wars: the case of American Protestantism. SeeWilliams 1997, pp. 175-198
184. Smith C. 1998. American Evangelicalism: Embattled and Thriving. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
185. Sohoni D. 2006. Assimilation during periods of high immigration: intermarriage on the West Coast of the United States. Presented at Annu. Meet. Am. Sociol. Assoc., 101st, Montreal
186. South SJ, Crowder K, Chavez E. 2005. Migration and spatial assimilation among U.S. Latinos: classical versus segmented trajectories. Demography 42:497-521
187. Stein A. 2001. The Stranger Next Door: The Story of a Small Community's Battle Over Sex, Faith, and Civil Rights. Boston: Beacon
188. Stern MJ, Dillman DA. 2006. Community participation, social ties, and use of the Internet. City Community 5:409-424
189. Stolle D, Soroka S, Johnston R. 2008. When does diversity erode trust? Neighborhood diversity, interpersonal trust and the mediating effect of social interactions. Polit. Stud. 56:57-75
190. Stonecash JM, Brewer MD, Mariani MD. 2003. Diverging Parties: Social Change, Realignment and Party Polarization. Boulder, CO:Westview
191. Stroud NJ. 2008. Media use and political predispositions: revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Polit. Behav. 30:341-366
192. Suarez-Orozco M, Suarez-Orozco C. 2007. Moving stories: immigrant youth adapt to change. DuBois Rev. 4:351-359
193. Swidler A. 1986. Culture in action: symbols and strategies. Am. Sociol. Rev. 51:273-286
194. Tampubolon G. 2008. Revisiting omnivores in America circa 1990s: the exclusiveness of omnivores? Poetics 36:243-264
195. Tewksbury D. 2005. The seeds of audience fragmentation: specialization in the use of online news sites. J. Broadcast. Electron. Media 49:332-348
196. Tharp MC. 2001. Marketing and Consumer Identity in Multicultural America. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
197. Timberlake JM, Iceland J. 2007. Change in racial and ethnic residential inequality in American cities, 1970-2000. City Community 6:335-366
198. Tomlinson M. 2003. Lifestyle and social class. Eur. Sociol. Rev. 19(1):97-111 (Pubitemid 37446154)
199. Toussaint-Comeau M. 2006. The occupational assimilation of Hispanic immigrants in the U.S.: evidence from panel data. Int. Migr. Rev. 40:508-536
200. Turow J. 2008. Niche Envy: Marketing Discrimination in the Digital Age. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
201. U.S. Census Bur. 2000. Foreign-Born Profiles (STP-159). Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bur. http:// www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/foreign/STP-159- 2000tl.html
202. U.S. Census Bur. 2005. Table 1A. Presence of a Computer and the Internet for Households, by Selected Characteristics: October 2003. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bur. http://www.census.gov/ population/socdemo/computer/2003/tab01A.xls
203. U.S. Census Bur. 2008a. Historical Income Inequality Tables. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bur. http:// www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/ineqtoc.html
204. U.S. Census Bur. 2008b. Statistical Abstract of the United States 2008. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bur. http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab
205. Vaccari C. 2008. From the air to the ground: the Internet in the 2004 US presidential campaign. New Media Soc. 10:647-665
206. Valkenburg PM, Peter J. 2008. Adolescents' identity experiments on the Internet. Commun. Res. 35:208-31
207. van Eijck K, Lievens J. 2008. Cultural omnivorousness as a combination of highbrow, pop, and folk elements: the relation between taste patterns and attitudes concerning social integration. Poetics 36:217-242
208. Vaughan D. 1997. The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture and Deviance at NASA. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
209. Vesselinov E, Cazessus M, Falk W. 2007. Gated communities and spatial inequality. J. Urban Aff. 29:109-127
210. Wahl AMG, Breckenridge RS, Gunkel SE. 2006. Latinos, residential segregation and spatial assimilation in micropolitan areas: exploring the American dilemma on a new frontier. Soc. Sci. Res. 36:995-1020
211. Waldinger R, Lim N, et al. 2007. Bad jobs, good jobs, no jobs? The employment experience of the Mexican American second generation. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 33:1-35
212. Waldman S, Green JC. 2006. Tribal relations: how Americans really sort out on cultural and religious issues- and what it means for our politics. Atlantic Mon. 297:136-142
213. Warde A,Wright D, Gayo-Cal M. 2007. Understanding cultural omnivorousness: or, the myth of the cultural omnivore. Cult. Soc. 1:143-164
214. Weiss MJ. 2000. The Clustered World: How We Live, What We Buy, and What It All Means About Who We Are. Boston: Little, Brown
215. Wildsmith E, Gutmann MP, Gratton B. 2003. Assimilation and intermarriage for U.S. immigrant groups, 1880-1990. Hist. Fam. 8:563-584
216. Williams RH, ed. 1997. CulturalWars in American Politics: Critical Reviews of a Popular Myth.New York: Aldine De Gruyter
217. Wilson WJ. 1980. The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
218. Winseman A. 2004. Public thinks Americans divided. Gallup Poll. http://www.gallup.com
219. Wolfe A. 1998. One Nation, After All: How Middle-Class Americans Really Think about God, Country, Family, Racism, Welfare, Immigration, Homosexuality, Work, the Right, the Left, and Each Other. New York: Viking
220. Wolff EN. 2000. Recent trends in wealth ownership, 1983-1998. Work. Pap. No.300, Jerome Levy Inst., Bard College, New York
221. Zhou M, Xiong YS. 2005. The multifaceted American experiences of the children of Asian immigrants: lessons for segmented assimilation. Ethn. Racial Stud. 28:1119-1152
222. Zukin S, Maguire JS. 2004. Consumers and consumption. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 30:173-197