Circadian temperature variation and ageing

Ageing Research Reviews

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 51-60

  Weinert, Dietmar ^a  

^a MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE WITTENBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Age dependent changes; Body temperature; Circadian control; Homeostatic control

Indexed keywords

AGING; BODY TEMPERATURE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CORE TEMPERATURE; FITNESS; HEALTH; HOMEOSTASIS AND REGULATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; SHORT SURVEY; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS; THERMOREGULATION;

AGING; ANIMALS; BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; FEMALE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; MALE; MICE; RATS;

EID: 72149084925     PISSN: 15681637     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.07.003     Document Type: Short Survey

References (171)

1. Aizawa S., and Cabanac M. The influence of temporary semi-supine and supine postures on temperature regulation in humans. J. Thermal Biol. 27 (2002) 109-114
2. Albrecht U. The mammalian circadian clock: a network of gene expression. Front. Biosci. 9 (2004) 48-55
3. Albrecht U., Zheng B., Larkin D., Sun Z.S., and Lee C.C. MPer1 and mper2 are essential for normal resetting of the circadian clock. J. Biol. Rhythms 16 (2001) 100-104
4. Ancoli-Israel S., Klauber M.R., Jones D.W., Kripke D.F., Martin J., Mason W., Pat-Horenczyk R., and Fell R. Variations in circadian rhythms of activity, sleep, and light exposure related to dementia in nursing-home patients. Sleep 20 (1997) 18-23
5. Arendt J., Van Someren E.J., Appleton R., Skene D.J., and Akerstedt T. Clinical update: melatonin and sleep disorders. Clin. Med. 8 (2008) 381-383
6. Asai M., Yoshinobu Y., Kaneko S., Mori A., Nikaido T., Moriya T., Akiyama M., and Shibata S. Circadian profile of Per gene mRNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and pineal body of aged rats. J. Neurosci. Res. 66 (2001) 1133-1139
7. Aschoff J. Circadian control of body-temperature. J. Thermal Biol. 8 (1983) 143-147
8. Aschoff J. On the aging of circadian rhythms. In: Hiroshige T., and Honma K. (Eds). Evolution of Circadianclock (1994), Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo 23-44
9. Aschoff J., Heise A., Itoh S., Ogata K., and Toshimura H. Thermal conductance in man: its dependence on time of day and on ambient temperature. In: Itoh S., Ogata K., and Toshimura H. (Eds). Advances in Climatic Physiology (1972), Igaku Shoin, Tokyo 334-348
10. Aujard F., Herzog E.D., and Block G.D. Circadian rhythms in firing rate of individual suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons from adult and middle-aged mice. Neuroscience 106 (2001) 255-261
11. Aujard F., Cayetanot F., Bentivoglio M., and Perret M. Age-related effects on the biological clock and its behavioral output in a primate. Chronobiol. Int. 23 (2006) 451-460
12. Aujard F., Seguy M., Terrien J., Botalla R., Blanc S., and Perret M. Behavioral thermoregulation in a non human primate: effects of age and photoperiod on temperature selection. Exp. Gerontol. 41 (2006) 784-792
13. Bartness T.J., Song C.K., and Demas G.E. SCN efferents to peripheral tissues: implications for biological rhythms. J. Biol. Rhythms 16 (2001) 196-204
14. Baerensprung F.V. Untersuchungen über die Temperaturverhältnisse des Foetus und des erwachsenen Menschen im gesunden und kranken Zustand. Arch. Anat. Physiol. wiss. Med. (1851) 126-175
15. Brown S.A., Zumbrunn G., Fleury-Olela F., Preitner N., and Schibler U. Rhythms of mammalian body temperature can sustain peripheral circadian clocks. Curr. Biol. 12 (2002) 1574-1583
16. Burgess H.J., Holmes A.L., and Dawson D. The relationship between slow-wave activity, body temperature, and cardiac activity during nighttime sleep. Sleep 24 (2001) 343-349
17. Cagnacci A. Influences of melatonin on human circadian rhythms. Chronobiol. Int. 14 (1997) 205-220
