Differences in cytotoxicity versus pro-inflammatory potency of different PM fractions in human epithelial lung cells

Toxicology in Vitro

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 29-39

  Gualtieri, Maurizio ^a   Øvrevik, Johan ^b   Holme, Jørn A ^b   Perrone, M Grazia ^a   Bolzacchini, Ezio ^a   Schwarze, Per E ^b   Camatini, Marina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

Author keywords

Cytotoxicity; Inflammation; Mitotic arrest delay; PAHs; PM chemical composition; PM10; PM2.5

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM; BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; BENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; BENZO[A]PYRENE; BENZO[B]FLUORANTHENE; BENZO[E]PYRENE; BENZO[GHI]PERYLENE; BENZO[K]FLUORANTHENE; BROMINE; CALCIUM; CARBON; CHROMIUM; CHRYSENE; COPPER; INDENO[1,2,3 CD]PYRENE; INTERLEUKIN 8; IRON; LEAD; MANGANESE; NICKEL; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; POLYMYXIN B; POTASSIUM; SILICON; TITANIUM; VANADIUM; ZINC;

AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; CELL CYCLE ARREST; CELL DEATH; CELL LINE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOKINE RELEASE; CYTOTOXICITY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IN VITRO STUDY; INFLAMMATION; ITALY; LUNG ALVEOLUS EPITHELIUM; MINERAL DUST; MITOSIS; PARTICULATE MATTER; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; SEASONAL VARIATION; SUMMER; WINTER; X RAY FLUORESCENCE;

CARBON; CELL LINE; CELL SURVIVAL; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; ELEMENTS; EPITHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; INDICATORS AND REAGENTS; INFLAMMATION; INTERLEUKIN-8; ITALY; LUNG; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; PULMONARY ALVEOLI; SEASONS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 72149130015     PISSN: 08872333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.09.013     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Alexis N.E., Lay J.C., Zeman K., Bennett W.E., Peden D.B., Soukup J.M., Devlin R.B., and Becker S. Biological material on inhaled coarse fraction particulate matter activates airway phagocytes in vivo in healthy volunteers. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 117 (2006) 1396-1403
2. Anttila S., Hakkola J., Tuominen P., Elovaara E., Husgafvel-Pursiainen K., Karjalainen A., Hirvonen A., and Nurminen T. Methylation of cytochrome p4501a1 promoter in the lung is associated with tobacco smoking. Cancer Research 63 (2003) 8623-8628
3. ARPA Lombardia, 2006. .
4. Baulig A., Poirault J.J., Ausset P., Schins R., Shi T., Baralle D., Dorlhene P., Meyer M., Lefevre R., Baeza-Squiban A., and Marano F. Physicochemical characteristics and biological activities of seasonal atmospheric particulate matter sampling in two locations of Paris. Environmental Science and Technology 38 (2004) 5985-5992
5. Becker S., Mundandhara S., Devlin R.B., and Madden M. Regulation of cytokine production in human alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells in response to ambient air pollution particles: further mechanistic studies. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 207 Suppl. 2 (2005) 269-275
6. Bell M.L., Domonici F., Ebisu K., Zeger S.L., and Samet J.M. Spatial and temporal variation in PM2.5 chemical composition in the United States for health effects studies. Environmental Health Perspective 115 7 (2007) 989-995
7. Berger W., Elbling L., and Micksche M. Expression of the major vault protein lrp in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells: activation by short-term exposure to antineoplastic drugs. International Journal of Cancer 88 (2000) 293-300
8. Binkova B., Cerna M., Pastorkova A., Jelinek R., Benes I., Novak J., and Sram R.J. Biological activities of organic compounds adsorbed onto ambient air particles: comparison between the cities of Teplice and Prague during the summer and winter seasons 2000-2001. Mutation Research 525 (2003) 43-59
9. Bonvallot V., Baeza-Squiban A., Baulig A., Brulant S., Boland S., Muzeau F., Barouki R., and Marano F. Organic compounds from diesel exhaust particles elicit a proinflammatory response in human airway epithelial cells and induce cytochrome p450 1A1 expression. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 25 (2001) 515-521
10. Brunekreef B., and Forsberg B. Epidemiological evidence of effects of coarse airborne particles on health. European Respiratory Journal 26 (2005) 309-318
