Liposome Characterization by Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements and Atomic Force Microscopy

Methods in Enzymology

Volumn 465, Issue C, 2009, Pages 43-73

  Vermette, Patrick ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF GERIATRICS OF SHERBROOKE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LIPOSOME; MICROSPHERE; SELF ASSEMBLED MONOLAYER;

ADSORPTION; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; DIFFUSION; ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION; ENZYME STABILITY; HUMAN; LIPID BILAYER; MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR IMAGING; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MORPHOLOGICAL TRAIT; NANOFABRICATION; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; REVIEW; RIGIDITY; SURFACE PROPERTY; VISCOELASTICITY; YOUNG MODULUS;

EID: 71549156546     PISSN: 00766879     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0076-6879(09)65003-5     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Almgren M., Edwards K., and Karlsson G. Cryo transmission electron microscopy of liposomes and related structures. Colloids Surf. A 174 (2000) 3-21
2. Anabousi S., Laue M., Lehr C.M., Bakowsky U., and Ehrhardt C. Assessing transferrin modification of liposomes by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 60 (2005) 295-303
3. Bakowsky H., Richter T., Kneuer C., Hoekstra D., Rothe U., Bendas G., Ehrhardt C., and Bakowsky U. Adhesion characteristics and stability assessment of lectin-modified liposomes for site-specific drug delivery. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1778 (2008) 242-249
4. Benmouna F., and Johannsmann D. Viscoelasticity of gelatin surfaces probed by AFM noise analysis. Langmuir 20 (2004) 188-193
5. Berdyyeva T.K., Woodworth C.D., and Sokolov I. Human epithelial cells increase their rigidity with ageing in vitro: Direct measurements. Phys. Med. Biol. 50 (2005) 81-92
6. Berne B., and Pecora R. Dynamic Light Scattering (1976), John Wiley & Sons, New York
7. Blume A. Dynamic properties. In: Cevc G. (Ed). Phospholipids Handbook (1993), Marcel Dekker Inc, New York 455-509
8. Bottom V.E. Introduction to Quartz Crystal Unit Design (1982), Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Toronto
9. Brochu H., and Vermette P. Liposome layers characterized by quartz crystal microbalance measurements and multirelease delivery. Langmuir 23 (2007) 7679-7686
10. Brochu H., and Vermette P. Young's moduli of surface-bound liposomes by atomic force microscopy force measurements. Langmuir 24 (2008) 2009-2014
11. Brochu H., Polidori A., Pucci B., and Vermette P. Drug delivery systems using immobilized intact liposomes: A comparative and critical review. Curr. Drug Deliv. 1 (2004) 299-312
12. Carmo V.A., De Oliveira M.C., Reis E.C., Guimarães T.M., Vilela J.M., Andrade M.S., Michalick M.S., and Cardoso V.N. Physicochemical characterization and study of in vitro interactions of pH-sensitive liposomes with the complement system. J. Liposome Res. 18 (2008) 59-70
13. Casals E., Verdaguer A., Tonda R., Galán A., Escolar G., and Estelrich J. Atomic force microscopy of liposomes bearing fibrinogen. Bioconjug. Chem. 14 (2003) 593-600
14. Cevc G., and Seddon J. Physical characterization. In: Cevc G. (Ed). Phospholipids Handbook (1993), Marcel Dekker Inc, New York 351-401
15. Cho N.J., Kanazawa K.K., Glenn J.S., and Frank C.W. Employing two different quartz crystal microbalance models to study changes in viscoelastic behavior upon transformation of lipid vesicles to a bilayer on a gold surface. Anal. Chem. 79 (2007) 7027-7035
16. Chouinard J.A., Grenier G., Khalil A., and Vermette P. Oxidized-LDL induce morphological changes and increase stiffness of endothelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 314 (2008) 3007-3016
17. Cleveland J.P., Manne S., Bocek D., and Hansma P.K. A nondestructive method for determining the spring constant of cantilevers for scanning force microscopy. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64 (1993) 403-405
