America's crisis of values: Reality and perception

America's Crisis of Values: Reality and Perception

Volumn 9781400849628, Issue , 2013, Pages 1-307

  Baker, Wayne ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b Institute for Social Reseach   (United States)

^c Nonprofit and Public Management Center   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84945670205     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (370)

1. Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), p. 19.
2. Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987);
3. Robert Putnam, "Bowling Alone: American's Declining Social Capital," Journal of Democracy 6 (January 1995): 65-78;
4. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York:Simon & Schuster, 2000);
5. Robert Hughes, Culture of Complaint: The Fraying of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993);
6. Gertrude Himmelfarb, The De-Moralization of Society (New York: Vintage, 1994);
7. Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998);
8. James Davison Hunter, The Death of Character (New York: Basic, 2000);
9. Robert N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (New York: Harper and Row, 1985);
10. Francis Fukuyama, The Great Disruption (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999);
11. John Miller, Egotopia:Narcissism and the New American Landscape (Tuscallosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997);
12. William J. Bennett, ed., The Book of Virtues (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993).
13. William J. Bennett, John J. DiIulio, Jr., and John P. Walters, Body Count: Moral Poverty . . . And How to Win America's War Against Crime and Drugs (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996);
14. William J. Bennett, The Death of Outrage: Bill Clinton and the Assault on American Ideals (New York: The Free Press, 1998).
15. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 17.
16. Urie Bronfenbrenner et al., The State of Americans: This Generation and the Next (New York: Free Press, 1996), p. x.
17. William J. Bennett, The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation and Empower America, 1993).
18. Reynolds Farley, ed., State of the Union, Volume Two: Social Trends (New York: Russell Sage, 1995).
19. Himmelfarb, The De-Moralization of Society, pp. 228-34.
20. Robin M. Williams, Jr., American Society (New York: Knopf, 1951), p. 375. Emphasis deleted from original.
21. Ariel Durant, The Lessons of History (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968), p. 37.
22. Williams, American Society, p. 376.
23. Bronfenbrenner et al., The State of Americans, p. 260.
24. Bennett, DiIulio, and Walters, Body Count, p. 196.
25. William J. Bennett, "A Strategy for Transforming America's Culture," address to The Heritage Foundation's Annual Board Meeting and Public Policy Seminar, Amelia Island, FL, April 16, 1995. The text of his speech was obtained at http://www.townhall.com/empower/moral-strategy.html.
26. William J. Bennett, The Moral Compass (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995).
27. Stephen R. Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Families (New York: St. Martin's Griffen/Golden Books, 1997), p. 127.
28. Paul DiMaggio, John Evans, and Bethany Bryson, "Have Americans' Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?" American Journal of Sociology 102 (1996): 63;
29. Rys H. Williams, ed., Cultural Wars in American Politics (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1997), pp. 63-99.
30. James Davison Hunter and Carl Bowman, The State of Disunion, Executive Summary (Ivy, VA: In Medias Res Educational Foundation, 1996), p. 4. This is a summary of results from the 1996 Survey of American Public Culture, part of the Post-Modernity Project at the University of Virginia.
31. James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic, 1991).
32. Os Guinness, The American Hour: A Time of Reckoning and the Once and Future Role of Faith (New York: Free Press, 1993).
33. Nancy J. Davis and Robert V. Robinson, "Are the Rumors of War Exaggerated? Religious Orthodoxy and Moral Progressivism in America," American Journal of Sociology 102 (1996): 756.
34. Bronfenbrenner et al., The State of Americans, p. 261.
35. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 3.
36. Ronald Inglehart and Wayne E. Baker, "Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values," American Sociological Review 65 (2000): 23.
37. Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization:Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1997);
38. Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
39. Inglehart and Baker, "Modernization," p. 25;
40. Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization, p. 5.
41. Michael Hout and Claude S. Fischer ("O Be Some Other Name") in the American Sociological Review 68 (2003): 314-18.
42. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 17.
43. George Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society, 3rd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 2000).
44. Hunter, Culture Wars, p. 42.
45. James Davison Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins:Searching for Democracy in America's Culture War (New York: Free Press, 1994).
