Cutaneous T cell lymphoma-mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: An update

Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia

Volumn 144, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 467-485

  Parker, S R S ^a   Vincent, B J ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Lymphoma, T cell, cutaneous; Mycosis fungoides; Sezary syndrome; Therapy

Indexed keywords

AGATOLIMOD; ALPHA INTERFERON; BEXAROTENE; CHLORMETHINE; CORTICOSTEROID; DENILEUKIN DIFTITOX; DOXORUBICIN; ETRETIN; FORODESINE; GEMCITABINE; INTERFERON; ISOTRETINOIN; PEGINTERFERON ALPHA2B; PSORALEN; RETINOID; VORINOSTAT; ZANOLIMUMAB;

ALOPECIA; ANOREXIA; CANCER REGRESSION; CANCER STAGING; CHILL; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CUTANEOUS T CELL LYMPHOMA; DEPRESSION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; FATIGUE; FEVER; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPOALBUMINEMIA; HYPOTENSION; HYPOTHYROIDISM; LEUKOPENIA; LUNG TOXICITY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; NAUSEA; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PHOTOTHERAPY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROGNOSIS; PUVA; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SEZARY SYNDROME; SIDE EFFECT; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOEMBOLISM; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VISUAL DISORDER; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 72249109167     PISSN: 03920488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Alibert J. Tableau de plan fonoide: description des malaqdies de la peau observee a l'hopital St. Louis, et exposition des meilleures methods suivies pour leur traitement. Paris: Barrior l'Aine et Files; 1806.
2. Bazin P. Maladies de la Peau Observees a l'Hopital St. Louis. Paris: Barrais L'aine et Fils: 1876.
3. Willemze R, Jaffe ES, Burg G, Cerroni L, Berti E, Swerdlow SH et al. WHO-EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:3768-3785
4. van Doorn R, van Kester MS, Dijkman R, Vermeer MH, Mulder AA, Szuhai K et al. Oncogenomic analysis of mycosis fungoides reveals major differences with Sezary syndrome. Blood 2009;113:127-136
5. + cells in skin and peripheral blood distinguishes Sezary syndrome from other cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Leukemia 2006;20:1123-1129 (Pubitemid 43797307)
6. Vonderheid EC, Bernengo MG, Burg G, Duvic M, Heald P, Laroche L et al. Update on erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: report of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:95-106. (Pubitemid 34073484)
7. Olsen E, Vonderheid E, Pimpinelli N, Willemze R, Kim Y, Knobler R et al. Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood 2007;110:1713-1722 (Pubitemid 47443880)
8. Criscione VD, Weinstock MA. Incidence of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973-2002. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:854-859
9. Sun G, Berthelot C, Li Y, Glass DA 2nd, George D, Pandya A et al. Poor prognosis in non-Caucasian patients with early-onset mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:231-235
10. Kim EJ, Hess S, Richardson SK, Newton S, Showe LC, Benoit BM et al. Immunopathogenesis and therapy of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Clin Invest 2005;115:798-812. (Pubitemid 40489380)
11. Tan RS, Butterworth CM, McLaughlin H, Malka S, Samman PD. Mycosis fungoides a disease of antigen persistence. Br J Dermatol 1974;91:607-616
12. Whittemore AS, Holly EA, Lee IM, Abel EA, Adams RM, Nickoloff BJ et al. Mycosis fungoides in relation to environmental exposures and immune response: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:1560-1567
13. Tuyp E, Burgoyne A, Aitchison T, MacKie R. A case-control study of possible causative factors in mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:196-200. (Pubitemid 17002488)
14. Zucker-Franklin D, Pancake BA. The role of human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV-I and II) in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Semin Dermatol 1994;13:160-165 (Pubitemid 24276932)
15. Brice SL, Jester JD, Friednash M, Golitz LE, Leahy MA, Stockert SS et al. Examination of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma for human herpesviruses by using the polymerase chain reaction. J Cutan Pathol 1993;20:304-307 (Pubitemid 23249607)
16. Tothova SM, Bonin S, Trevisan G, Stanta G. Mycosis fungoides: is it a Borrelia burgdorferi-associated disease? Br J Cancer 2006;94:879-883
17. Jackow CM, Cather JC, Hearne V, Asano AT, Musser JM, Duvic M. Association of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, superantigen-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and oligoclonal T-cell receptor V beta gene expansion. Blood 1997;89:32-40.