18. Cagnacci A., Soldani R., and Yen S.S. Hypothermic effect of melatonin and nocturnal core body temperature decline are reduced in aged women. J. Appl. Physiol. 78 (1995) 314-317
19. Cai A., and Wise P.M. Age-related changes in light-induced Jun-B and Jun-D expression: effects of transplantation of fetal tissue containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Biol. Rhythms 11 (1996) 284-290
20. Cai A., Scarbrough K., Hinkle D.A., and Wise P.M. Fetal grafts containing suprachiasmatic nuclei restore the diurnal rhythm of CRH and POMC mRNA in aging rats. Am. J. Physiol. 273 (1997) R1764-R1770
21. Cajochen C., Krauchi K., and Wirz-Justice A. Role of melatonin in the regulation of human circadian rhythms and sleep. J. Neuroendocrinol. 15 (2003) 432-437
22. Caldwell H.K., Lee H.J., Macbeth A.H., and Young W.S. Vasopressin: behavioral roles of an "original" neuropeptide. Prog. Neurobiol. 84 (2008) 1-24
23. Campbell S.S., and Murphy P.J. Relationships between sleep and body temperature in middle-aged and older subjects. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 46 (1998) 458-462
24. Campbell S.S., Gillin J.C., Kripke D.F., Erikson P., and Clopton P. Gender differences in the circadian temperature rhythms of healthy elderly subjects: relationships to sleep quality. Sleep 12 (1989) 529-536
25. Carrier J., Monk T.H., Reynolds III C.F., Buysse D.J., and Kupfer D.J. Are age differences in sleep due to phase differences in the output of the circadian timing system?. Chronobiol. Int. 16 (1999) 79-91
26. Carrier J., Paquet J., Morettini J., and Touchette E. Phase advance of sleep and temperature circadian rhythms in the middle years of life in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 320 (2002) 1-4
27. Cassone V.M., Warren W.S., Brooks D.S., and Lu J. Melatonin, the pineal gland, and circadian rhythms. J. Biol. Rhythms 8 Suppl. (1993) S73-S81
28. Chee C.A., Roozendaal B., Swaab D.F., Goudsmit E., and Mirmiran M. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neuron changes in the senile rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurobiol. Aging 9 (1988) 307-312
29. Cheng M.Y., Bullock C.M., Li C., Lee A.G., Bermak J.C., Belluzzi J., Weaver D.R., Leslie F.M., and Zhou Q.Y. Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nature 417 (2002) 405-410 (see comment)
30. Collins K.J., Dore C., Exton-Smith A.N., Fox R.H., MacDonald I.C., and Woodward P.M. Br. Med. J. Accidental hypothermia and impaired temperature homoeostasis in the elderly 1 (1977) 353-356
31. Czeisler C.A., Brown E.N., Ronda J.M., et al. A clinical method to assess the endogenous circadian phase (ECP) of the deep circadian oscillator in man. Sleep Res. 14 (1985) 295
32. Czeisler C.A., Dumont M., Duffy J.F., Steinberg J.D., Richardson G.S., Brown E.N., Sanchez R., Rios C.D., and Ronda J.M. Association of sleep-wake habits in older people with changes in output of circadian pacemaker. Lancet 340 (1992) 933-936
33. Danilenko K.V., Cajochen C., and Wirz-Justice A. Is sleep per se a zeitgeber in humans?. J. Biol. Rhythms 18 (2003) 170-178
34. Davidson A.J., Yamazaki S., Arble D.M., Menaker M., and Block G.D. Resetting of central and peripheral circadian oscillators in aged rats. Neurobiol. Aging 29 (2008) 471-477
35. Davis F.C., and Viswanathan N. Stability of circadian timing with age in Syrian hamsters. Am. J. Physiol. 275 (1998) R960-R968
36. Deboer T., Franken P., and Tobler I. Sleep and cortical temperature in the Djungarian hamster under baseline conditions and after sleep deprivation. J. Comp. Physiol. [A] 174 (1994) 145-155
37. Degroot D.W., and Kenney W.L. Impaired defense of core temperature in aged humans during mild cold stress. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 292 (2007) R103-R108
38. Dijk D.J., and Czeisler C.A. Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. J. Neurosci. 15 (1995) 3526-3538
39. Duffy J.F., and Dijk D.J. Getting through to circadian oscillators: why use constant routines?. J. Biol. Rhythms 17 (2002) 4-13