46. Marco Orrù, Anomie: History and Meanings (Boston:Allen & Unwin, 1987), pp. 3-7;
47. S. N. Eisenstadt, "The Axial Age," European Journal of Sociology 23 (1982): 294-314;
48. Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, trans. Michael Bullock (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1953).
49. Gertrude Himmelfarb, One Nation, Two Cultures (New York: Knopf, 2001), pp. 117-18.
50. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London: Verso Books, 1991).
51. Jürgen Habermas uses the concept and phrase in The Inclusion of the Other, ed. Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Grieff (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), p. 111.
52. Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other, p. 111.
53. Peter V. Marsden, "Core Discussion Networks of Americans," American Sociological Review 52 (1987): 122-31.
54. Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other, p. 113. Italics in original.
55. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. George Lawrence, ed. J. P. Mayer (New York: HarperCollins, 1988);
56. John W. Kingdon, America the Unusual (New York: St. Martin's/Worth, 1999);
57. Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other, p. 113.
58. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 31.
59. Putnam, "Bowling Alone;" Putnam, Bowling Alone.
60. Amitai Etzioni, "Is Bowling Together Sociologically Lite?" Contemporary Sociology 30 (2001): 223-24.
61. Pamela Paxton, "Is Social Capital Declining in the United States? A Multiple Indicator Assessment," American Journal of Sociology 105 (1999): 88-127.
62. Everett Ladd argues that social capital is not declining but changing: new forms of social bonds are replacing old forms. The Ladd Report (New York: Free Press, 1999).
63. See, for example, the symposium on Bowling Alone in Contemporary Sociology 30 (2001): 223-30.
64. Etzioni, "Is Bowling Together Sociologically Lite?" p. 223.
65. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 31.
66. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "Introduction: The Decline of Confidence in Government," pp. 1-18 in Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. King, eds., Why People Don't Trust Government (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997). Quote is from p. 18.
67. Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization. 2.
68. See, for example, Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change around the World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
69. Robert William Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp.176-77.
70. R. Shusterman, "Pragmatism and Liberalism between Dewey and Rorty," Political Theory 22 (1994): 391-413.
71. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, p. 205.
72. Inglehart, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977).
73. Samuel P. Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs 72, 31 (1993);
74. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
75. Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-industrial Society (New York: Basic Books, 1973);
76. Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York:Basic Books, 1976).
77. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons,1904-1905; English translation, 1958).
78. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993);
79. Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995);
80. Gary G. Hamilton, "Civilizations and Organization of Economies," pp. 183-205 in Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg, eds., The Handbook of Economic Sociology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994);
81. Paul DiMaggio, "Culture and Economy," pp. 27-57 in Smelser and Swedberg, eds., The Handbook of Economic Sociology;
82. Mauro Guillén, Models of Management:Work, Authority, and Organization in a Comparative Perspective (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1994);
83. Charles Hampden-Turner and Alfons Trompenaars, The Seven Cultures of Capitalism (New York: Currency/ Doubleday, 1993).
84. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations; "The West: Unique, Not Universal," Foreign Affairs 75, 6 (1996): 28-46.
85. Robert N. Bellah, "The Protestant Structure of American Culture:Multiculture or Monoculture?" fall lecture in Culture and Social Theory, Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture, University of Virginia, 2000.
86. Amitai Etzioni makes a similar argument in The Monochrome Society (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2001).
87. N. J. Demerath III and Yonghe Yang, "'Lambs among the Lions:' America's Culture Wars in Cross-Cultural Perspective," pp. 199-219 in Williams, ed., Cultural Wars in American Politics.
88. Inglehart and Norris, Rising Tide, pp. 53-59. Their religiosity scale derives from a factor analysis of the proportion of people in each nation who (1) say that religion is "very important" in their lives, (2) find comfort in religion, (3) believe in God, (4) identify as religious, (5) believe in life after death, and (6) attend religious services regularly.
89. Phyllis A. Tickle, God-Talk in America (New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1998).
90. Karl Mannheim, "The Problem of Generations," pp. 276-332 in P. Kecskemeti, ed., Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, [1928] 1952);
91. José Ortega y Gasset, "The Concept of the Generation," in The Modern Theme (New York: Harper and Row, 1961).
92. Howard Schuman and Jacqueline Scott, "Generations and Collective Memories," American Sociological Review 54 (1989): 359-81.