11. Camatini M., Gualtieri M., Mantecca P., Ǿvrevik J., and Holme J. Seasonal and dimensional differences in pro-inflammatory potency of the atmospheric particulate matter of Milan on lung cell lines. Toxicology Letters 180S (2008) S97
12. Chang J.W., Lee S.H., Lu Y., and Yoo Y.J. Transforming growth factor-b1 induces the non-classical secretion of peroxiredoxin-I in A549 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 345 (2006) 118-123
13. Cho W.S., Choi M., Han B.S., Cho M., Oh J., Park K., Kim S.J., Kim S.H., and Jeong J. Inflammatory mediators induced by intratracheal instillation of ultrafine amorphous silica particles. Toxicology Letters 175 1-3 (2007) 24-33
14. Dandrea T., Hellmond H., Jonsson C., Zhivotovsky B., Hofer T., Wamgard L., and Cotgreave I. The transcriptosomal response of human A549 lung cells to a hydrogen peroxide-generating system: relationship to DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and caspase activation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 36 (2004) 881-896
15. De Kok T.M.C.M., Driece H.A.L., Hogervorst J.G.F., and Briede J.J. Toxicological assessment of ambient and traffic-related particulate matter: a review of recent studies. Mutation Research 613 (2006) 103-122
16. De Vizcaya-Ruiz A., Gutiérrez-Castillo M.E., Uribe-Ramirez M., Cebrían M.E., Mugica-Alvarez V., Sepúlveda J., Rosas I., Salinas E., Garcia Cuéllar C., Martínez F., Alfaro Moreno E., Torres Flores V., Osornio-Vargas A., Sioutas C., Fine P.M., Singh M., Geller M.D., Kuhn T., Miguel A.H., Eiguren-Fernandez A., Schiestl R.H., Reliene R., and Froines J. Characterization and in vitro biological effects of concentrated particulate matter from Messico City. Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006) S583-S592
17. Donaldson K., Stone V., Borm P.J.A., Jimenez L.A., Gilmour P.S., Schins R.P.F., Knaapen A.M., Rahman I., Faux S.P., Brown D.M., and MacNee W. Oxidative stress and calcium signalling in the adverse effects of environmental particles (PM10). Free Radical Biology and Medicine 34 11 (2003) 1369-1382
18. Dreher K.L., Jaskot R.H., Lehmann J.R., Richards J.H., McGee J.K., Ghio A.J., and Costa D.L. Soluble transition metals mediate residual oil fly ash induced acute lung injury. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 50 (1997) 285-305
19. Duvall R.M., Norris G.A., Dailey L.A., Burke J.M., McGee J.K., Gilmour M.I., Gordon T., and Devlin R.B. Source apportionment of particulate matter in the US and association with lung inflammatory response. Inhalation Toxicology 20 7 (2008) 671-683
20. Georgiadis P., Topinka J., Stoikidou M., Kaila S., Gioka M., Katsouyanni K., Sram R.J., Autrup H., and Kyrtopoulos S.A. Biomarkers of genotoxicity of air pollution (the AULIS project): bulky DNA adducts in subjects with moderate to low exposures to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke and other parameters. Carcinogenesis 22 (2001) 1447-1457
21. Gerlofs-Nijland M.E., Dormans J.A., Bloemen H.J., Leseman D.L., John A., Boere F., Kelly F.J., Mudway I.S., Jimenez A.A., Donaldson K., Guastadisegni C., Janssen N.A., Brunekreef B., Sandstrom T., van Bree L., and Cassee F.R. Toxicity of coarse and fine particulate matter from sites with contrasting traffic profiles. Inhalation Toxicology 19 (2007) 1055-1069
22. Ghio A.J., Kim C., and Devlin R.B. Concentrated ambient air particles induce mild pulmonary inflammation in healthy human volunteers. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 162 3 Pt 1 (2000) 981-988
23. Gilli G., Traversi D., Rovere R., Pignata C., and Schilirò T. Airborne particulate matter: ionic species role in different Italian sites. Environmental Research 103 (2007) 1-8
24. Goldberg M.S., Burnett R.T., Valois M.F., Flegel K., Bailar III J.C., and Brook J. Associations between ambient air pollution and daily mortality among persons with congestive heart failure. Environmental Research 91 (2003) 8-20
25. Gualtieri M., Mantecca P., Corvaja V., Bolzacchini E., Fustella G., Zerbi G., and Camatini M. Fine PM and health: in vitro results. Chemical Engineering Transaction 16 (2008) 411-418
26. Gualtieri M., Mantecca P., Corvaja V., Longhin L., Perrone M.G., Bolzacchini E., and Camatini M. Winter fine particulate matter from Milan induces morphological and functional alterations in human pulmonary epithelial cells (A549). Toxicology Letter 188 1 (2009) 52-62
27. Guillot L., Medjane S., Le-Barillec K., Balloy V., Danel C., Chignard M., and Si-Tahar M. Response of human pulmonary epithelial cells to lipopolysaccharide involves toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent signalling pathways. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 4 (2004) 2712-2718
