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FACKEL is a sterol C-14 reductase required for organized cell division and expansion in Arabidopsis embryogenesis
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Schrick K., Fujioka S., Takatsuto S., Stierhof Y.D., Stransky H., Yoshida S., and Jürgens G. A link between sterol biosynthesis, the cell wall, and cellulose in Arabidopsis. Plant J 38 (2004) 227-243
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hydra mutants of Arabidopsis are defective in sterol profiles and auxin and ethylene signaling
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Rescue of defective auxin-mediated gene expression and root meristem function by inhibition of ethylene signalling in sterol biosynthesis mutants of Arabidopsis
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Souter M.A., Pullen M.L., Topping J.F., Zhang X., and Lindsey K. Rescue of defective auxin-mediated gene expression and root meristem function by inhibition of ethylene signalling in sterol biosynthesis mutants of Arabidopsis. Planta 219 (2004) 773-783
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Cell polarity and PIN protein positioning in Arabidopsis require STEROL METHYLTRANSFERASE1 function
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11
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Complete blockage of the mevalonate pathway results in male gametophyte lethality
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•], this study shows that the plastidic MEP pathway cannot complement complete loss-of-function of the cytosolic mevalonate pathway supporting a different functional compartmentalization of the two pathways.
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•], this study shows that the plastidic MEP pathway cannot complement complete loss-of-function of the cytosolic mevalonate pathway supporting a different functional compartmentalization of the two pathways.
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J Exp Bot
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Suzuki, M.1
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Kiuchi, R.7
Saito, K.8
Muranaka, T.9
Nagata, N.10
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12
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59049106449
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Arabidopsis 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase is regulated at the post-translational level in response to alterations of the sphingolipid and the sterol biosynthetic pathways
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Nieto B., Fores O., Arro M., and Ferrer A. Arabidopsis 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase is regulated at the post-translational level in response to alterations of the sphingolipid and the sterol biosynthetic pathways. Phytochemistry 70 (2009) 53-59
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Ferrer, A.4
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13
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Functional interactions between sphingolipids and sterols in biological membranes regulating cell physiology
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This study uses an elegant combination of advanced genetic and lipid analyses in yeast to demonstrate a functional interaction between sterols and sphingolipids balancing their homeostasis in membranes.
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Guan X.L., Souza C.M., Pichler H., Dewhurst G., Schaad O., Kajiwara K., Wakabayashi H., Ivanova T., Castillon G.A., Piccolis M., et al. Functional interactions between sphingolipids and sterols in biological membranes regulating cell physiology. Mol Biol Cell 20 (2009) 2083-2095. This study uses an elegant combination of advanced genetic and lipid analyses in yeast to demonstrate a functional interaction between sterols and sphingolipids balancing their homeostasis in membranes.
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Guan, X.L.1
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Wakabayashi, H.7
Ivanova, T.8
Castillon, G.A.9
Piccolis, M.10
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33847211810
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LOVASTATIN INSENSITIVE1, a novel pentatricopeptide repeat protein, is a potential regulatory factor of isoprenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis
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Kobayashi K., Suzuki M., Tang J., Nagata N., Ohyama K., Seki H., Kiuchi R., Kaneko Y., Nakazawa M., Matsui M., et al. LOVASTATIN INSENSITIVE1, a novel pentatricopeptide repeat protein, is a potential regulatory factor of isoprenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 48 (2007) 322-331
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Kobayashi, K.1
Suzuki, M.2
Tang, J.3
Nagata, N.4
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Seki, H.6
Kiuchi, R.7
Kaneko, Y.8
Nakazawa, M.9
Matsui, M.10
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15
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44349092096
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Genetic evidence for the role of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerases in the mevalonate pathway and plant development in Arabidopsis
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This study suggests that two Arabidopsis isoforms of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase differentially act in the cytosolic mevalonate pathway and the plastidic MEP pathway.