93. Nancy Whittier, "Political Generations, Micro-Cohorts, and the Transformation of Social Movements," American Sociological Review 62 (1997): 760-78.
94. Inglehart and Norris, Rising Tide, p. 155.
95. Kingdon, America the Unusual, pp. 59-60;
96. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
97. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, pp. 19-21; chap. 2.
98. Kai T. Erikson, Wayward Puritans (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1966), p. v.
99. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 20.
100. Kingdon, America the Unusual, pp. 60-61.
101. Andrew M. Greeley and Michael Hout, "Americans' Increasing Belief in Life after Death: Religious Competition and Acculturation," American Sociological Review 64 (1999): 813.
102. American Sociological Review 66 (2001): 146-58.
103. Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other, p. 111.
104. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 18.
105. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 31.
106. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Good Society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), p. 1.
107. Emile Durkeim, The Division of Labor in Society, trans. George Simpson (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1960);
108. Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method, trans. by S. A. Solovay and J. H. Mueller (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1958), p. 67;
109. Kai T. Erikson, "Notes on the Sociology of Deviance," pp. 9-21 in Howard Becker, ed., The Other Side (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964);
110. Roderick P. Hart, Modern Rhetorical Criticism, 2d ed. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997).
111. D. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media," Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (1972): 176-87.
112. Robert Wuthnow, After Heaven: Spirituality in America since the 1950s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
113. Hunter, Culture Wars, p. 42.
114. James Davison Hunter, Before the Shooting Begins: Searching for Democracy in America's Culture War (New York: Free Press, 1994).
115. John H. Evans, "'Culture War' or Status Group Ideology as the Basis of US Moral Politics," International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 16 (1996): 15-34;
116. Robert Wuthnow, "Restructuring of American Religion:Further Evidence." Sociological Inquiry 66 (1996): 303-29;
117. S. N. Eisenstadt, "The Axial Age," European Journal of Sociology 23 (1982): 294-314;
118. Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, trans. Michael Bullock (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1953).
119. Joseph Fletcher, Situation Ethics: The New Morality (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1966). Fletcher describes the three approaches to decision making-legalism, antinomianim, and situationism-in chapter 1.
120. Daniel Shanahan, Toward a Genealogy of Individualism (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992), p. 20.
121. Fletcher, Situation Ethics, p. 22.
122. Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy (New York: Doubleday, 1967), p. 19.
123. Fletcher, Situation Ethics, p. 22.
124. Brent Staples, "Common Ground," a review of One Nation, After All, in the New York Times Book Review, March 8, 1998, p. 6;
125. George Lakoff, Moral Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
126. Charles Colson, "Will We Lose the Culture War? An Effective Battle Strategy," radio transcript no. 90908, Prison Fellowship Ministries, 1999. I am indebted to Paul DiMaggio for bringing this to my attention.
127. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, p. 126.
128. Nancy J. Davis and Robert V. Robinson, "Are the Rumors of War Exaggerated?" American Journal of Sociology 102 (1996): 769.
129. Hunter, Culture Wars, p. 42.
130. John H. Evans, "Worldviews or Social Groups as the Source of Moral Value Attitudes: Implications for the Culture Wars Thesis" Sociological Forum 12 (1997);
131. Paul DiMaggio, John Evans, and Bethany Bryson, "Have Americans' Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?" American Journal of Sociology 102 (1996): 691.
132. Rhys H. Williams, ed., Cultural Wars in American Politics (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1997).
133. DiMaggio, Evans, and Bryson, "Have Americans' Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?" and Davis and Robinson, "Are the Rumors of War Exaggerated?"
134. Nancy J. Davis and Robert V. Robinson, "A War for America's Soul: The American Religious Landscape," pp. 39-62 in Williams, ed., Cultural Wars in American Politics.
135. DiMaggio, Evans, and Bryson, "Have Americans' Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?" p. 738.
136. Ted Mouw and Michael E. Sobel, "Culture Wars and Opinion Polarization: The Case of Abortion." American Journal of Sociology 106 (2001): 913-43.