18. Abrams JT, Balin BJ, Vonderheid EC. Association between Sezary T cell-activating factor, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;941: 69-85.
19. Greene MH, Dalager NA, Lamberg SI, Argyropoulos CE, Fraumeni JF Jr. Mycosis fungoides: epidemiologic observations. Cancer Treat Rep 1979;63:597-606.
20. Morales-Suarez-Varela MM, Olsen J, Johansen P, Kaerlev L, Guénel P, Arveux P et al. Occupational sun exposure and mycosis fungoides: a European multicenter case-control study. J Occup Environ Med 2006;48:390-393
21. Kaufman D, Gordon LI, Variakojis D, Caro WA, Marder R, Jumbelic M et al. Successfully treated Hodgkin's disease followed by mycosis fungoides: case report and review of the literature. Cutis 1987;39:291-296 (Pubitemid 17065312)
22. Hodak E, Klein T, Gabay B, Ben-Amitai D, Bergman R, Gdalevich M et al. Familial mycosis fungoides: report of 6 kindreds and a study of the HLA system. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52(3 Pt 1):393-402.
23. Diamandidou E, Cohen PR, Kurzrock R. Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Blood 1996;88:2385-2409
24. Agnarsson BA, Vonderheid EC, Kadin ME. CD8+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol 1991;13:628-629
25. Kupper TS, Fuhlbrigge RC. Immune surveillance in the skin: mechanisms and clinical consequences. Nat Rev Immunol 2004;4:211-22.
26. Borowitz MJ, Weidner A, Olsen EA, Picker LJ. Abnormalities of circulating T-cell subpopulations in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen expression on T cells correlates with extent of disease. Leukemia 1993;7:859-863
27. Heald PW, Yan SL, Edelson RL, Tigelaar R, Picker LJ. Skin-selective lymphocyte homing mechanisms in the pathogenesis of leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 1993;101:222-226 (Pubitemid 23218703)
28. Ferenczi K, Fuhlbrigge RC, Pinkus J, Pinkus GS, Kupper TS. Increased CCR4 expression in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2002;119:1405-1410 (Pubitemid 36005628)
29. Ni X, Zhang C, Talpur R, Duvic M. Resistance to activation-induced cell death and bystander cytotoxicity via the Fas/Fas ligand pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis of cutaneous T cell lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:741-750
30. Wu J, Nihal M, Siddiqui J, Vonderheid EC, Wood GS. Low FAS/CD95 Expression by CTCL Correlates with Reduced Sensitivity to Apoptosis that Can Be Restored by FAS Upregulation. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:1165-1173
31. Woo YL, Sterling J, Crawford R, van der Burg SH, Coleman N, Stanley M. FOXP3 immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue: poor correlation between different antibodies. J Clin Pathol 2008;61:969-971
32. Gjerdrum LM, Woetmann A, Odum N, Burton CM, Rossen K, Skovgaard GL et al. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: association with disease stage and survival. Leukemia 2007;21:2512-2518
33. Miyara M, Sakaguchi S. Natural regulatory T cells: mechanisms of suppression. Trends Mol Med 2007;13:108-116 (Pubitemid 46341958)
34. Karenko L, Hahtola S, Ranki A. Molecular cytogenetics in the study of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). Cytogenet Genome Res 2007;118:353-361 (Pubitemid 350125276)
35. Karenko L, Hyytinen E, Sarna S, Ranki A. Chromosomal abnormalities in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and in its premalignant conditions as detected by G-banding and interphase cytogenetic methods. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:22-29
36. Sterry W. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: molecular and cytogenetic findings. Oncology (Williston Park) 2007;21(2 Suppl 1):13-17
37. Mao X, McElwaine S. Functional copy number changes in Sezary syndrome: toward an integrated molecular cytogenetic map III. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2008;185:86-94.
