Mechanisms of particulate matter toxicity

Clinical and Experimental Allergy

Volumn 29, Issue 9, 1999, Pages 1187-1194

  Salvi, S ^a   Holgate, S T ^a  

^a SOUTHAMPTON GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIESEL FUEL; FREE RADICAL; GAMMA INTERFERON; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; MESSENGER RNA; METAL;

ALLERGIC DISEASE; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; BREATHING RATE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CILIATED EPITHELIUM; EXHAUST GAS; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INHALATION; LUNG ALVEOLUS MACROPHAGE; LUNG DEPOSIT; LUNG GAS EXCHANGE; LUNG TOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PLASMA VISCOSITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

AIR POLLUTANTS; ANIMALS; HUMANS; LUNG; PARTICLE SIZE; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASES;

EID: 0032866705     PISSN: 09547894     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00576.x     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Kaiser J .Showdown over Clean Air Science. Sci 1997;277:466-9.
2. Dockery DW, Pope CA III, Xu X et al.An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities. NEJM 1993;329:1753-9.
3. Schwartz J. Air pollution and daily mortality. A review and meta analysis. Environ Res 1994; 64:36-52.
4. Pope CA III, Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Dockery DW, Evans JS, Speizer FE. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of US adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151:669-74.
5. COMEAP (Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollurants). .The nature of airborne particles. Non biological particles and health .Department of Health, Holgate ST, et al. 1995:9-28.
6. Fleming JS, Halson P, Conway J et al. Three dimensional description of pulmonary deposition of inhaled aerosols using data from multi modality imaging. J Nuclear Med 1996;37:873-7.
7. Heyder JL, Gebhart J, Rudolf G, Schiller CF, Stahlhofen W. Deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract in the size range 0.005-15μ. J Aerosol Sci 1986; 17;811-25.
8. Iwasa T, Wasserman K, Taplin GV. Lung Scintigraphy and pulmonary function studies in obstructive airway disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1970;102:161-72
9. Kim CS, Fisher DM, Lutz DJ, Gerrity TR. Particle deposition in bifurcating airway models with varying airway geometry. J Aerosol Sci 1994 25:567-81.
10. Anderson M, Svantengren M, Philipson K, Camner P. Regional human lung deposition studied by repeated investigations. J Aerosol Sci 1988;19:1121-4.
11. Svartengren M, Linnman L, Philipson K, Camner P. Regional deposition in human lung of 2.5 Am particles. Exp Lung Res 1987; 12:265-79.
12. Conway JH, Fleming JS Holgate ST. Review of three dimensional imaging of inhaled aerosols. Eur Respir Rev 1997; 7:180-3.
13. Conway JH, Moore E, Fleming JS, Holgate ST. Three dimensional imaging of lung deposition from nebuliser in moderate/ severe asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:A456.
14. Kim CS, Kang TC. Comparative measurement of lung deposition of inhaled fine particles in normal subjects and patients with obstructive airway diseas. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:899-905.
15. Kim CS, Hu SC. Regional deposition of inhaled particles in human lungs: comparison between men and women. Am J Physiol 1998; 84:1834-44.
16. 10 source in Rubidox. California Atm Environ 1992; 24:693-706.
17. Salvi S, Frew AJ, Holgate ST. Is diesel a cause for increasing allergies? Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:4-8.
18. Health Effects Institute. Introduction. Diesel exhaust: a critical analysis of emissions, exposure and health effects. A Special Report on the Institute's Diesel Working Group, Nauss KM and The HEI Diesel Working Group 1995:13-61.
19. Kerminen VM, Makela TE, Ojanen C, Hillatmo RE et al. Characterisation of the particulate phase in the exhaust from a diesel car. Environ Sci Technol 1997; 31:1883-9.
20. Weisenberger B. Health effects of diesel emissions. An update. J Soc Occup Med 1994; 47:90-2.
21. Oberdorster G, Ferin J, Lehnert BE. Correlation between particle size, in-vivo particle persistence and lung injury. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 (Suppl. 5):173-9.
22. Donaldson K, Li XY, MacNee W. Ultrafine (nanometer) particle mediated lung injury. J Aerosol Sci 1998; 29:553-60.
23. Peters A, Wichmann HE, Tuch T, Heinrich J, Heyder J. Respiratory effects are associated with the number of ultrafine particles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:1376-83.