18. Colas J.C., Shi W., Rao V.S., Omri A., Mozafari M.R., and Singh H. Microscopical investigations of nisin-loaded nanoliposomes prepared by Mozafari method and their bacterial targeting. Micron 38 (2007) 841-847
19. 31P NMR. Evidence that cholesterol may destabilize bilayer structure in membrane systems containing phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 507 (1978) 207-218
20. 2 at monolayers. Thin Solid Films 327 (1998) 616-620
21. Danion A., Arsenault I., and Vermette P. Antibacterial activity of contact lenses bearing surface-immobilized layers of intact liposomes loaded with levofloxacin. J. Pharm. Sci. 96 (2007) 2350-2363
22. Danion A., Brochu H., Martin Y., and Vermette P. Fabrication and characterization of contact lenses bearing surface-immobilized layers of intact liposomes. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 82 (2007) 41-51
23. Derjaguin B.V., Muller V.M., and Toporov Y.P. On different approaches to the contact mechanics. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 73 (1980) 293-294
24. Digital Instruments, Veeco Metrology Group. Scanning probe microscopy training notebook. Version 3.0 (2000) Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
25. Dimitriadis E.K., Horkay F., Maresca J., Kachar B., and Chadwick R.S. Determination of elastic moduli of thin layers of soft material using the atomic force microscope. Biophys. J. 82 (2002) 2798-2810
26. Engler A.J., Richert L., Wong J.Y., Picart C., and Discher D.E. Surface probe measurements of the elasticity of sectioned tissue, thin gels and polyelectrolyte multilayer films: Correlations between substrate stiffness and cell adhesion. Surf. Sci. 570 (2004) 142-154
27. Estes D.J., and Mayer M. Electroformation of giant liposomes from spin-coated films of lipids. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 42 (2005) 115-123
28. Frederik P.M., Burger K.N., Stuart M.C., and Verkleij A.J. Lipid polymorphism as observed by cryo-electron microscopy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1062 (1991) 133-141
29. Garbuzenko O.B., Saad M., Betigeri S., Zhang M., Vetcher A.A., Soldatenkov V.A., Reimer D.C., Pozharov V.P., and Minko T. Intratracheal versus intravenous liposomal delivery of siRNA, antisense oligonucleotides and anticancer drug. Pharm. Res. 26 (2009) 382-394
30. Glavas-Dodov M., Goracinova K., Mladenovska K., and Fredro-Kumbaradzi E. Release profile of lidocaine HCl from topical liposomal gel formulation. Int. J. Pharm. 242 (2002) 381-384
31. 2 for amplified detection of membrane proteins. Biosens. Bioelectron. 20 (2004) 498-504
32. Hara M., Yuan H.Q., Miyake M., Iijima S., Yang Q., and Miyake J. Amphiphilic polymer-liposome interaction: A novel immobilization technique for liposome on gel surface. Mater. Sci. Eng. Biomim. Mater. Sens. Syst. 13 (2000) 117-121
33. II transition. Biophys. J. 74 (1998) 892-898
34. Hertz H. On the contact of elastic solids. J. Reine Angew. Math. 92 (1881) 156-171
35. Hildebrand A., Schaedlich A., Rothe U., and Neubert R.H. Sensing specific adhesion of liposomal and micellar systems with attached carbohydrate recognition structures at lectin surfaces. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 249 (2002) 274-281
36. Hope M., Wong K., and Cullis P. Freeze-fracture of lipids and model membrane systems. J. Electron Microsc. Tech. 13 (1989) 277-287
37. Höpfner M., Rothe U., and Bendas G. Biosensor-based evaluation of liposomal behavior in the target binding process. J. Liposome Res. 18 (2008) 71-82
38. Huang J., Buboltz J.T., and Feigenson G.W. Maximum solubility of cholesterol in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1417 (1999) 89-100
39. Israelachvili J.N. Intermolecular and Surface Forces. 2nd edn. (1992), Academic Press, New York