40. Duffy J.F., Dijk D.J., Klerman E.B., and Czeisler C.A. Later endogenous circadian temperature nadir relative to an earlier wake time in older people. Am. J. Physiol. 275 (1998) R1478-R1487
41. Duncan M.J., Herron J.M., and Hill S.A. Aging selectively suppresses vasoactive intestinal peptide messenger RNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 87 (2001) 196-203
42. Edgar D.M., Kilduff T.S., Martin C.E., and Dement W.C. Influence of running wheel activity on free-running sleep/wake and drinking circadian rhythms in mice. Physiol. Behav. 50 (1991) 373-378
43. Falk B., Bar-Or O., Smolander J., and Frost G. Response to rest and exercise in the cold: effects of age and aerobic fitness. J. Appl. Physiol. 76 (1994) 72-78
44. Florez-Duquet M., and McDonald R.B. Cold-induced thermoregulation and biological aging. Physiol. Rev. 78 (1998) 339-358
45. Freedman M.S., Lucas R.J., Soni B., von Schantz M., Munoz M., David-Gray Z., and Foster R. Regulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors. Science 284 (1999) 502-504
46. Geiser F. Metabolic rate and body temperature reduction during hibernation and daily torpor. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 66 (2004) 239-274
47. Geiser F. Ontogeny and phylogeny of endothermy and torpor in mammals and birds. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 150 (2008) 176-180
48. Gibson E.M., Williams III W.P., and Kriegsfeld L.J. Aging in the circadian system: considerations for health, disease prevention and longevity. Exp. Gerontol. 44 (2009) 51-56
49. Giroud S., Blanc S., Aujard F., Bertrand F., Gilbert C., and Perret M. Chronic food shortage and seasonal modulations of daily torpor and locomotor activity in the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 294 (2008) R1958-R1967
50. Gomolin I.H., Aung M.M., Wolf-Klein G., and Auerbach C. Older is colder: temperature range and variation in older people. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53 (2005) 2170-2172
51. Gubin D.G., Gubin G.D., Waterhouse J., and Weinert D. The circadian body temperature rhythm in the elderly. Effect of single daily melatonin dosing. Chronobiol. Int. 23 (2006) 639-658
52. Halberg J., Halberg E., Regal P., and Halberg F. Changes with age characterize circadian rhythm in telemetered core temperature of stroke-prone rats. J. Gerontol. 36 (1981) 28-30
53. Hammel H.T. Regulation of internal body temperature. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 30 (1968) 641-710
54. Haskell E.H., Palca J.W., Walker J.M., Berger R.J., and Heller H.C. Metabolism and thermoregulation during stages of sleep in humans exposed to heat and cold. J. Appl. Physiol. 51 (1981) 948-954
55. Hattar S., Lucas R.J., Mrosovsky N., Thompson S., Douglas R.H., Hankins M.W., Lem J., Biel M., Hofmann F., Foster R.G., and Yau K.W. Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice. Nature 424 (2003) 76-81
56. Hofman M.A., Zhou J.N., and Swaab D.F. Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the human brain: an immunocytochemical and morphometric analysis. Anat. Rec. 244 (1996) 552-562
57. Horvath S.M., and Rochelle R.D. Hypothermia in the aged. Environ. Health Perspect. 20 (1977) 127-130
58. Huang Y.L., Liu R.Y., Wang Q.S., van Someren E.J., Xu H., and Zhou J.N. Age-associated difference in circadian sleep-wake and rest-activity rhythms. Physiol. Behav. 76 (2002) 597-603
59. Kawakami F., Okamura H., Tamada Y., Maebayashi Y., Fukui K., and Ibata Y. Loss of day-night differences in VIP mRNA levels in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aged rats. Neurosci. Lett. 222 (1997) 99-102
60. Kenney W.L. Thermoregulation at rest and during exercise in healthy older adults. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 25 (1997) 41-76
61. Kenney W.L., and Armstrong C.G. Reflex peripheral vasoconstriction is diminished in older men. J. Appl. Physiol. 80 (1996) 512-515
62. Kenney W.L., and Munce T.A. Invited review: aging and human temperature regulation. J. Appl. Physiol. 95 (2003) 2598-2603