24. Zhang QW, Kutsaka Y, Sato K, Nakakuki K, Kohyama N, Donaldson K. Differences in the extent of inflammation caused by intratracheal exposure to three ultrafine metals: role of free radicals. J Toxicol Environ Health 1998; 53:423-38.
25. Batterbee JL, Rose NL, Long X. A continuous high resolution record of urban airborne particulates suitable for retrospective microscopical analysis. Atmospheric Environ 1997; 31:171-81.
26. Wilson WE, Suh HH. Fine particles and coarse particles. Concentration relationships relevant to epidemiological studies. J Air Waste Manag Asso 1997; 47:1238-49.
27. 10 measured in an industrial community during the winter. Atmospheric Environ 1990; 24:57-66.
28. Watt MD, Goddel J, Cherrie A, Seaton A. Individual exposure to particulate air pollution and its relevance to thresholds for health effects: a study of traffic wardens. Occup Environ Med 1995; 52:790-2.
29. Kobzik L. Lung macrophage uptake of unopsonized environ mental particulates. J Immunol 1995; 155:367-76.
30. Mauderly JL, Bice DE, Carpenter RL et al. Effects of Inhaled Nitrogen Dioxide and Diesel Exhaust on Developing Lung. Research Report No. 8. Health Effects Institute. Cambridge, MA, 1987.
31. Mauderly JL, Snipes MB, Barr EB et al. Pulmonary Toxicity of Inhaled Diesel Exhaust and Carbon Black in Chronically Exposed Rats. Report No. 68, Health Effects Institute. Cambridge, MA, 1994.
32. Heinrich U, Mohr U Fuchst R, Brockmeyer C. Investigation of a Potential Cotumorigenic Effect of the Dioxides of Nitrogen and Sulphur and of Diesel Engine Exhaust on the Respiratory Tract of Syrian Golden Hamsters. Research Report No. 29. Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA, 1989.
33. Strom KA, Garg BD, Johnson JT, D'Arey JB, Smiler KL. Inhaled particle retention in rats receiving low exposures of diesel exhaust. J Toxicol Environ Health 1990; 29:377-98.
34. Ishinishi N, Kuwabara N, Nagase S, Suzuki T, Ishiwata S, Kohno T, Long term inhalation studies on effects of exhaust from heavy and light duty diesel engines on F344 rats. In: Ishinishi N, Koizumi A, McClellan RO et al. eds, Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of diesel engine exhaust New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., 1986:329-48.
35. Mauderly JL, McClellan RO, Mokler BV, Redman HC. Pulmonary responses of Fischer 344 rats and CD-I mice to exposure to diesel exhaust (Abstr.). Toxicologist 1982; 2:50.
36. Castranova V, Bowman L, Reasor MJ, Lewis T, Tucker J, Miles PR. The response of rat alveolar macrophages to chronic inhalation of coal dust and/or diesel exhaust. Environ Res 1985; 36:405-19.
37. Morrow PF. Possible mechanisms to explain dust over loading of the lungs. Fundamental Appl Toxicol 1988; 10:369-84.
38. Yang IIM Ma JYC, Castranova V, Ma JKH. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on the release of IL-1 and TNFα from rat alveolar macrophages. Exp Lung Res 1997; 23:269-84.
39. Terashima T, Amakawa K, Matsumuru A et al. Diesel exhaust particles stimulate alveolar macrophages to release TNFrx TNFA and IL-6, but not GM-CSF. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:A880.
40. 10) by alveolar macrophages stimulates the release of PMN's from bone marrow. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:1441-7.
41. Ichinose T, Furuyama A, Sagai M. Biological effects of diesel exhaust particles 2. Acute toxicity of DEP introduced into lung by intratracheal instillation. Toxicol 1995; 99:153-67.
42. Nagai A, Kakuta Y, Ozawa Y et al. Alveolar destruction in guinea pigs chronically exposed to diesel engine exhaust - A light microscopic and electron microscopic morphometry study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:724-30.
43. Hendersen RF, Pickrell JA, Jones RK et al. Response of rodents to inhaled diluted diesel exhaust: biochemical and cytological changes in bronchoalvcolar lavage fluid and in lung tissue. Fundamental Appl Toxicol 1988; 11:546-67.
44. Mauderly JL, Bice DE, Cheng YS et al. Influence of Experimental Pulmonary Emphysema on Toxicological Effects from Inhaled Nitrogen Dioxide and Diesel Exhaust. Research Report No. 30. Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA: 1989.
45. Bamhart MI, Chen S, Salley SO, Pure H. Ultrastructure and morphometry of guinea pigs chronically exposed to diesel engine exhaust: six months experience. J Appl Toxicol 1981 1:88-103.
46. White H J, Garg BD. Early pulmonary response of the rat lung to inhalation of high concentration of diesel particles. J Appl Toxicol 1981; 1:104-10.
