Should we enhance animals?

Journal of Medical Ethics

Volumn 35, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 678-683

  Chan, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL WELFARE; ARTICLE; BIOETHICS; ETHICS; GENETIC ENHANCEMENT; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MORALITY; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANIMAL WELFARE; ANIMALS; BIOETHICAL ISSUES; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; GENETIC ENHANCEMENT; HUMANS; MORAL OBLIGATIONS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 72449170538     PISSN: 03066800     EISSN: 14734257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jme.2009.029512     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Chan S. Humanity 2.0? Enhancement, evolution and the possible futures of humanity. EMBO Rep 2008;9(Suppl 1):S70-4.
2. Chan S, Harris J. The ethics of gene therapy. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2006;8:377-83.
3. Chan S, Harris J. In support of human enhancement. Studies in Ethics, Law and Technology 2007;1:Article 10.
4. Harris J. Enhancing evolution. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007.
5. Savulescu J. New breeds of humans: the moral obligation to enhance. Reprod Biomed Online 2005;10(Suppl 1):36-9.
6. Chan S, Harris J. Cognitive regeneration or enhancement: the ethical issues. Regen Med 2006;1:361-6.
7. Galas DJ, McCormack SJ. An historical perspective on genomic technologies. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2003;5:123-7.
8. Benveniste H, Ma Y, Dhawan J, et al. Anatomical and functional phenotyping of mice models of Alzheimer's disease by MR microscopy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1097:12-29.
9. Shultz LD, Ishikawa F, Greiner DL. Humanized mice in translational biomedical research. Nat Rev Immunol 2007;7:118-30.
10. Knight J. GloFish casts light on murky policing of transgenic animals. Nature 2003;426:372.
11. de Grey AD. Report on the open discussion on the future of life extension research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1019:552-3.
12. de Grey AD. Life extension, human rights, and the rational refinement of repugnance. J Med Ethics 2005;31):659-63.
13. Rose MR. Genetics of increased lifespan in Drosophila. Bioessays 1989;11:132-5.
14. Collins JJ, Evason K, Kornfeld K. Pharmacology of delayed aging and extended lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol 2006;41:1032-9.
15. Lithgow GJ, Andersen JK. The real Dorian Gray mouse. Bioessays 2000;22:410-13.
16. Kenyon C. The plasticity of aging: insights from long-lived mutants. Cell 2005;120:449-60.
17. Tatar M, Bartke A, Antebi A. The endocrine regulation of aging by insulin-like signals. Science 2003;299:1346-51.
18. Lee SJ. Quadrupling muscle mass in mice by targeting TGF-ss signaling pathways. PLoS ONE 2007;2:e789.
19. Lee SJ, McPherron AC. Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:9306-11.
20. Muotri AR, Nakashima K, Toni N, et al. Development of functional human embryonic stem cell-derived neurons in mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:18644-8.
21. Tamaki S, Eckert K, He D, et al. Engraftment of sorted/expanded human central nervous system stem cells from fetal brain. J Neurosci Res 2002;69:976-86.
22. Greely HT, Cho MK, Hogle LF, et al. Thinking about the human neuron mouse. Am J Bioeth 2007;7:27-40.
23. Ourednik V, Ourednik J, Flax JD, et al. Segregation of human neural stem cells in the developing primate forebrain. Science 2001;293:1820-4.
24. Carter L. Re-interpreting some common objections to three transgenic applications: GM foods, xenotransplantation and germ line gene modification (GLGM). Transgenic Res 2004;13:583-91.
25. Verhoog H. Naturalness and the genetic modification of animals. Trends Biotechnol 2003;21:294-7.
26. Kaiser M. Assessing ethics and animal welfare in animal biotechnology for farm production. Rev Sci Tech 2005;24:75-87.
27. Mellor DJ, Stafford KJ. Integrating practical, regulatory and ethical strategies for enhancing farm animal welfare. Aust Vet J 2001;79:762-8.
28. Rollin BE. The Frankenstein Syndrome: ethical and social issues in the genetic engineering of animals. New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
29. Robert JS, Baylis F. Crossing species boundaries. Am J Bioeth 2003;3:1-13.
30. Streiffer R. At the edge of humanity: human stem cells, chimeras, and moral status. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 2005;15:347-70.
31. Harris J, Chan S. Enhancement is good for you!: understanding the ethics of genetic enhancement. Gene Ther 2008;15:338-9.
32. Dyson F. Our biotech future. New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/ articles/20370. 2007;54(12).
33. Singer P. All animals are equal. In: Regan T, Singer P, eds. Animal rights and human obligations. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1976:148-62.
34. Harris J. The value of life, 1st edn. New York: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1985:201.
35. Tooley M. Personhood. In: Kuhse H, Singer P, eds. A companion to bioethics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998:117-27.
36. Bateson P. Assessment of pain in animals. Animal Behav 1991;42:827-39.
37. Bateson P. Do animals feel pain? New Sci 1992;134:30-3.
38. Bateson P. Do animals suffer like us?-the assessment of animal welfare. Vet J 2004;168:110-11.
39. Carter A. Animals, pain and morality. J Appl Philos 2005;22:17-22.
40. Balcombe J. Pleasurable kingdom: animals and the nature of feeling good. Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan, 2006.
41. Gardner RA, Gardner BT. Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science 1969;165:664-72.
42. Gardner RA, Van Cantfort TE, Gardner BT. Categorical replies to categorical questions by cross-fostered chimpanzees. Am J Psychol 1992;105:27-57.
43. Plotnik JM, de Waal FB, Reiss D. Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:17053-7.
44. Reiss D, Marino L. Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: a case of cognitive convergence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:5937-42.
45. Rollin BE. Animal rights and human morality. New York: Prometheus Books, 1981.
46. Deary IJ, Batty D, Gottfredson LS. Human hierarchies, health, and IQ. Science 2005;309:703; author reply 703.
47. Gottfredson LS. Intelligence: is it the epidemiologists' elusive "fundamental cause" of social class inequalities in health? J Pers Soc Psychol 2004;86:174-99.
48. Newson A, Williamson R. Should we undertake genetic research on intelligence? Bioethics 1999;13:327-42.
49. Bostrom N, Ord T. The reversal test: eliminating status quo bias in applied ethics. Ethics 2006;116:656-79.
50. Olson MV, Varki A. Sequencing the chimpanzee genome: insights into human evolution and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2003;4:20-8.
51. Varki A. A chimpanzee genome project is a biomedical imperative. Genome Res 2000;10:1065-70.
52. Varki A, Altheide TK. Comparing the human and chimpanzee genomes: searching for needles in a haystack. Genome Res 2005;15:1746-58.
53. DeGrazia D. Taking animals seriously: mental life and moral status. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
54. Graft D. Against strong speciesism. J Appl Philos 1997;14:107-18.
55. Singer P, Cavalieri P, eds. The Great Ape Project: equality beyond humanity. New York: St Martin's Griffin, 1995.
56. Fukuyama F. Our posthuman future. London: Profile Books Ltd, 2002.