63. Ko C.H., and Takahashi J.S. Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock. Hum. Mol. Genet. 15 Spec No. 2 (2006) R271-R277
64. Kolker D.E., Fukuyama H., Huang D.S., Takahashi J.S., Horton T.H., and Turek F.W. Aging alters circadian and light-induced expression of clock genes in golden hamsters. J. Biol. Rhythms 18 (2003) 159-169
65. Krajnak K., Kashon M.L., Rosewell K.L., and Wise P.M. Aging alters the rhythmic expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mRNA but not arginine vasopressin mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of female rats. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 4767-4774
66. Kramer A., Yang F.C., Snodgrass P., Li X., Scammell T.E., Davis F.C., and Weitz C.J. Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signaling. Science 294 (2001) 2511-2515
67. Kramer A., Yang F.C., Snodgrass P., Li X., Scammell T.E., Davis F.C., and Weitz C.J. Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signalling. Novartis Found. Symp. 253 (2003) 250-262
68. Krauchi K. How is the circadian rhythm of core body temperature regulated?. Clin. Auton. Res. 12 (2002) 147-149
69. Krauchi K. The human sleep-wake cycle reconsidered from a thermoregulatory point of view. Physiol. Behav. 90 (2007) 236-245
70. Krauchi K., and Wirz-Justice A. Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men. Am. J. Physiol. 267 (1994) R819-R829
71. Krauchi K., and Wirz-Justice A. Circadian clues to sleep onset mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology 25 (2001) S92-S96
72. LeSauter J., and Silver R. Output signals of the SCN. Chronobiol. Int. 15 (1998) 535-550
73. Lewy A.J., Emens J.S., Bernert R.A., and Lefler B.J. Eventual entrainment of the human circadian pacemaker by melatonin is independent of the circadian phase of treatment initiation: clinical implications. J. Biol. Rhythms 19 (2004) 68-75
74. Lewy A.J., Emens J.S., Lefler B.J., Yuhas K., and Jackman A.R. Melatonin entrains free-running blind people according to a physiological dose-response curve. Chronobiol. Int. 22 (2005) 1093-1106
75. Li H., and Satinoff E. Changes in circadian rhythms of body temperature and sleep in old rats. Am. J. Physiol. 269 (1995) R208-R214
76. Li H., and Satinoff E. Fetal tissue containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus restores multiple circadian rhythms in old rats. Am. J. Physiol. 275 (1998) R1735-R1744
77. Lu S.-H., and Dai Y.-T. Normal body temperature and the effects of age, sex, ambient temperature and body mass index on normal oral temperature: a prospective, comparative study. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. (2009) 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.11.006
78. Lucassen P.J., Hofman M.A., and Swaab D.F. Increased light intensity prevents the age related loss of vasopressin-expressing neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 693 (1995) 261-266
79. Madeira M.D., Sousa N., Santer R.M., Paula-Barbosa M.M., and Gundersen H.J. Age and sex do not affect the volume, cell numbers, or cell size of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: an unbiased stereological study. J. Comp. Neurol. 361 (1995) 585-601
80. Maywood E.S., and Mrosovsky N. A molecular explanation of interactions between photic and non-photic circadian clock-resetting stimuli. Gene Expr. Patterns 1 (2001) 27-31
81. Mills J.N., Minors D.S., and Waterhouse J.M. Adaptation to abrupt time shifts of the oscillator(s) controlling human circadian rhythms. J. Physiol. 285 (1978) 455-470
82. Minors D., Atkinson G., Bent N., Rabbitt P., and Waterhouse J. The effects of age upon some aspects of lifestyle and implications for studies on circadian rhythmicity. Age Ageing 27 (1998) 67-72
83. Moe K.E., Prinz P.N., Vitiello M.V., Marks A.L., and Larsen L.H. Healthy elderly women and men have different entrained circadian temperature rhythms. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 39 (1991) 383-387
84. Monk T.H. Sleep and circadian rhythms. Exp. Gerontol. 26 (1991) 233-243