47. Mauderly JL, Jones RF, Henderson RF et al. Relationship of lung structural and functional changes to accumulation of diesel exhaust particles. In: Dodgson J, McCallum RO, Bailey MR, Fisher DR, eds. Inhaled Particles VI. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988:659-69.
48. Lal SB, Das N, Das BP, Gulati K. Biochemical and histopathological changes in respiratory system of rats following exposure to diesel exhaust. Indian J Exp Biol 1998; 36:55-9.
49. Kobayashi T, Ito T. Diesel exhaust particulates induce nasal mucosal hyperresponsiveness to inhaled histamone aerosol. Fundamental Appl Toxicol 1995; 27:195-202.
50. Kobayashi T. Exposure to diesel exhaust enhances nasal allergic reaction induced by repeated antigen administration in guinea pigs. Am J A Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:A151.
51. Schlesinger RB. Toxicological evidence for health effects from inhaled particulate pollution - does it support the human experience. Inhalation Toxicol 1995; 7:99-109.
52. Gavett SH, Kelly MM, Madison SL, Dreher KL Fine ambient air particulate matter increases lavage eosinophil numbers and IL-4 in allergic mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:A881.
53. Takano H, Yoshikawa T, Ichinose T, Miyabara Y, Imaoko K, Sagai M. Diesel exhaust particles enhance Ag induced airway inflammation and local cytokine expression in mice. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1997; 156:36-42.
54. Fujimaki H, Nohara O, Ichinose T, Watanabe N, Saito S. IL-4 production in mediastinal lymph node cells in mice intratracheally instilled with diesel exhaust particulates and antigen. Toxicol 1994; 92:261-8.
55. Fujimaki H, Saneyoshi K, Nohara O, Shiraishi F, Imai T. Intranasal instillation of diesel exhaust particles and antigen in mice modulated cytokine production in cervical lymph node cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995; 108:268-73.
56. Lovik M, Hogreth AK, Gaarder PI, Hageman R, Eide I. Diesel exhaust particles and carbon black have adjuvant activity on the local lymph node response and systemic IgE production to ovalbumin. Toxicol 1997; 121:165-78.
57. Takenaka H, Zhang KE. Diaz-Sanchez D, Tsien A, Saxon A. Enhanced human IgE production results from exposure to the aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust: direct effects on B cell IgE production. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95:103-15.
58. Suzuki T, Kanoh T, Ishimori M, Ikeda S, Ohkuni H. Adjuvant activity of DEP in production of anti IgE and anti IgG, antibodies to mite allergen in mice. J Clin Lab Immunol 1996; 48:187-99.
59. Knox RB, Suphioglu C, Taylor P et al. Major grass pollen Lolpl binds to DEP's: implications for asthma and air pollution. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27:246-51.
60. Frew AJ, Salvi SS. Diesel exhaust particles and respiratory allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27:188-204.
61. Bayram H, Devalia JL, Sapsford RJ et al. The effect of diesel exhaust particles on cell function and release of inflammatory mediators from human bronchial epithelial cells in-vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18:441-8.
62. Steerenberg PA, Zonnenberg JAJ, Dormans JAMA et al. Diesel exhaust particles induced release of IL-6 and IL-8 by (primed) human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS- 2B) in-vitro. Exp Lung Res 1998; 24:85-100.
63. Boland S, Baeza S, Foumier T, Aubier M, Marano F. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on the viability and morphology of airway epithelial cells in culture. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:A155.
64. Ohtoshi T, Takizawa H, Okazaki H et al. Diesel exhaust particles stimulate human airway epithelial cells to produce cytokines relevant to airway inflammation in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101:778-85.
65. Davies RJ, Bayram H, Abdelaziz MM, Khair OA, Sapsford RJ, Devalia JL. Effect of diesel exhaust particles on release of inflammatory mediators from bronchial epithelial cells of atopic asthmatic subjects and non atopic non asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:A743.
66. Kennedy T, Ghio AJ, Reed W et al. Copper dependant inflammation and NFκB activation by particulate air pollution. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19:366-78.
67. Carter JD, Ghio AJ, Samet JM, Devlin RB. Cytokine production by human airway epithelial cells after exposure to an air pollution particle is metal dependant. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 146:180-8.
68. Pritchard RJ, Ghio AJ, Lehman JR et al. Oxidant generation and lung injury after particulate air pollutant exposure increase with concentrations of associated metals. Inhalation Toxicol 1996; 8:457-77.