28. Hacievliyagil S.S., Gunen H., Mutlu L.C., Karabulut A.B., and Temel I. Association between cytokines in induced sputum and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Medicine 100 5 (2006) 846-854
29. Hetland G., Namork E., Schwarze P.E., and Aase A. Mechanism for uptake of silica particles by monocytic U937 cells. Human Experimental Toxicology 19 (2000) 412-419
30. Hetland R.B., Cassee F.R., Lag M., Refsnes M., Dybing E., and Schwarze P.E. Cytokine release from alveolar macrophages exposed to ambient particulate matter: heterogeneity in relation to size, city and season. Particle Fibre Toxicology 2 (2005) 4
31. Holder A.L., Lucas D., Goth-Goldstein R., and Koshland C.P. Inflammatory response of lung cells exposed to whole, filtered, and hydrocarbon denuded diesel exhaust. Chemosphere 70 (2007) 13-19
32. Huang S.-L., Cheng W.-L., Lee C.-T., Huang H.-C., and Chan C. Contribution of endotoxin in macrophage cytokine response to ambient particles in vitro. Journal of Toxicology Environmental Health A 65 (2002) 1261-1272
33. Huang X., Tran T., Zhang L., Hatcher R., and Zhang P. DNA damage-induced mitotic catastrophe is mediate by Chk-1 dependent mitotic exit DNA damage checkpoint. PNAS 25 102 (2005) 1065-1070
34. Jalava P.I., Salonen R.O., Pennanen A.S., Happo M.S., Penttinen P., Hälinen A.I., Sillanpää M., Hillamo R., and Hirvonen M.R. Effects of solubility of urban air fine and coarse particles on cytotoxic and inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 229 (2008) 146-160
35. Kampa M., and Castanas E. Human health effects of air pollution. Environmental Pollution 151 2 (2008) 362-367
36. Katsouyanni K., Touloumi G., Samoli E., Gryparis A., Le Tertre A., Monopolis Y., Rossi G., Zmirou D., Ballester F., Boumghar A., Anderson H.R., Wojtyniak B., Paldy A., Braunstein R., Pekkanen J., Schindler C., and Schwartz J. Confounding and effect modification in the short-term effects of ambient particles on total mortality: results from 29 European cities within the APHEA 2 Project. Epidemiology 12 (2001) 521-531
37. Keatings V.M., Collins P.D., Scott D.M., and Barnes P.J. Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 153 (1996) 530-534
38. Knaapen A.M., Shi T., Borm P.J., and Schins R.P. Soluble metals as well as the insoluble particle fraction are involved in cellular DNA damage induced by particulate matter. Molecular Cell Biochemistry 234-235 (2002) 317-326
39. Kocbach A., Namork E., and Schwarze P.E. Pro-inflammatory potential of wood smoke and traffic-derived particles in a monocytic cell line. Toxicology 247 (2008) 123-132
40. Kocbach A., Totlandsdal A.I., Lag M., Refsnes M., and Schwarze P.E. Differential binding of cytokines to environmentally relevant particles: a possible source for misinterpretation of in vitro results?. Toxicology Letters 176 (2008) 131-137
41. Kulkarni N., Pierse N., Rushton L., and Grigg J. Carbon in airway macrophages and lung function in children. New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006) 21-30
42. Li T., Zhao B., Wang C., Wang H., Liu Z., Li W., Jin H., Tang C., and Du J. Regulatory effects of hydrogen sulfide on IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 levels in the plasma and pulmonary tissue of rats with acute lung injury. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood) 233 9 (2008) 1081-1087
43. Ma J.Y., and Ma J.K. The dual effect of the particulate and organic components of diesel exhaust particles on the alteration of pulmonary immune/inflammatory responses and metabolic enzymes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C - Environmental Carcinogenicity Ecotoxicology Review 20 (2002) 117-147
44. Marcazzan G., Vaccaro S., Valli G., and Vecchi R. Characterisation of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter in the ambient air of Milan (Italy). Atmospheric Environment 35 27 (2001) 4639-4650
45. Martin S., Dawidowski L., Mandalunis P., Cereceda-Balic F., and Tasat D.R. Characterization and biological effect of Buenos Aires urban air particles on mice lungs. Environmental Research 105 3 (2007) 340-349
46. Molinelli A.R., Santacana G.E., Madden M.C., and Jimenez B.D. Toxicity and metal content of organic solvent extracts from airborne particulate matter in Puerto Rico. Environmental Research 102 (2006) 314-325
47. Monn C., and Becker S. Cytotoxicity and induction of proinflammatory cytokines from human monocytes exposed to fine (PM2.5) and coarse particles (PM10-2.5) in outdoor and indoor air. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 155 (1999) 245-252