85. Monk T.H., Buysse D.J., Reynolds III C.F., Kupfer D.J., and Houck P.R. Circadian temperature rhythms of older people. Exp. Gerontol. 30 (1995) 455-474
86. Monk T.H., Reynolds III C.F., Kupfer D.J., Hoch C.C., Carrier J., and Houck P.R. Differences over the life span in daily life-style regularity. Chronobiol. Int. 14 (1997) 295-306
87. Morin L.P. The circadian visual system. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 19 (1994) 102-127
88. Nakamura K., Tanaka M., Motohashi Y., and Maeda A. Oral temperatures of the elderly in nursing homes in summer and winter in relation to activities of daily living. Int. J. Biometeorol. 40 (1997) 103-106
89. Nakazawa Y., Nonaka K., Nishida N., Hayashida N., Miyahara Y., Kotorii T., and Matsuoka K. Comparison of body temperature rhythms between healthy elderly and healthy young adults. Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45 (1991) 37-43
90. Nuesslein B., and Schmidt I. Development of circadian cycle of core temperature in juvenile rats. Am. J. Physiol. 259 (1990) R270-R276
91. Nuesslein-Hildesheim B., and Schmidt I. Is the circadian core temperature rhythm of juvenile rats due to a periodic blockade of thermoregulatory thermogenesis?. Pflugers Arch. 427 (1994) 450-454
92. Osborne A.R., and Refinetti R. Effects of hypothalamic lesions on the body temperature rhythm of the golden hamster. Neuroreport 6 (1995) 2187-2192
93. Penev P.D., Zee P.C., Wallen E.P., and Turek F.W. Aging alters the phase-resetting properties of a serotonin agonist on hamster circadian rhythmicity. Am. J. Physiol. 268 (1995) R293-R298
94. Penev P.D., Turek F.W., Wallen E.P., and Zee P.C. Aging alters the serotonergic modulation of light-induced phase advances in golden hamsters. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (1997) R509-R513
95. Raymann R.J., and Van Someren E.J. Time-on-task impairment of psychomotor vigilance is affected by mild skin warming and changes with aging and insomnia. Sleep 30 (2007) 96-103
96. Raymann R.J., and Van Someren E.J. Diminished capability to recognize the optimal temperature for sleep initiation may contribute to poor sleep in elderly people. Sleep 31 (2008) 1301-1309
97. Raymann R.J., Swaab D.F., and van Someren E.J. Cutaneous warming promotes sleep onset. Am. J. Physiol. 288 (2005) R1589-R1597
98. Raymann R.J., Swaab D.F., and Van Someren E.J. Skin temperature and sleep-onset latency: changes with age and insomnia. Physiol. Behav. 90 (2007) 257-266
99. Rea M.A. Photic entrainment of circadian rhythms in rodents. Chronobiol. Int. 15 (1998) 395-423
100. Refinetti R. Homeostasis and circadian rhythmicity in the control of body temperature. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 813 (1997) 63-70
101. Refinetti R. Body temperature and behavior of tree shrews and flying squirrels in a thermal gradient. Physiol. Behav. 63 (1998) 517-520
102. Refinetti R., and Menaker M. The circadian rhythm of body temperature. Physiol. Behav. 51 (1992) 613-637
103. Refinetti R., Ma H., and Satinoff E. Body temperature rhythms, cold tolerance, and fever in young and old rats of both genders. Exp. Gerontol. 25 (1990) 533-543
104. Reilly T., and Brooks G.A. Investigation of circadian rhythms in metabolic responses to exercise. Ergonomics 25 (1982) 1093-1107
105. Reilly T., and Waterhouse J. Circadian aspects of body temperature regulation in exercise. J. Thermal Biol. 34 (2009) 161-170
106. Reilly T., Waterhouse J., and Atkinson G. Aging, rhythms of physical performance, and adjustment to changes in the sleep-activity cycle. Occup. Environ. Med. 54 (1997) 812-816
107. Reilly T., Atkinson G., Edwards B., Waterhouse J., Farrelly K., and Fairhurst E. Diurnal variation in temperature, mental and physical performance, and tasks specifically related to football (soccer). Chronobiol. Int. 24 (2007) 507-519
108. Reppert S.M., and Weaver D.R. Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 418 (2002) 935-941