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Okada K., Kasahara H., Yamaguchi S., Kawaide H., Kamiya Y., Nojiri H., and Yamane H. Genetic evidence for the role of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerases in the mevalonate pathway and plant development in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 49 (2008) 604-616. This study suggests that two Arabidopsis isoforms of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase differentially act in the cytosolic mevalonate pathway and the plastidic MEP pathway.
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Plant Cell Physiol
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Okada, K.1
Kasahara, H.2
Yamaguchi, S.3
Kawaide, H.4
Kamiya, Y.5
Nojiri, H.6
Yamane, H.7
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16
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67649482618
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Identification of the Arabidopsis dry2/sqe1-5 mutant reveals a central role for sterols in drought tolerance and regulation of reactive oxygen species
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This work reports new cellular defects in the squalene epoxidase1-5 (sqe1-5) mutant displaying altered stomatal responses, root and root-hair-polarity defects. The authors show that polar localization of the RHD2 NADPH oxidase, an enzyme required for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), at the tips of root hairs is altered in the sqe1-5 mutant. Future experiments may clarify, if RHD2 mis-localization can be explained by a defect in RHD2 endocytosis or recycling the root-hair tip, as hypothesized by the authors.
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Pose D., Castanedo I., Borsani O., Nieto B., Rosado A., Taconnat L., Ferrer A., Dolan L., Valpuesta V., and Botella MA. Identification of the Arabidopsis dry2/sqe1-5 mutant reveals a central role for sterols in drought tolerance and regulation of reactive oxygen species. Plant J 59 (2009) 63-76. This work reports new cellular defects in the squalene epoxidase1-5 (sqe1-5) mutant displaying altered stomatal responses, root and root-hair-polarity defects. The authors show that polar localization of the RHD2 NADPH oxidase, an enzyme required for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), at the tips of root hairs is altered in the sqe1-5 mutant. Future experiments may clarify, if RHD2 mis-localization can be explained by a defect in RHD2 endocytosis or recycling the root-hair tip, as hypothesized by the authors.
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Plant J
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Pose, D.1
Castanedo, I.2
Borsani, O.3
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Rosado, A.5
Taconnat, L.6
Ferrer, A.7
Dolan, L.8
Valpuesta, V.9
Botella MA10
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17
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34447117580
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Arabidopsis thaliana squalene epoxidase 1 is essential for root and seed development
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This study reports that three out of six squalene epoxidase (SQE) enzymes identified in Arabidopsis thaliana display enzymatic activity. The authors further identified several mutant alleles of the SQE1 gene and addressed its function in root and hypocotyl elongation.
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Rasbery J.M., Shan H., LeClair R.J., Norman M., Matsuda S.P., and Bartel B. Arabidopsis thaliana squalene epoxidase 1 is essential for root and seed development. J Biol Chem 282 (2007) 17002-17013. This study reports that three out of six squalene epoxidase (SQE) enzymes identified in Arabidopsis thaliana display enzymatic activity. The authors further identified several mutant alleles of the SQE1 gene and addressed its function in root and hypocotyl elongation.