40. Iwasaki Y., Tanaka S., Hara M., Ishihara K., and Nakabayashi N. Stabilization of liposomes attached to polymer surfaces having phosphorylcholine groups. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 192 (1997) 432-439
41. Janshoff A., Galla H.-J., and Steinem C. Piezoelectric mass-sensing devices as biosensors-An alternative to optical biosensors?. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 39 (2000) 4004-4032
42. Johannsmann D. Viscoelastic analysis of organic thin films on quartz resonators. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 200 (1999) 501-516
43. Johnson K.L., Kendall K., and Roberts A.D. Surface energy and the contact of elastic solids. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Sci. 324 (1971) 301-313
44. 2. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 4177-4184
45. Jung H.S., Kim J.M., Park J.W., Lee H.Y., and Kawai T. Amperometric immunosensor for direct detection based upon functional lipid vesicles immobilized on nanowell array electrode. Langmuir 21 (2005) 6025-6029
46. Jung H., Kim J., Park J., Lee S., Lee H., Kuboi R., and Kawai T. Atomic force microscopy observation of highly arrayed phospholipid bilayer vesicle on a gold surface. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 102 (2006) 28-33
47. Kalyankar N.D., Sharma M.K., Vaidya S.V., Calhoun D., Maldarelli C., Couzis A., and Gilchrist L. Arraying of intact liposomes into chemically functionalized microwells. Langmuir 22 (2006) 5403-5411
48. Kanno T., Yamada T., Iwabuki H., Tanaka H., Kuroda S., Tanizawa K., and Kawai T. Size distribution measurement of vesicles by atomic force microscopy. Anal. Biochem. 309 (2002) 196-199
49. Katagiri K., Hamasaki R., Ariga K., and Kikuchi J. Layer-by-layer self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayers with embedded liposomes: Immobilized submicronic reactors for mineralization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 7892-7893
50. Keller C., and Kasemo B. Surface specific kinetics of lipid vesicle adsorption measured with a quartz crystal microbalance. Biophys. J. 75 (1998) 1397-1402
51. Keller C.A., Glasmastar K., Zhdanov V.P., and Kasemo B. Formation of supported membranes from vesicles. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (2000) 5443-5446
52. Khaleque M.A., Okumura Y., Yabushita S., and Mitani M. Liposome immobilization on polymer gel particles by in situ formation of covalent linkages. Chem. Lett. 32 (2003) 416-417
53. Kim J.M., Jung H.S., Park J.W., Yukimasa T., Oka H., Lee H.Y., and Kawai T. Spontaneous immobilization of liposomes on electron-beam exposed resist surfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (2005) 2358-2362
54. Kleemann E., Schmehl T., Gessler T., Bakowsky U., Kissel T., and Seeger W. Iloprost-containing liposomes for aerosol application in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Formulation aspects and stability. Pharm. Res. 24 (2007) 277-287
55. Kohli N., Vaidya S., Ofoli R.Y., Worden R.M., and Lee I. Arrays of lipid bilayers and liposomes on patterned polyelectrolyte templates. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 301 (2006) 461-469
56. Lee H.Y., Jung H.S., Fujikawa K., Park J.W., Kim J.M., Yukimasa T., Sugihara H., and Kawai T. New antibody immobilization method via functional liposome layer for specific protein assays. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2005) 833-838
57. Lee H.Y., Lee B.K., Park J.W., Jung H.S., Kim J.M., and Kawai T. Self-organized functional lipid vesicle array for sensitive immunoassay chip. Ultramicroscopy 108 (2008) 1325-1327
58. Li S., and Palmer A.F. Structure of small actin-containing liposomes probed by atomic force microscopy: Effect of actin concentration & liposome size. Langmuir 20 (2004) 7917-7925
59. Liang X., Mao G., and Ng K.Y. Mechanical properties and stability measurement of cholesterol-containing liposome on mica by atomic force microscopy. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 278 (2004) 53-62