38. Scarisbrick JJ, Woolford AJ, Calonje E, Photiou A, Ferreira S, Orchard G et al. Frequent abnormalities of the p15 and p16 genes in mycosis fungoides and sezary syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:493-499
39. Nebozhyn M, Loboda A, Kari L, Rook AH, Vonderheid EC, Lessin S et al. Quantitative PCR on 5 genes reliably identifies CTCL patients with 5% to 99% circulating tumor cells with 90% accuracy. Blood 2006;107:3189-3196
40. van Doom R, Zoutman WH, Dijkman R, de Menezes RX, Commandeur S, Mulder AA et al. Epigenetic profiling of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: promoter hypermethylation of multiple tumor suppressor genes including BCL7a, PTPRG, and p73. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:3886-3896 (Pubitemid 46218691)
41. Bachelez H, Bioul L, Flageul B, Baccard M, Moulonguet-Michau I, Verola O et al. Detection of clonal T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements with the use of the polymerase chain reaction in cutaneous lesions of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:1027-1031
42. Ponti R, Quaglino P, Novelli M, Fierro MT, Comessatti A, Peroni A et al. T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement by multiplex polymerase chain reaction/heteroduplex analysis in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome) and benign inflammatory disease: correlation with clinical, histological and immunophenotypical findings. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:565-573
43. Hoppe RT, Wood GS, Abel EA. Mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome: pathology, staging, and treatment. Curr Probl Cancer 1990;14:293-371.
44. Kazakov DV, Burg G, Kempf W. Clinicopathological spectrum of mycosis fungoides. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004;18:397-415.
45. Hinds GA, Heald P. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in skin of color. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:359-75; quiz 376-378
46. Talpur R, Bassett R, Duvic M. Prevalence and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:105-112 (Pubitemid 351874496)
47. de Coninck EC, Kim YH, Varghese A, Hoppe RT. Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with extracutaneous mycosis fungoides. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:779-784 (Pubitemid 32119093)
48. Diamandidou E, Colome-Grimmer M, Fayad L, Duvic M, Kurzrock R. Transformation of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Blood 1998;92:1150-1159 (Pubitemid 28369027)
49. Zackheim HS, McCalmont TH. Mycosis fungoides: the great imitator. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:914-918
50. Vonderheid EC, Kadin ME. Papular mycosis fungoides: a variant of mycosis fungoides or lymphomatoid papulosis? J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:177-180
51. Kikuchi A, Naka W, Harada T, Sakuraoka K, Harada R, Nishikawa T. Parapsoriasis en plaques: its potential for progression to malignant lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:419-422 (Pubitemid 23260129)
52. Brown HA, Gibson LE, Pujol RM, Lust JA, Pittelkow MR. Primary follicular mucinosis: long-term follow-up of patients younger than 40 years with and without clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangement. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:856-862
53. Pimpinelli N, Olsen EA, Santucci M, Vonderheid E, Haeffner AC, Stevens S et al. Defining early mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:1053-1063
54. Kuo PH, McClennan BL, Carlson K, Wilson LD, Edelson RL, Heald PW et al. FDG-PET/CT in the evaluation of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Mol Imaging Biol 2008;10:74-81.