109. Roozendaal B., van Gool W.A., Swaab D.F., Hoogendijk J.E., and Mirmiran M. Changes in vasopressin cells of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus with aging. Brain Res. 409 (1987) 259-264
110. Ruby N.F., Edgar D.M., Heller H.C., and Miller J.D. The aged suprachiasmatic nucleus is phase-shifted by cAMP in vitro. Brain Res. 779 (1998) 338-341
111. Sagot J.C., Amoros C., Candas V., and Libert J.P. Sweating responses and body temperatures during nocturnal sleep in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 252 (1987) R462-R470
112. Satinoff E. Neural organization and evolution of thermal regulation in mammals. Science 201 (1978) 16-22
113. Satinoff E. Patterns of circadian body temperature rhythms in aged rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 25 (1998) 135-140
114. Satinoff E., Li H., Tcheng T.K., Liu C., McArthur A.J., Medanic M., and Gillette M.U. Do the suprachiasmatic nuclei oscillate in old rats as they do in young ones?. Am. J. Physiol. 265 (1993) R1216-R1222
115. Scarbrough K., Losee-Olson S., Wallen E.P., and Turek F.W. Aging and photoperiod affect entrainment and quantitative aspects of locomotor behavior in Syrian hamsters. Am. J. Physiol. 272 (1997) R1219-R1225
116. Schibler U., Ripperger J., and Brown S.A. Peripheral circadian oscillators in mammals: time and food. J. Biol. Rhythms. 18 (2003) 250-260
117. Schmid J., Ruf T., and Heldmaier G. Metabolism and temperature regulation during daily torpor in the smallest primate, the pygmy mouse lemur (Microcebus myoxinus) in Madagascar. J. Comp. Physiol. [B] 170 (2000) 59-68
118. Shigeyoshi Y., Taguchi K., Yamamoto S., Takekida S., Yan L., Tei H., Moriya T., Shibata S., Loros J.J., Dunlap J.C., and Okamura H. Light-induced resetting of a mammalian circadian clock is associated with rapid induction of the mPer1 transcript. Cell 91 (1997) 1043-1053
119. Shochat T., Martin J., Marler M., and Ancoli-Israel S. Illumination levels in nursing home patients: effects on sleep and activity rhythms. J. Sleep Res. 9 (2000) 373-379
120. Sitzmann B.D., Lemos D.R., Ottinger M.A., and Urbanski H.F. Effects of age on clock gene expression in the rhesus macaque pituitary gland. Neurobiol. Aging (2008) [Epub ahead of print]
121. Skene D.J., and Swaab D.F. Melatonin rhythmicity: effect of age and Alzheimer's disease. Exp. Gerontol. 38 (2003) 199-206
122. Smolander J., Harma M., Lindqvist A., Kolari P., and Laitinen L.A. Circadian variation in peripheral blood flow in relation to core temperature at rest. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 67 (1993) 192-196
123. Sturm J., Weinert H., and Weinert D. Age-dependent changes in the stability of the daily activity rhythms of laboratory mice. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde - Int. J. Mamm. Biol. 65 (2000) 21-32
124. Talan M.I., Tatelman H.M., and Engel B.T. Cold tolerance and metabolic heat production in male C57BL/6J mice at different times of day. Physiol. Behav. 50 (1991) 613-616
125. Terrien J., Zizzari P., Bluet-Pajot M.T., Henry P.Y., Perret M., Epelbaum J., and Aujard F. Effects of age on thermoregulatory responses during cold exposure in a nonhuman primate, Microcebus murinus. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 295 (2008) R696-R703
126. Touitou Y. Human aging and melatonin. Clinical relevance. Exp. Gerontol. 36 (2001) 1083-1100
127. Touitou Y., and Haus E. Alterations with aging of the endocrine and neuroendocrine circadian system in humans. Chronobiol. Int. 17 (2000) 369-390
128. Touitou Y., Reinberg A., Bogdan A., Auzeby A., Beck H., and Touitou C. Age-related changes in both circadian and seasonal rhythms of rectal temperature with special reference to senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Gerontology 32 (1986) 110-118
129. Van der Zee E.A., Jansen K., and Gerkema M.P. Severe loss of vasopressin-immunoreactive cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aging voles coincides with reduced circadian organization of running wheel activity. Brain Res. 816 (1999) 572-579