60. Liang X., Mao G., and Ng K.Y. Effect of chain lengths of PEO-PPO-PEO on small unilamellar liposome morphology and stability: An AFM investigation. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 285 (2005) 360-372
61. Liebau M., Bendas G., Rothe U., and Neubert R.H.H. Adhesive interactions of liposomes with supported planar bilayers on QCM as a new adhesion model. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 47 (1998) 239-245
62. Lipowsky R., and Seifert U. Adhesion of vesicles and membranes. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 202 (1991) 17-25
63. Lunelli L., Pasquardini L., Pederzolli C., Vanzetti L., and Anderle M. Covalently anchored lipid structures on amine-enriched polystyrene. Langmuir 21 (2005) 8338-8343
64. Mao X.Q., Kong L., Li X., Guo B.C., and Zou H.F. Unilamellar liposomes covalently coupled on silica gel for liquid chromatography. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 375 (2003) 550-555
65. McCracken M., and Sammons M. Sizing of a vesicle drug formulation by quasi-elastic light scattering and comparison with electron microscopy and ultracentrifugation. J. Pharm. Sci. 76 (1987) 56-59
66. Mechler A., Praporski S., Piantavigna S., Heaton S.M., Hall K.N., Aguilar M.I., and Martin L.L. Structure and homogeneity of pseudo-physiological phospholipid bilayers and their deposition characteristics on carboxylic acid terminated self-assembled monolayers. Biomaterials 30 (2009) 682-689
67. Mei J., Xu J.R., Xiao Y.X., Liao X.Y., Qiu G.F., and Feng Y.Q. A novel covalent coupling method for coating of capillaries with liposomes in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 29 (2008) 3825-3833
68. Michel M., Vautier D., Voegel J.C., Schaaf P., and Ball V. Layer by layer self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayers with embedded phospholipid vesicles. Langmuir 20 (2004) 4835-4839
69. Michel M., Arntz Y., Fleith G., Toquant J., Haikel Y., Voegel J.C., Schaaf P., and Ball V. Layer-by-layer self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayers with embedded liposomes: Immobilized submicronic reactors for mineralization. Langmuir 22 (2006) 2358-2364
70. Morita S., Nukui M., and Kuboi R. Immobilization of liposomes onto quartz crystal microbalance to detect interaction between liposomes and proteins. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 298 (2006) 672-678
71. Mozafari M.R., Reed C.J., Rostron C., and Hasirci V. A review of scanning probe microscopy investigations of liposome-DNA complexes. J. Liposome Res. 15 (2005) 93-107
72. Muller V.M., Yushchenko V.S., and Derjaguin B.V. On the influence of molecular forces on the deformation of an elastic sphere and its sticking to a rigid plane. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 77 (1980) 91-101
73. Muller V.M., Derjaguin B.V., and Toporov Y.P. On two methods of calculation of the force of sticking of an elastic sphere to a rigid plane. Colloids Surf. A 7 (1983) 251-259
74. Nakano K., Tozuka Y., Yamamoto H., Kawashima Y., and Takeuchi H. A novel method for measuring rigidity of submicron-size liposomes with atomic force microscopy. Int. J. Pharm. 355 (2008) 203-209
75. Nomura T., and Okuhara M. Frequency shifts of piezoelectric quartz crystals immersed in organic liquids. Anal. Chim. Acta 142 (1982) 281-284
76. Ostrowsky N. Liposome size measurements by photon-correlation spectroscopy. Chem. Phys. Lipids 64 (1993) 45-56
77. Paclet M.H., Coleman A.W., Vergnaud S., and Morel F. P67-phox-mediated NADPH oxidase assembly: Imaging of cytochrome b558 liposomes by atomic force microscopy. Biochemistry 39 (2000) 9302-9310
78. Palmer A.F., Wingert P., and Nickels J. Atomic force microscopy and light scattering of small unilamellar actin-containing liposomes. Biophys. J. 85 (2003) 1233-1247