55. Scarisbrick JJ, Whittaker S, Evans AV, Fraser-Andrews EA, Child FJ, Dean A et al. Prognostic significance of tumor burden in the blood of patients with erythrodermic primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2001;97:624-630 (Pubitemid 32113393)
56. Juarez T, Isenhath SN, Polissar NL, Sabath DE, Wood B, Hanke D et al. Analysis of T-cell receptor gene rearrangement for predicting clinical outcome in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a comparison of Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction methods. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:1107-1113 (Pubitemid 41373956)
57. Muche JM, Lukowsky A, Ahnhudt C, Gellrich S, Sterry W. Peripheral blood T cell clonality in mycosis fungoides - an independent prognostic marker? J Invest Dermatol 2000;115:504-505
58. Kim YH, Liu HL, Mraz-Gernhard S, Varghese A, Hoppe RT. Long-term outcome of 525 patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: clinical prognostic factors and risk for disease progression. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:857-866
59. van Doom R, Scheffer E, Willemze R. Follicular mycosis fungoides, a distinct disease entity with or without associated follicular mucinosis: a clinicopathologic and follow-up study of 51 patients. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:191-198 (Pubitemid 34160393)
60. van Doom R, Van Haselen CW, van Voorst Vader PC, Geerts ML, Heule F, de Rie M et al. Mycosis fungoides: disease evolution and prognosis of 309 Dutch patients. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:504-510 (Pubitemid 30212962)
61. Zackheim HS, Amin S, Kashani-Sabet M, McMillan A. Prognosis in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by skin stage: long-term survival in 489 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:418-425 (Pubitemid 29115302)
62. Morales MM, Putcha V, Evans HS, Olsen J, Llopis A, Møller H. Survival of mycosis fungoides in patients in the Southeast of England. Dermatology 2005;211:325-329 (Pubitemid 41642105)
63. Kaye FJ, Bunn PA Jr, Steinberg SM, Stocker JL, Ihde DC, Fischmann AB et al. A randomized trial comparing combination electron-beam radiation and chemotherapy with topical therapy in the initial treatment of mycosis fungoides. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1784-1790
64. Trautinger F, Knobler R, Willemze R, Peris K, Stadler R, Laroche L et al. EORTC consensus recommendations for the treatment of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome. Eur J Cancer 2006;42:1014-1030
65. Zelenetz AD, Advani RH, Byrd JC, Czuczman MS, Damon LE, Duvic M et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2008;6:356-421.
66. National Comprehensive Cancer Network [Homepage]. [cited 2009 July 15]. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/.
67. Zackheim HS, Kashani-Sabet M, Amin S. Topical corticosteroids for mycosis fungoides. Experience in 79 patients. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:949-954
68. Kim YH, Martinez G, Varghese A, Hoppe RT. Topical nitrogen mustard in the management of mycosis fungoides: update of the Stanford experience. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:165-173 (Pubitemid 36216254)
69. Chinn DM, Chow S, Kim YH, Hoppe RT. Total skin electron beam therapy with or without adjuvant topical nitrogen mustard or nitrogen mustard alone as initial treatment of T2 and T3 mycosis fungoides. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;43:951-958 (Pubitemid 29144778)
70. Ramsay DL, Meller JA, Zackheim HS. Topical treatment of early cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1995;9:1031-56.
71. Querfeld C, Rosen ST, Kuzel TM, Kirby KA, Roenigk HH Jr, Prinz BM et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with early-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma who achieved complete remission with psoralen plus UV-A monotherapy. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:305-311 (Pubitemid 40365446)
72. Clark C, Dawe RS, Evans AT, Lowe G, Ferguson J. Narrowband TL-01 phototherapy for patch-stage mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:748-752 (Pubitemid 30407431)
73. Carter J, Zug KA. Phototherapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: online survey and literature review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:39-50.
74. Dereure O, Picot E, Comte C, Bessis D, Guillot B. Treatment of early stages of mycosis fungoides with narrowband ultraviolet B. A clinical, histological and molecular evaluation of results. Dermatology 2009;218:1-6.
75. Chiarion-Sileni V, Bononi A, Fornasa CV, Soraru M, Alaibac M, Ferrazzi E et al. Phase II trial of interferon-alpha-2a plus psolaren wim ultraviolet light A in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer 2002;95:569-575 (Pubitemid 34810182)
76. Papadavid E, Antoniou C, Nikolaou V, Siakantaris M, Vassilakopoulos TP, Stratigos A et al. Safety and efficacy of low-dose bexarotene and PUVA in the treatment of patients with mycosis fungoides. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008;9:169-173 (Pubitemid 351572059)