48. Moolgavkar S.H. Air pollution and daily mortality in two US counties: season-specific analyses and exposure-response relationships. Inhalation Toxicology 15 (2003) 877-907
49. Nicolai T., Carr D., Weiland S.K., Duhme H., von Ehrenstein O., and Wagner C. Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children. European Respiratory Journal 21 6 (2003) 956-963
50. Nikasinovic L., Just J., Sahraoui F., Seta N., Grimfeld A., and Momas I. Nasal inflammation and personal exposure to fine particles PM2.5 in asthmatic children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 117 6 (2006) 1382-1388
51. Osornio-Vargas A.R., Bonner J.C., Alfaro-Moreno E., Martinez L., Garcia-Cuellar C., Ponce-de-Leon Rosales S., Miranda J., and Rosas I. Proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects of Mexico city air pollution particulate matter in vitro are dependent on particle size and composition. Environmental Health Perspective 111 (2003) 1289-1293
52. Ostro B.D., Hurley S., and Lipsett M.J. Air pollution and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a study of PM10 dominated by coarse particles. Environmental Research Section A 81 (1999) 231-238
53. Øvrevik J., Myran T., Refsnes M., Lag M., Becher R., Hetland R.B., and Schwarze P.E. Mineral particles of varying composition induce differential chemokine release from epithelial lung cells: importance of physico-chemical characteristics. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 49 (2005) 219-231
54. Øvrevik J., Lag M., Holme J.A., Schwarze P.E., and Refsnes M. Cytokine and chemokine expression patterns in lung epithelial cells exposed to components characteristic of particulate air pollution. Toxicology 259 (2009) 46-53
55. Pérez I.R., Serrano J., Alfaro-Moreno E., Baumgardner D., Garcia-Cuellar C., Martin del Campo J.M., Raga G.B., Castillejos M., Colin R.D., and Osornio-Vargas A.R. Relations between PM10 composition and cell toxicity: a multivariate and graphical approach. Chemosphere 67 (2007) 1218-1228
56. Pope III C.A., Hansen M.L., Long R.W., Nielsen K.R., Eatough N.L., Wilson W.E., and Eatough D.J. Ambient particulate air pollution, heart rate variability, and blood markers of inflammation in a panel of elderly subjects. Environmental Health Perspective 112 3 (2004) 339-345
57. Pöschl U., Rudich Y., and Ammann M. Kinetic model framework for aerosol and cloud surface chemistry and gas-particle interactions: part 1 - general equations, parameters, and terminology. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5 (2004) 211-219
58. Richman-Eisenstat J.B.Y., Jorens P.G., Hebert C.A., Ueki I., and Nadel J.A. Interleukin-8: an important chemoattractant in sputum of patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases. American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 264 (1993) L413-L418
59. Risom L., Møller P., and Loft S. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage by particulate air pollution. Mutation Research 592 (2005) 119-137
60. Rosenkranz H.S. Mutagenic nitroarenes, diesel emissions, particulate-induced mutations and cancer: an essay on cancer-causation by a moving target. Mutatagenic Research 367 (1996) 65-72
61. Salonen R.O., Hälinen A.I., Pennanen A.S., Hirvonen M.-R., Sillanpää M., Hillamo R., Shi T., Borm P., Sandell E., Koskentalo T., and Aarnio P. Chemical and in vitro toxicological characterization of wintertime and springtime urban-air particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 10 μm in Helsinki. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health 30 Suppl. 2 (2004) 80-90
62. Salvi S., and Holgate S.T. Mechanisms of particulate matter toxicity. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 29 9 (1999) 1187-1194
63. Samoli E., Peng R., Ramsay T., Pipikou M., Touloumi G., Dominici F., Burnett R., Cohen A., Krewski D., Samet J., and Katsouyanni K. Acute effects of ambient particulate matter on mortality in Europe and North America: results from the APHENA study. Environmental Health Perspective 116 11 (2008) 1480-1486
64. Schins R.P.F., Lightbody J.H., Borm P.J.A., Shi T., Donaldson K., and Stone V. Inflammatory effects of coarse and fine particulate matter in relation to chemical and biological constituents. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 195 (2004) 1-11