79. Park J.H., Kwon E.Y., Jung H.I., and Kim D.E. Direct force measurement of the interaction between liposome and the C2A domain of synaptotagmin I using atomic force microscopy. Biotechnol. Lett. 28 (2006) 505-509
80. Pignataro B., Steinem C., Galla H.J., Fuchs H., and Janshoff A. Specific adhesion of vesicles monitored by scanning force microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance. Biophys. J. 78 (2000) 487-498
81. Plant A. Supported hybrid bilayer membranes as rugged cell membrane mimics. Langmuir 15 (1999) 5128-5135
82. Pleyer U., Elkins B., Ruckert D., Lutz S., Grammer J., Chou J., Schmidt K.H., and Mondino B.J. Ocular absorption of cyclosporine A from liposomes incorporated into collagen shields. Curr. Eye Res. 13 (1994) 177-181
83. Radler J., Strey H., and Sackmann E. Phenomenology and kinetics of lipid bilayer spreading on hydrophilic surfaces. Langmuir 11 (1995) 4539-4548
84. Radmacher M., Fritz M., and Hansma P. Imaging soft samples with the atomic force microscope: Gelatin in water and propanol. Biophys. J. 69 (1995) 264-270
85. Raffy S., and Teissie J. Control of lipid membrane stability by cholesterol content. Biophys. J. 76 (1999) 2072-2080
86. Ramachandran S., Quist A.P., Kumar S., and Lal R. Cisplatin nanoliposomes for cancer therapy: AFM and fluorescence imaging of cisplatin encapsulation, stability, cellular uptake, and toxicity. Langmuir 22 (2006) 8156-8162
87. 2: Dependence on vesicle size. J. Chem. Phys. 117 (2002) 7401-7404
88. Reimhult E., Höök F., and Kasemo B. Intact vesicle adsorption and supported biomembrane formation from vesicles in solution: Influence of surface chemistry, vesicle size, temperature, and osmotic pressure. Langmuir 19 (2003) 1681-1691
89. 2. Langmuir 22 (2006) 3313-3319
90. Reviakine I., and Brisson A. Formation of supported phospholipid bilayers from unilamellar vesicles investigated by atomic force microscopy. Langmuir 16 (2000) 1806-1815
91. Richter R., Mukhopadhyay A., and Brisson A. Pathways of lipid vesicle deposition on solid surfaces: A combined QCM-D and AFM study. Biophys. J. 85 (2003) 3035-3047
92. Rodahl M., Hook F., Fredriksson C., Keller C.A., Krozer A., Brzezinski P., Voinova M., and Kasemo B. Simultaneous frequency and dissipation factor QCM measurements of biomolecular adsorption and cell adhesion. Faraday Discuss. 107 (1997) 229-246
93. Ruel-Gariepy E., Leclair G., Hildgen P., Gupta A., and Leroux J.C. Thermosensitive chitosan-based hydrogel containing liposomes for the delivery of hydrophilic molecules. J. Control. Release 82 (2002) 373-383
94. Ruozi B., Battini R., Tosi G., Forni F., and Vandelli M.A. Liposome-oligonucleotides interaction for in vitro uptake by COS I and HaCaT cells. J. Drug Target 13 (2005) 295-304
95. Ruozi B., Tosi G., Leo E., and Vandelli M.A. Application of atomic force microscopy to characterize liposomes as drug and gene carriers. Talanta 73 (2007) 12-22
96. Sauerbrey G. Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur Wägung dünner Schichten und zur Mikrowägung. Zeitschrift für Physik 155 (1959) 206-222
97. Schönherr H., Johnson J.M., Lenz P., Frank C.W., and Boxer S.G. Vesicle adsorption and lipid bilayer formation on glass studied by atomic force microscopy. Langmuir 20 (2004) 11600-11606
98. Seifert U., and Lipowsky R. Adhesion of vesicles. Phys. Rev. A 42 (1990) 4768-4772
99. Semple S., Chonn A., and Cullis P. Influence of cholesterol on the association of plasma proteins with liposomes. Biochemistry 35 (1995) 2521-2525
100. Shibata-Seki T., Masai J., Tagawa T., Sorin T., and Kondo S. In-situ atomic force microscopy study of lipid vesicles adsorbed on a substrate. Thin Solid Films 273 (1996) 297-303
101. Shin Y., and Freed J. Dynamic imaging of lateral diffusion by electron spin resonance and study of rotational dynamics in model membrane. Effect of cholesterols. Biophys. J. 55 (1989) 537-550
102. Shin Y., and Freed J. Thermodynamics of phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol mixed model membranes in the liquid crystalline state studied by the orientational order parameter. Biophys. J. 56 (1989) 1093-1100