130. Van Reeth O., Zhang Y., Zee P.C., and Turek F.W. Aging alters feedback effects of the activity-rest cycle on the circadian clock. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (1992) R981-R986
131. Van Reeth O., Zhang Y., Zee P.C., and Turek F.W. Grafting fetal suprachiasmatic nuclei in the hypothalamus of old hamsters restores responsiveness of the circadian clock to a phase shifting stimulus. Brain Res. 643 (1994) 338-342
132. van Someren E.J. More than a marker: interaction between the circadian regulation of temperature and sleep, age-related changes, and treatment possibilities. Chronobiol. Int. 17 (2000) 313-354
133. van Someren E.J. Thermoregulation as a sleep signaling system. Sleep Med. Rev. 8 (2004) 327-328
134. Van Someren E.J. Thermoregulation and aging. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 292 (2007) R99-R102
135. van Someren E.J., Hagebeuk E.E., Lijzenga C., Scheltens P., de Rooij S.E., Jonker C., Pot A.M., Mirmiran M., and Swaab D.F. Circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in Alzheimer's disease. Biol. Psychiatry 40 (1996) 259-270
136. van Someren E.J., Raymann R.J., Scherder E.J., Daanen H.A., and Swaab D.F. Circadian and age-related modulation of thermoreception and temperature regulation: mechanisms and functional implications. Ageing Res. Rev. 1 (2002) 721-778
137. Viswanathan N., and Davis F.C. Suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts restore circadian function in aged hamsters. Brain Res. 686 (1995) 10-16
138. Vitiello M.V., Smallwood R.G., Avery D.H., Pascualy R.A., Martin D.C., and Prinz P.N. Circadian temperature rhythms in young adult and aged men. Neurobiol. Aging 7 (1986) 97-100
139. Wagner J.A., Robinson S., and Marino R.P. Age and temperature regulation of humans in neutral and cold environments. J. Appl. Physiol. 37 (1974) 562-565
140. Watanabe A., Shibata S., and Watanabe S. Circadian rhythm of spontaneous neuronal activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of old hamster in vitro. Brain Res. 695 (1995) 237-239
141. Waterhouse J., and DeCoursey P.J. The relevance of circadian rhythms for human welfare. In: Dunlap J.C., Loros J.J., and DeCoursey P.J. (Eds). Chronobiology Biological Timekeeping (2004), Sinauer, Sunderland, MA 325-356
142. Waterhouse J., Minors D., Akerstedt T., Kerkhof G., Hume K., and Weinert D. Relationship between sleep stages and short-term changes in rectal temperature in humans. Biol. Rhythm Res. 26 (1995) 32-47
143. Waterhouse J., Edwards B., Mugarza J., Flemming R., Minors D., Calbraith D., Williams G., Atkinson G., and Reilly T. Purification of masked temperature data from humans: some preliminary observations on a comparison of the use of an activity diary, wrist actimetry, and heart rate monitoring. Chronobiol. Int. 16 (1999) 461-475
144. Waterhouse J., Weinert D., Minors D., Atkinson G., Reilly T., Folkard S., Owens D., Macdonald I., Sytnik N., and Tucker P. The effect of activity on the waking temperature rhythm in humans. Chronobiol. Int. 16 (1999) 343-357
145. Waterhouse J., Weinert D., Minors D., Folkard S., Owens D., Atkinson G., Macdonald I., Sytnik N., Tucker P., and Reilly T. A comparison of some different methods for purifying core temperature data from humans. Chronobiol. Int. 17 (2000) 539-566
146. Waterhouse J., Folkard S., Van Dongen H., Minors D., Owens D., Kerkhof G., Weinert D., Nevill A., Macdonald I., Sytnik N., and Tucker P. Temperature profiles, and the effect of sleep on them, in relation to morningness-eveningness in healthy female subjects. Chronobiol. Int. 18 (2001) 227-247
147. Waterhouse J., Minors D., Akerstedt T., Reilly T., Atkinson G., Takahashi J., Turek F., and Moore R. Rhythms in human performance. Circadian Clocks (2001), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York pp. 571-601
148. Waterhouse J., Nevill A., Weinert D., Folkard S., Minors D., Atkinson G., Reilly T., Macdonald I., Owens D., Sytnik N., and Tucker P. Modeling the effect of spontaneous activity on core temperature in healthy human subjects. Biol. Rhythm Res. 32 (2001) 511-528