137. John H. Evans, Bethany Bryson, and Paul DiMaggio, "Opinion Polarization: Important Contributions, Necessary Limitations," American Journal of Sociology 108 (2001): 945.
138. John H. Evans, "Polarization in Abortion Attitudes in U.S. Religious Traditions, 1972-1998," Sociological Forum 17 (2002): 387-422.
139. David C. King, "The Polarization of American Parties and Mistrust of Government," pp. 155-78 in Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Philip D. Zelikow, and David C. King, eds., Why People Don't Trust Government (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).
140. John H. Evans, "Have Americans' Attitudes Become More Polarized?-An Update," Social Science Quarterly 84 (2003): 71-90.
141. Davis and Robinson, "Are the Rumors of War Exaggerated?" fig. 1, p. 770. This distribution is almost statistically normal.
142. Diana L. Eck, A New Religious America (San Francisco:HarperSanFrancisco, 2001).
143. Davis and Robinson, "Are the Rumors of War Exaggerated?" p. 780.
144. Demerath and Yang, "What American Culture War?" p. 20. Their criticism is directed at Wuthnow's measures in The Restructuring of American Religion.
145. Hunter, Culture Wars, pp. 42ff.
146. Jeni Loftus, "America's Liberalization of Attitudes toward Homosexuality, 1973 to 1998," American Sociological Review 66 (2001): 762-82.
147. Davis and Robinson, "Are the Rumors of War Exaggerated?" 71.
148. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 19.
149. Donald G. Mathews provides an explanation of how America became so religious, in his "The Second Great Awakening as an Organizational Process, 1780-1830," American Quarterly 21 (1968): 33-43.
150. DiMaggio, "Culture and Economy," pp. 27-57 in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, eds. Smelser and Swedberg.
151. Richard Swedberg, Max Weber and the Idea of Economic Sociology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998). See especially chapter 5.
152. Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (New York: Free Press, 1968), pp. 190-91.
153. DiMaggio, Evans, and Bryson, "Have Americans' Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?" 79.
154. Snell Putney and Russell Middleton, "Ethical Relativism and Anomie," American Journal of Sociology 67 (1962):430-38.
155. Davis and Robinson, "Are the Rumors of War Exaggerated?" 82.
156. Etzioni, "Is Bowling Together Sociologically Lite?" 85.
157. Paul S. Adler and Seok-Woo Kwon, "Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept," Academy of Management Review 27 (2002): 17-40;
158. Wayne Baker, Achieving Success through Social Capital (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000), chap. 1.
159. See, for example, the symposium on Bowling Alone in Contemporary Sociology 30 (2001): 223-30.
160. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1963);
161. James S. Coleman, "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital," American Journal of Sociology 94 (1988): 95-121;
162. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990);
163. James E. Curtis, Douglas E. Baer, and Edward G. Grabb, "Nations of Joiners: Explaining Voluntary Association Membership in Democratic Societies," American Sociological Review 66 (2001): 783-805.
164. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, pp. 280-81.
165. Wolfe, One Nation, After All, pp. 256-57.
166. Ted G. Jelen, "Culture Wars and the Party System: Religion and Realignment, 1972-1993," in Williams, ed., Cultural Wars in American Politics, p. 149.
167. Demerath and Straight, "Lambs among the Lions," p. 207.
168. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 65.
169. Felice J. Levine and Katherine J. Rosich, Social Causes of Violence:Crafting a Science Agenda (Washington, DC: American Sociological Association, 1996), p. 4.
170. Donald R. Kinder and Lynn M. Sanders, Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Demoncratic Ideals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
171. David Jacobs and Jason T. Carmichael, "The Political Sociology of the Death Penalty: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis," American Sociological Review 67 (2002): 109-31.
172. Williams, "Introduction," in Cultural Wars in American Politics, p. 12.
173. Barry Glassner, The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things (New York: Basic, 1999).
174. Nicola Beisel and Brian Donovan, "The Problem with Moral Panics," Newsletter of the Sociology of Culture Section of the American Sociological Association 12, 2 (Winter 1998): 1-3.
175. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 267.
176. Himmelfarb, The De-Moralization of Society, pp. 221-23.
177. Steven Vago, Social Change, 4th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall, 1999), chap. 1.
178. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), p. 23.