103. Silva L.P., Leite J.R., Brand G.D., Regis W.B., Tedesco A.C., Azevedo R.B., Freitas S.M., and Bloch Jr. C. Dermaseptins from Phyllomedusa oreades and Phyllomedusa distincta: Liposomes fusion and/or lysis investigated by fluorescence and atomic force microscopy. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 151 (2008) 329-335
104. Sneddon I.N. The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric Boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 3 (1965) 47-57
105. Städler B., Falconnet D., Pfeiffer I., Höök F., and Vörös J. Micropatterning of DNA-tagged vesicles. Langmuir 20 (2004) 11348-11354
106. Steinem C., Janshoff A., Ulrich W.-P., Sieber M., and Galla H.-J. Impedance analysis of supported lipid bilayer membranes: A scrutiny of different preparation techniques. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1279 (1996) 169-180
107. Tarasova A., Griesser H.J., and Meagher L. AFM study of the stability of a dense affinity-bound liposome layer. Langmuir 24 (2008) 7371-7377
108. Tardieu A., Luzzati V., and Reman F. Structure and polymorphism of the hydrocarbon chains of lipids: A study of lecithin-water phases. J. Mol. Biol. 75 (1973) 711-733
109. Tilcock C., Bally M., Farren S., and Cullis P. Influence of cholesterol on the structural preferences of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine-dioleoylphosphatidylcholine systems: A phosphorus-31 and deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance study. Biochemistry 21 (1982) 4596-4601
110. Verkleij A., and Ververgaert P. Freeze-fracture morphology of biological membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 515 (1978) 303-327
111. Vermette P., Meagher L., Gagnon E., Griesser H.J., and Doillon C.J. Immobilized liposome layers for drug delivery applications: Inhibition of angiogenesis. J. Control. Release 80 (2002) 179-195
112. Vermette P., Griesser H.J., Kambouris P., and Meagher L. Characterization of surface-immobilized layers of intact liposomes. Biomacromolecules 5 (2004) 1496-1502
113. Viitala T., Hautala J.T., Vuorinen J., and Wiedmer S.K. Structure of anionic phospholipid coatings on silica by dissipative quartz crystal microbalance. Langmuir 23 (2007) 609-618
114. von Groll A., Levin Y., Barbosa M.C., and Ravazzolo A.P. Linear DNA low efficiency transfection by liposome can be improved by the use of cationic lipid as charge neutralizer. Biotechnol. Prog. 22 (2006) 1220-1224
115. Wegener J., Janshoff A., and Steinem C. The quartz crystal microbalance as a novel means to study cell-substrate interactions in situ. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 34 (2001) 121-151
116. Weiner A.L., Carpenter-Green S.S., Soehngen E.C., Lenk R.P., and Popescu M.C. Liposome-collagen gel matrix: A novel sustained drug delivery system. J. Pharm. Sci. 74 (1985) 922-925
117. Weisenhorn A., Khorsandi M., Kasas S., Gotzos V., and Butt H.-J. Deformation and height anomaly of soft surfaces studied with an AFM. Nanotechnology 4 (1993) 106-113
118. Yang Q., Liu X.Y., Ajiki S., Hara M., Lundahl P., and Miyake J. Avidin-biotin immobilization of unilamellar liposomes in gel beads for chromatographic analysis of drug-membrane partitioning. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 707 (1998) 131-141
119. Yegin B.A., and Lamprecht A. Lipid nanocapsule size analysis by hydrodynamic chromatography and photon correlation spectroscopy. Int. J. Pharm. 320 (2006) 165-170
120. Yun K., Kobatake E., Haruyama T., Laukkanen M.L., Keinänen K., and Aizawa M. Use of a quartz crystal microbalance to monitor immunoliposome-antigen interaction. Anal. Chem. 70 (1998) 260-264
121. Zhang Y., Cheng C.M., Cusick B., and LeDuc P.R. Chemically encapsulated structural elements for probing the mechanical responses of biologically inspired systems. Langmuir 23 (2007) 8129-8134