77. Wolverton SE. Comprehensive dermatologic drug therapy. Second ed. New York, NY: Saunders Elsevier; 2007.
78. Stadler R, Otte HG, Luger T, Henz BM, Kühl P, Zwingers T et al. Prospective randomized multicenter clinical trial on the use of interferon -2a plus acitretin versus interferon -2a plus PUVA in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma stages I and II. Blood 1998;92:3578-3581
79. Zhang C, Duvic M. Retinoids: therapeutic applications and mechanisms of action in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Dermatol Ther 2003;16:322-330 (Pubitemid 38044676)
80. Talpur R, Ward S, Apisarnthanarax N, Breuer-Mcham J, Duvic M. Optimizing bexarotene therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:672-684 (Pubitemid 35239327)
81. Straus DJ, Duvic M, Kuzel T, Horwitz S, Demierre MF, Myskowski P et al. Results of a phase II trial of oral bexarotene (Targretin) combined with interferon alfa-2b (Intron-A) for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cancer 2007;109:1799-1803
82. Breneman D, Duvic M, Kuzel T, Yocum R, Truglia J,, Stevens VJ. Phase 1 and 2 trial of bexarotene gel for skin-directed treatment of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:325-332 (Pubitemid 34226330)
83. Duvic M, Olsen EA, Omura GA, Maize JC, Vonderheid EC, Elmets CA et al. A phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of peldesine (BCX-34) cream as topical therapy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:940-947
84. Olsen EA, Rosen ST, Vollmer RT, Variakojis D, Roenigk HH Jr, Diab N et al. Interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:395-407. (Pubitemid 19086774)
85. Kuzel TM, Roenigk HH Jr, Samuelson E, Herrmann JJ, Hurria A, Rademaker AW et al. Effectiveness of interferon alfa-2a combined with phototherapy for mycosis fungoides and the Sezary syndrome. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:257-263
86. Suchin KR, Cucchiara AJ, Gottleib SL, Wolfe JT, DeNardo BJ, Macey WH et al. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with combined immunomodulatory therapy: a 14-year experience at a single institution. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1054-1060
87. Vonderheid EC, Thompson R, Smiles KA, Lattanand A. Recombinant interferon alfa-2b in plaque-phase mycosis fungoides. Intralesional and low-dose intramuscular therapy. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:757-763
88. Scholtz W. Uber den Einfluss der Rontgenstrahlen auf die Haut in gesundem und krankem Zustande. Arch Dermatol Res 1902;59:241-260
89. Micaily B, Miyamoto C, Kantor G, Lessin S, Rook A, Brady L et al. Radiotherapy for unilesional mycosis fungoides. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998;42:361-364
90. Introcaso CE, Micaily B, Richardson SK, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Yoon JS, Kim EJ et al. Total skin electron beam therapy may be associated with improvement of peripheral blood disease in Sezary syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:592-595
91. Edelson R, Berger C, Gasparro F, Jegasothy B, Heald P, Wintroub B et al. Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Preliminary results. N Engl J Med 1987;316:297-303. (Pubitemid 17036377)
92. Scarisbrick JJ, Taylor P, Holtick U, Makar Y, Douglas K, Berlin G et al. U.K. consensus statement on the use of extracorporeal photopheresis for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:659-678
93. Axelrod PI, Lorber B, Vonderheid EC. Infections complicating mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. JAMA 1992;267:1354-1358
94. Ferenczi K, Yawalkar N, Jones D, Kupper TS. Monitoring the decrease of circulating malignant T cells in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma during photopheresis and interferon therapy. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:909-913 (Pubitemid 36898927)
95. Foss FM, Bacha P, Osann KE, Demierre MF, Bell T, Kuzel T. Biological correlates of acute hypersensitivity events with DAB(389)IL-2 (denileukin diftitox, ONTAK) in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: decreased frequency and severity with steroid premedication. Clin Lymphoma 2001;1:298-302.
96. Negro-Vilar A, Groves ES, Stevens V, Zhang JK, Prince M, Martin A et al. Efficacy and safety of denileukin diftitox (Dd) in a phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of CD25+ patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I; 2007. J Clin Oncol 2007;25(18S):447s (8026).
97. Olsen EA, Kim YH, Kuzel TM, Pacheco TR, Foss FM, Parker S et al. Phase IIb multicenter trial of vorinostat in patients with persistent, progressive, or treatment refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:3109-3115
98. Yawalkar N, Ferenczi K, Jones DA, Yamanaka K, Suh KY, Sadat S et al. Profound loss of T-cell receptor repertoire complexity in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2003;102:4059-4066 (Pubitemid 37486989)
99. Sampogna F, Frontani M, Baliva G, Lombardo GA, Alvetreti G, Di Pietro C et al. Quality of life and psychological distress in patients with cutaneous lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:815-822
100. Cutaneous Lymphoma Foundation [Homepage]. [cited 2009 July 15]. Available at: http://www.clfoundation.org.