69. 10 particles: involvement of iron generation of hydroxyl radical. Occup Environ Med 1996; 53:817-22.
70. Terada N, Hamano N, Maesako K et al. Diesel exhaust particulates upregulate histamine receptor mRNA and increase histamine induced IL-8 and GM-CSF production in nasal epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:52-9.
71. Pfutzner W, Thomas P, Przybilla B. Influence of suspended diesel exhaust particles (DEP) in number and activity of IgE secreting cells in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95:335 (Abstr.).
72. Rudell B, Sandstrom T, Stjernberg N, Heldman KU. Controlled diesel exhaust exposure in an exposure chamber: pulmonary effects investigated with brouchoalveolar lavage. J Aerosol Sci 1990; 21:S411-S414.
73. Holian A, Hamilton RF, Morandi MT, Brown SD, Li L. Urban particle-induced apoptosis and phenotype shifts in human alveolar macrophages. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106:127-32.
74. Saneyoshi K, Nohara O, Imai T, Shiraishi F, Moriyama H, Fujimaki H. IL-4 and IL-6 production of bone marrow derived mast cells is enhanced by treatment with environmental pollutants. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997; 114:237-45.
75. Gallagher JE, Prahalad A, Inmon J, Lewtas J, Ghio A, Becker S. Characterization of air pollution particles to elemental analysis and cellular oxidant generation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:A141
76. Vincent R, Goegan P, Johnson G, Brook J. Effects of ambient particles on xenobiotic, metal and stress inducible promoter cat fusion genes in HepG2 cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:A267.
77. Costa DL, Dreher KI., Bioavailable transition metals in particulate matter mediate cardiopulmonary injury in health and compromised animal models. Environ Health Perspect 1997; 105:1053-60.
78. Kanemitsu H, Nagasawa S, Sagai M, Mori Y. Complement activation by diesel exhaust particles. Biol Phar Bull 1998; 21:129-32.
79. Salvi S, Blomberg A, Rudell B et al. Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood following short term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:425 (Abstr.).
80. Salvi S, Blomberg A, Semper A et al. Upregulation of IL-8 mRNA following acute exposure to diesel exhaust in the bronchial tissue of healthy human subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:A697 (Abstr.).
81. Diaz-Sanchez D, Dotson AR, Takenaka H, Saxon A. Diesel exhaust particles induce local IgE production invivo and alter the pattern of IgE mRNA isoform. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:1417-25.
82. Diaz-Sanchez D, Tsien A, Fleming J, Saxon A. Combined diesel exhaust particulate and ragweed allergen challenge markedly enhances human in vivo nasal ragweed specific IgE and skews cytokine production to a Th2 type phenotype. J Immunol 1997; 158:2406-13.
83. Fujieda S, Diaz-Sanchez D, Saxon A. Combined nasal challenge with diesel exhaust particles and allergen induces in vivo IgE isotype switching. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19:507-12.
84. Hattis D, Wasson JM, Page GS, Stern B, Franklin CA. Acid particles and tracheobronchial region of the respiratory system. An 'irritative-signalling' model for possible health effects. JAPCA 1987; 37:1060-6.
85. Meyer H, Palil HK, Bauerle PA. Regulation of the transcription factors NFkB and AP-I by redox changes. Chemico-Biol Interacts 1994; 91:91-100.
86. Poloniecki JD, Atkinson RW, Pone de Leon A, Anderson HR. Daily time series for cardiovascular hospital admissions and previous day's air pollution in London. Occup Environ Med 1997; 54:534-40.
87. Seaton A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Godden D. Particulate air pollution and acute health effects. Lancet 1995; 345:176-8.
88. Peters A, Doring A, Wichmann HE, Koenig W. Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: a link, to mortality. Lancet 1997; 349:1582-7.
89. Proceedings of the Royal Microscopical Society. Particulate Aerosols. 1998; 33:211-2.
90. Sutton DW, Schmidschonbein GW. Elevation of organ resistance due to leukocyte perfusion. Am J Physiol 1992; 262:H1646-H1650.
91. Herbertson MJ, Werner HA, Godard CM et al. Antitumor necrosis factor alpha prevents decreased ventricular contractility in endotoxemic pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:480-8.
92. Akira S, Kishimoto T. IL-6 and TNFα in acute phase response to viral infection. Immunol Rev 1992; 127:25-50.
93. 10) in-vivo and in-vitro. Ann Occup Hyg 1997; 41 (Suppl. 1):7-13.