179. Kenneth E. Boulding, A Primer on Social Dynamics (New York: Free Press, 1970);
180. Pitirim Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics (Boston: Porter Sargent Publisher, 1957);
181. Stephen R. Barley and Gideon Kunda, "Design and Devotion: Surges of Rational and Normative Ideologies of Control in Managerial Discourse," Administrative Science Quarterly 37 (1992): 363-99.
182. Mauro F. Guillén, Models of Management (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994);
183. Christopher Chase-Dunn, Yukio Kawano, and Benjamin D. Brewer, "Trade Globalization since 1795: Waves of Integration of the World-System," American Sociological Review 65 (2000): 77-95.
184. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History, pp. 25-27;
185. Albert O. Hirschman, Shifting Involvements: Private Interests and Public Action (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1982).
186. Herbert McClosky and John Zaller, The American Ethos:Public Attitudes toward Capitalism and Democracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984).
187. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History, pp. 30-31.
188. Karl Mannheim, "The Problem of Generations," pp. 276- 332 in Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, ed. P. Kecskemeti (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, [1928] 1952);
189. José Ortega y Gasset, "The Concept of the Generation," The Modern Theme (New York: Harper and Row, 1961).
190. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History, p. 30.
191. Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1981).
192. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 19.
193. Andrew S. McFarland, "Interest Groups and Political Time: Cycles in America," British Journal of Political Science 21 (1991):257-84.
194. Stephen Skowronek, "Presidential Leadership in Political Time," pp. 115-19 in Michael Nelson, ed., The Presidency and the Political System, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1988).
195. McFarland, "Interest Groups and Political Time," pp. 258-59.
196. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History, p. 27.
197. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics, pp. 680-82.
198. Peter F. Nardulli, "The Concept of a Critical Realignment, Electoral Behavior, and Political Change," American Political Science Review 89 (1995): 11.
199. V. O. Key, "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics 17 (1955): 3-18.
200. Nardulli, "The Concept of a Critical Realignment," p. 14.
201. Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1970), p. 10.
202. Alan Abramowitz and Kyle Saunders, "Ideological Realignment in the U.S. Electorate," Journal of Politics 60 (1998): 635;
203. Paul Allen Beck, "The Electoral Cycle and Patterns of American Politics," British Journal of Politics 96 (1979): 130.
204. Nardulli, "The Concept of a Critical Realignment," p. 10.
205. William G. McLoughlin, Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978);
206. Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1992);
207. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967);
208. Bailyn, The Peopling of British North America (New York: Knopf, 1986);
209. Bernard Bailyn et al., The Great Republic: A History of the American People, 4th ed. (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1992);
210. Richard Bushman, From Puritan into Yankee (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967).
211. McLoughlin, Revivals, chap. 6;
212. The Churching of America 1776-1990: Winner's and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1992), pp.46-53.
213. McLoughlin, Revivals, p. 22.
214. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, pp. 28-29.
215. Fred Spier, The Structure of Big History: From the Big Bang until Today (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1996).
216. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, p. 82.
217. Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York:Harper Perennial, [1980] 1990), chaps. 3 and 4. The statistics on the distribution of support are on p. 76.
218. John Shy, A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976).
219. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, p. 21.
220. Judy Critchton, America 1900: The Turning Point (New York: Henry Holt, 1998).
221. Critchton, America 1900, p. 4.
222. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, p. 23.
223. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 192.
224. William F. Lawhead, "Religion, Relativity, and Common Sense: Einstein and the Religious Imagination," pp. 37-45
225. Dennis P. Ryan, ., Einstein and the Humanities (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987), p. 38.
226. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, p. 23.
227. Lawhead, "Religion, Relativity, and Common Sense," pp. 38-40.
228. Richard Reeves, American Journey: Traveling with Tocqueville in Search of "Democracy in America" (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982).
229. Manuel Castells, The Power of Identity, vol. 2 of The Information Age:Economy, Society, and Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996);
230. Manuel Castells, "The Informational City Is a Dual City: Can It Be Reversed?" pp. 26-41
231. Donald A. Schön, Bish Sanyal, and William J. Mitchell, eds., High Technology and Low-Income Communities (Cambridge:MIT Press, 1999).
232. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, p. 44.
233. Robert W. Fogel and Dora L. Costa, "A Theory of Technophysio Evolution, with some Implications for Forecasting Populations, Health Care Costs, and Pension Costs," Demography 34 (1997): 49-66.
234. Timothy Smith, "My Rejection of a Cyclical View of 'Great Awakenings' in American Religious History," Sociological Analysis 44 (1983): 97-103;
235. Jon Butler, "Enthusiasm Described and Decried: The Great Awakening as Interpretive Fiction," Journal of American History 69 (1982): 305-25.
236. John Murray, "The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism," Economic History Services, Book Reviews, www.eh.net/bookreviews/library.
237. Butler, "Enthusiasm Described and Decried." 81.
238. Bailyn et al., The Great Republic, vol. 1, p. 66;
239. R. C. Gordon-McCutchan's summary of a symposium on religious awakenings, "Great Awakenings?" Sociological Analysis 44 (1983): 83-95.
240. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, pp. 31-36.
241. Smith, "My Rejection of a Cyclical View of 'Great Awakenings.'" 86.
242. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, p. 32.
243. Roger Finke and Laurence R. Iannaccone, "Supply-Side Explanations for Religious Change," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 527 (1993):27-39.
244. Butler, "Enthusiasm Described and Decried," p. 306.
245. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History, p. 47.
246. McLoughlin, Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform, pp. 18-19.
247. George Gallup, Jr., and D. Michael Lindsay, Surveying the Religious Landscape: Trends in U.S. Beliefs (Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse Publishing, 1999), pp. 10, 24.
248. Richard McCleary and Richard A. Hay, Jr., Applied Times Series Analysis for the Social Sciences (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980).
249. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History, pp. 46-47.
250. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, p. 40.
251. John F. Wilson, "Perspectives on the Historiography of Religious Awakenings," Sociological Analysis 44 (1983): 117-20.
252. William Strauss and Neil Howe, The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy (New York: Broadway Books, 1997).
253. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History, p. 45.
254. Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, trans. Michael Bullock (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1953), pp. 1 and 2, respectively.
255. Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976).
256. S. N. Eisenstadt, "The Axial Age," European Journal of Sociology 23 (1982): 294.
257. Adam B. Seligman, "The Comparative Study of Utopias," pp. 1-12 in Adam B. Seligman, ed., Order and Transcendence: The Role of Utopias and the Dynamics of Civilizations (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1989). Quote is from p. 6.
258. Randall Collins, The Sociology of Philosophies (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998). Quote from p. 877.
259. S. N. Eisenstadt, Tradition, Change, and Modernity (Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., 1983), pp. 179-83.
260. Mark Chaves, "Secularization as Declining Religious Authority," Social Forces 72 (1994): 749-74.
261. Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy (New York: Doubleday, 1967), p. 26.
262. Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion, trans. Ephriam Fischoff (Boston:Beacon Press, 1964 [1922]), pp. 138-50.
263. Seligman, "The Comparative Study of Utopias," p. 7.
264. S. N. Eisenstadt, "Utopias and Dynamics of Civilizations: Some Concluding Comparative Observations," pp. 139-49 in Seligman, ed., Order and Transcendence.
265. David Maybury-Lewis, "The Quest for Harmony," pp. 1-17 in David Maybury-Lewis and Uri Almagor, eds., The Attraction of Opposites:Thought and Society in the Dualistic Mode (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989). Quote from p. 1.
266. Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York:Basic, 1978), p. 155.
267. Maybury-Lewis, "The Quest for Harmony," p. 12;
268. Barley and Kunda, "Design and Devotion." 124.
269. Orrù, Anomie, p. 156.
270. Maybury-Lewis, "The Quest for Harmony," pp. 11-12.
271. Lloyd E. Sandelands, Male & Female in Social Life (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2001);
272. Barley and Kunda, "Design and Devotion." 127.
273. Barley and Kunda, "Design and Devotion," p. 385.
274. Kenwyn K. Smith and David N. Berg, Paradoxes of Group Life (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988);
275. E. Jacques, "Social Systems as a Defense against Persecutory and Depressive Anxiety," in M. Klein, P. Herman, and R. E. Money-Kyle, eds., New Directions in Psychoanalysis: The Significance of Infant Conflict in the Pattern of Adult Behavior (London: Tavistock, 1955);
276. Sigmund Freud, Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (New York: Norton, 1959).
277. Smith and Berg, Paradoxes of Group Life, p. 77.
278. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 63.