65. Schulz C., Farkas L., Wolf K., Krätzel K., Eissner G., and Pfeifer M. Differences in LPS-induced activation of Bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and type II-like pneumocytes (A-549). Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 56 (2002) 294-302
66. Seagrave J.C. Mechanisms and implications of air pollution particle associations with chemokines. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 232 (2008) 469-477
67. Sevastyanova O., Novakova Z., Hanzalova K., Binkova B., Sram R., and Topinka J. Temporal variation in the genotoxic potential of urban air particulate matter. Mutation Research 649 (2008) 179-186
68. Sharma H., Jain V.K., and Khan Z.H. Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of Delhi. Chemosphere 66 (2007) 302-310
69. Shi T., Duffin R., Borm P.J.A., Li H., Weischaput C., and Schins R.P.F. Hydroxyl-radical-dependent DNA damage by ambient particulate matter from contrasting sampling locations. Environmental Research 101 (2006) 18-24
70. Solhaug A., Refsnes M., Lag M., Schwarze P.E., Husoy T., and Holme J.A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce both apoptotic as well as anti-apoptotic signals in Hepa1c1c7 cells. Carcinogenesis 25 (2004) 809-819
71. Soukup J.M., and Becker S. Human alveolar macrophage responses to air pollution particulates are associated with insoluble components of coarse material, including particulate endotoxin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 171 (2001) 20-26
72. Stieb D.M., Judek S., and Burnett R.T. Meta-analysis of time series studies of air pollution and mortality: effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death, age, and season. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 52 (2002) 470-484
73. Takizawa H., Abe S., Okazaki H., Kohyama T., Sugawara I., Saito Y., Ohtoshi T., Kawasaki S., Desaki M., Nakahara K., Yamamoto K., Matsushima K., Tanaka M., Sagai M., and Kudoh S. Diesel exhaust particles upregulate eotaxin gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells via nuclear factor-kB dependent pathway. American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 284 (2003) L1055-L1062
74. Tsuji P.A., and Walle T. Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-activating enzymes and DNA binding in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells by methoxylated flavonoids. Carcinogenesis 27 8 (2006) 1579-1585
75. Vecchi R., Marcazzan G., Valli G., Ceriani M., and Antoniazzi C. The role of atmospheric dispersion in the seasonal variation of PM1 and PM2.5 concentration and composition in the urban area of Milan (Italy). Atmospheric Environment 38 27 (2004) 4437-4446
76. Veranth J.M., Moss T.A., Chow J.C., Labban R., Nichols W.K., Walton J.C., Watson J.G., and Yost G.S. Correlation of in vitro cytokine responses with the chemical composition of soil-derived particulate matter. Environmental Health Perspective 114 (2006) 341-349
77. Veranth J.M., Cutler N.S., Kaser E.G., Reilly C.A., and Yost G.S. Effects of cell type and culture media on Interleukin-6 secretion in response to environmental particles. Toxicology in Vitro 22 (2008) 498-509
78. Wegesser T.C., and Last J.A. Lung response to coarse PM: bioassay in mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 230 2 (2008) 159-166
79. WHO (World Health Organization), 2006. Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Global Update 2005. WHO/SDE/PHE/OEH/06.02.
80. WHO (World Health Organization), 2007. Global estimates of burden of disease caused by the environmental and occupational risks.
81. Yamazaki H., Hatanaka N., Kizu R., Hayakawa K., Shimada N., Guengerich F.P., Nakajima M., and Yokoi T. Bioactivation of diesel exhaust particle extracts and their major nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon components, 1-nitropyrene and dinitropyrenes, by human cytochromes P450 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1. Mutation Research 472 (2000) 129-138
82. Yih L.H., Hsueh S.W., Luu W.S., Chiu T.H., and Lee T.C. Arsenite induces prominent mitotic arrest via inhibition of G2 checkpoint activation in CGL-2 cells. Carcinogenesis 26 (2005) 53-63
83. Zerbi G., Ferruggiari A., Fustella G., Tommasini M., Mantecca P., Gualtieri M., Cetta F., and Camatini M. Preliminary observation on the interactions between fine atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) and human alveolar epithelial cells (A549). Chemical Engineering Transaction 16 (2008) 387-394
84. Ziemacki G., Cattani G., Cusano M.C., Stacchini G., and Marconi A. Contenuto di metalli nelle varie frazioni dimensionali di materiale particellare. Annali Istituto Superiore Sanità 39 (2003) 371-379