149. Waterhouse J., Drust B., Weinert D., Edwards B., Gregson W., Atkinson G., Kao S., Aizawa S., and Reilly T. The circadian rhythm of core temperature: origin and some implications for exercise performance. Chronobiol. Int. 22 (2005) 207-225
150. Weaver D.R. The suprachiasmatic nucleus: a 25-year retrospective. J. Biol. Rhythms 13 (1998) 100-112
151. Weinert D. Age-dependent changes of the circadian system. Chronobiol. Int. 17 (2000) 261-283
152. Weinert D. Ontogenetic development of the mammalian circadian system. Chronobiol. Int. 22 (2005) 179-205
153. Weinert D. The temporal order of mammals. Evidence for multiple central and peripheral control mechanisms and for endogenous and exogenous components: some implications for research on aging. Biol. Rhythm Res. 36 (2005) 293-308
154. Weinert D., and Waterhouse J. Diurnally changing effects of locomotor activity on body temperature in laboratory mice. Physiol. Behav. 63 (1998) 837-843
155. Weinert D., and Waterhouse J. Daily activity and body temperature rhythms do not change simultaneously with age in laboratory mice. Physiol. Behav. 66 (1999) 605-612
156. Weinert D., and Waterhouse J. The circadian rhythm of core temperature: effects of physical activity and aging. Physiol. Behav. 90 (2007) 246-256
157. Weinert H., and Weinert D. Circadian activity rhythms of laboratory mice during the last weeks of their life. Biol. Rhythm Res. 29 (1998) 159-178
158. Weinert D., and Weiss T. A nonlinear interrelationship between period length and the amount of activity-age-dependent changes. Biol. Rhythm Res. 28 (1997) 105-120
159. Weinert H., Weinert D., Schurov I., Maywood E.S., and Hastings M.H. Impaired expression of the mPer2 circadian clock gene in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of aging mice. Chronobiol. Int. 18 (2001) 559-565
160. Weinert D., Sturm J., and Waterhouse J. Different behavior of the circadian rhythms of activity and body temperature during resynchronization following an advance of the LD cycle. Biol. Rhythm Res. 33 (2002) 187-197
161. Weinert H., Weinert D., and Waterhouse J. The circadian activity and body temperature rhythms of mice during their last days of life. Biol. Rhythm Res. 33 (2002) 199-212
162. Weinert D., Nevill A., Weinandy R., and Waterhouse J. The development of new purification methods to assess the circadian rhythm of body temperature in Mongolian gerbils. Chronobiol. Int. 20 (2003) 249-270
163. Weitzman E.D., Moline M.L., Czeisler C.A., and Zimmerman J.C. Chronobiology of aging: temperature, sleep-wake rhythms and entrainment. Neurobiol. Aging 3 (1982) 299-309
164. Wise P.M., Cohen I.R., Weiland N.G., and London E.D. Aging alters the circadian rhythm of glucose utilization in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (1988) 5305-5309
165. Witting W., and Mirmiran M. A mathematical method for studying the endogenous component of the circadian temperature rhythm and the effect of aging. Biol. Rhythm Res. 28 (1997) 216-229
166. Yamazaki S., Straume M., Tei H., Sakaki Y., Menaker M., and Block G.D. Effects of aging on central and peripheral mammalian clocks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 10801-10806
167. Yannielli P.C., McKinley B.J., and Harrington M.E. Is novel wheel inhibition of per1 and per2 expression linked to phase shift occurrence?. Neuroscience 112 (2002) 677-685
168. Young A.J., and Lee D.T. Aging and human cold tolerance. Exp. Aging Res. 23 (1997) 45-67
169. Youngstedt S.D., Kripke D.F., Elliott J.A., and Klauber M.R. Circadian abnormalities in older adults. J. Pineal Res. 31 (2001) 264-272
170. Yunis E.J., Fernandes G., Nelson W., Halberg F., Scheving L.E., and Pauly J.E. Circadian temperature rhythms and aging in rodents. Chronobiology (1974), Georg Thieme Publishers, Stuttgart pp. 358-363
171. Zee P.C., Rosenberg R.S., and Turek F.W. Effects of aging on entrainment and rate of resynchronization of circadian locomotor activity. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (1992) R1099-R1103