279. Smith and Berg, Paradoxes of Group Life, p. 79.
280. Roger V. Gould in his analysis of the Paris Commune, "Trade Cohesion, Class Unity, and Urban Insurrection:Artisanal Activism in the Paris Commune," American Journal of Sociology 98 (1993): 721-54.
281. Emile Durkhein, The Division of Labor in Society, trans. George Simpson (New York: Free Press [1933] 1964).
282. Orrù, Anomie, p. 106.
283. Orrù, Anomie, pp. 100-101.
284. Orrù, Anomie, p. 6.
285. Farley, The New American Reality, p. 341.
286. Maybury-Lewis, "The Quest for Harmony," pp. 11-12.
287. George M. Beard, American Nervousness (New York: Arno Press, 1881).
288. Robert N. Bellah et al., Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (New York: Harper and Row, 1985), pp. 117-21.
289. Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).
290. Hilkey, Character Is Capital, p. 10.
291. Jack London, "The Shrinkage of the Planet," in his Revolution and Other Essays (New York: Macmillan, 1910).
292. Critchton, America 1900, p. 5.
293. Walter Lippman, A Preface to Morals (New York: MacMillan, 1929), pp. 14, 139.
294. Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York:Basic, 1978), p. xvi.
295. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, p. 205
296. R. Shusterman, "Pragmatism and Liberalism between Dewey and Rorty," Political Theory 22 (1994): 391-413.
297. Viktor E. Frankel, The Will to Meaning, expanded ed. (New York: Meridian, 1988), p. 83;
298. Thomas Luckmann, "Shrinking Transcendence, Expanding Religion"? Sociological Analysis 50 (1990): 127-38.
299. Phillip S. Gorski discusses this concept in "Historicizing the Secularization Debate: Church, State, and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, ca. 1300 to 1700," American Sociological Review 65 (2000): 138-67.
300. Robert Wuthnow, After Heaven: Spirituality in America since the 1950s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
301. Robert Wuthnow, "Returning to Practice," IONS: Noetic Sciences Review 49 (August-November 1999): 32-38.
302. Gorski, "Historicizing the Secularization Debate," p. 162.
303. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, pp. 176-77.
304. Luckmann, "Shrinking Transcendence, Expanding Religion?" 15.
305. Wuthnow, "Returning to Practice," p. 34.
306. Harold Bloom, Omens of the Millennium (New York: Riverhead Books, 1996);
307. Wuthnow, After Heaven, observes that the rising spirituality in the United States is a mix of old and new spiritual and religious elements.
308. James Redfield, The Celestine Prophecy (New York: Warner, 1993).
309. Susannah Feher, "Who Looks to the Stars? Astrology and its Constituency," Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 31 (1992): 88.
310. Redfield, The Celestine Prophecy, pp. 180-217.
311. Michael J. St. Clair, Millenarian Movements in Historical Context (New York: Garland Publishing, 1992), p. 352.
312. Adam B. Seligman, ed., Order and Transcendence: The Role of Utopias and the Dynamics of Civilizations (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1989).
313. David John Frank, Ann Hironaka, and Evean Schofer, "The Nation-State and the Natural Environment Over the Twentieth Century," American Sociological Review 65 (2000): 96-116.
314. Glenn Firebaugh, "Introduction to the ASR Millennial Issue," American Sociological Review 65 (2000): v-vi.
315. James Randi, An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural (New York: St. Martins Press, 1997;
316. Randi, The Faith Healers (New York: Prometheus Books, 1987).
317. Victor J. Stenger, Physics and Psychics (New York: Prometheus Books, 1990);
318. Stenger, "The Myth of Quantum Consciousness," The Humanist 53 (1992): 13-15;
319. John Allen Paulos, Innumeracy (New York: Hill and Wang, 1988);
320. Paulos, A Mathematician Reads the Newspaper (New York: Anchor, 1996).
321. Sanbek, "Hungry People." 48.
322. Bart K. Holland, What Are the Chances? Voodoo Deaths, Office Gossip & Other Adventures in Probability (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).
323. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, p. 141.
324. Weick, Sensemaking in Organizations, p. 37.
325. Varela, Thompson, and Rosch, The Embodied Mind, pp. 140-45.
326. Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1949);
327. Campbell, Myths to Live By (New York:Penguin, 1972).
328. William James, The Will to Believe (Cambridge: University Press, John Wilson and Son, 1896), p. 14.
329. Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976 [1990]), pp. 303, 318, 337, 440-41.
330. Daniel T. Gilbert, "How Mental Systems Believe," American Psychologist 46 (1991): 107-19.
331. Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (New York: Anchor Books, 1967), pp. 101-03;
332. Schlesinger, Jr., The Cycles of American History, p. 12.
333. Reinhold Niebuhr, Faith and History (New York: Scribner's Sons, 1949), p. 31.
334. Schlesinger, The Cycles of American History, p. 19.
335. Schlesinger, The Cycles of American History, p. 19.
336. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 31.
337. Huntington, American Politics, pp. 158-59.
338. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 63.
339. Tom W. Smith and Lars Jarrko, "National Pride: A Cross-national Analysis," National Opinion Research Center/University of Chicago, General Social Survey Cross-national report no. 19 (1998). America's rank as the most patriotic comes from the average ranking of two national-pride scales. The World Values Surveys also find that Americans have the highest levels of patriotism.
340. de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, pp. 452-54.
341. Kenwyn K. Smith and David N. Berg, Paradoxes of Group Life (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988), p. 79.
342. Maybury-Lewis, "The Quest for Harmony," pp. 11-12.
343. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, pp. 176-77.
344. Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987);
345. Lawrence W. Levine, The Opening of the American Mind (Beacon, 1996).
346. Randall Collins, The Sociology of Philosophies (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998).
347. Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky, Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).
348. Emile Durkeim, The Division of Labor in Society, trans. George Simpson (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1960);
349. The Rules of Sociological Method, trans. S. A. Solovay and J. H. Mueller (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1958).
350. Erikson, Wayward Puritans, p. 20.
351. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 269. Based on Gallup poll conducted in 1993.
352. Weick, Sensemaking in Organizations, p. 56.
353. Sara McLanahan and Lynne Casper, "Growing Diversity and Inequality in the American Family," pp. 1-46 in State of the Union: America in the 1990s, Volume Two: Social Trends, ed. Reynolds Farley (New York:Russell Sage Foundation, 1995), p. 11.
354. Thomas D'Aunno and Thomas E. Vaughn, "Variations in Methadone Treatment Practices," Journal of the American Medical Association 267 (1992): 253-58;
355. Thomas D'Aunno, Robert I. Sutton, and Richard H. Price, "Isomorphism and External Support in Conflicting Institutional Environments:A Study of Drug Abuse Treatment Units," Academy of Management Journal 34 (1991): 635-61; Richard Price, personal communication, June 1998.
356. Kenneth Burke, Permanence and Change (New York: New Republic, 1936).
357. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).
358. Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss, "Awareness Contexts and Social Interaction," American Sociological Review 29 (1964): 669-79. They note that this concept "can be used for the study of virtually any problem entailing awareness at any structural level of analysis" (p. 670).
359. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics, pp. 680-82.
360. Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, p. 132.
361. Smith and Berg, Paradoxes of Group Life, p. 83.
362. Joshua Gamson, "The Depths of Shallow Culture," Newsletter of the Sociology of Culture Section of the American Sociological Association 12 (1998): 1-6.
363. Joshua Gamson, Freaks Talk Back:Tabloid Television and Sexual Nonconformity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
364. Collins, The Sociology of Philosophies, p. 381. Emphasis added.
365. Weick, Sensemaking in Organizations, pp. 70-71
366. Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism, p. 149.
367. James P. Walsh and G. R. Ungson, "Organizational Memory," Academy of Management Review 16 (1991): 60.
368. Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other, p. 159.
369. Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, pp. 387-91.
370. James, The Will to Believe, p. 61. Emphasis in the original.