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J Biol Chem
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Rasbery, J.M.1
Shan, H.2
LeClair, R.J.3
Norman, M.4
Matsuda, S.P.5
Bartel, B.6
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18
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30744462559
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A RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor spatially regulates growth in root hair cells
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Carol R.J., Takeda S., Linstead P., Durrant M.C., Kakesova H., Derbyshire P., Drea S., Zarsky V., and Dolan L. A RhoGDP dissociation inhibitor spatially regulates growth in root hair cells. Nature 438 (2005) 1013-1016
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Nature
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Carol, R.J.1
Takeda, S.2
Linstead, P.3
Durrant, M.C.4
Kakesova, H.5
Derbyshire, P.6
Drea, S.7
Zarsky, V.8
Dolan, L.9
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19
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33947266606
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Activation status-coupled transient S acylation determines membrane partitioning of a plant Rho-related GTPase
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Sorek N., Poraty L., Sternberg H., Bar E., Lewinsohn E., and Yalovsky S. Activation status-coupled transient S acylation determines membrane partitioning of a plant Rho-related GTPase. Mol Cell Biol 27 (2007) 2144-2154
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Mol Cell Biol
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Sorek, N.1
Poraty, L.2
Sternberg, H.3
Bar, E.4
Lewinsohn, E.5
Yalovsky, S.6
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20
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Allelic mutant series reveal distinct functions for Arabidopsis cycloartenol synthase 1 in cell viability and plastid biogenesis
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This study takes advantage of genetic loss-of-function mosaics of the CYCLOARTENOL SYNTHASE1 (CAS1) gene, generated by CRE/loxP mediated recombination, to unravel cellular processes depending on CAS1 function. The work provides an example for how lethality of Arabidopsis mutants can be tackled when addressing gene function. Future studies may take similar approaches to investigate other sterol biosynthesis mutants displaying lethal or pleiotropic phenotypes.
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Babiychuk E., Bouvier-Nave P., Compagnon V., Suzuki M., Muranaka T., Van Montagu M., Kushnir S., and Schaller H. Allelic mutant series reveal distinct functions for Arabidopsis cycloartenol synthase 1 in cell viability and plastid biogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 (2008) 3163-3168. This study takes advantage of genetic loss-of-function mosaics of the CYCLOARTENOL SYNTHASE1 (CAS1) gene, generated by CRE/loxP mediated recombination, to unravel cellular processes depending on CAS1 function. The work provides an example for how lethality of Arabidopsis mutants can be tackled when addressing gene function. Future studies may take similar approaches to investigate other sterol biosynthesis mutants displaying lethal or pleiotropic phenotypes.
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(2008)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
, vol.105
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Babiychuk, E.1
Bouvier-Nave, P.2
Compagnon, V.3
Suzuki, M.4
Muranaka, T.5
Van Montagu, M.6
Kushnir, S.7
Schaller, H.8
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21
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58849148672
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Dual biosynthetic pathways to phytosterol via cycloartenol and lanosterol in Arabidopsis
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This paper elegantly demonstrates a weak (1.5%) but existing contribution of the lanosterol pathway to plant sterol biosynthesis. The authors employ genetic loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches to modify LANOSTEROL SYNTHASE1 gene function and combine this with feeding experiments employing radio-labelled mevalonate.
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Ohyama K., Suzuki M., Kikuchi J., Saito K., and Muranaka T. Dual biosynthetic pathways to phytosterol via cycloartenol and lanosterol in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 (2009) 725-730. This paper elegantly demonstrates a weak (1.5%) but existing contribution of the lanosterol pathway to plant sterol biosynthesis. The authors employ genetic loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches to modify LANOSTEROL SYNTHASE1 gene function and combine this with feeding experiments employing radio-labelled mevalonate.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
, vol.106
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Ohyama, K.1
Suzuki, M.2
Kikuchi, J.3
Saito, K.4
Muranaka, T.5
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22
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Functional cloning of an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA encoding cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase
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Lovato M.A., Hart E.A., Segura M.J., Giner J.L., and Matsuda S.P. Functional cloning of an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA encoding cycloeucalenol cycloisomerase. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 13394-13397
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Lovato, M.A.1
Hart, E.A.2
Segura, M.J.3
Giner, J.L.4
Matsuda, S.P.5
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23
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38849141515
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Sterol-dependent endocytosis mediates post-cytokinetic acquisition of PIN2 auxin efflux carrier polarity
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The authors characterize the cyclopropylsterol isonerase1-1 (cpi1-1) mutant which displays an almost complete conversion of bulk sterols to cyclopropylsterols. Further analyses strongly suggest a mechanism for the establishment of polar apical membrane localization of the PIN2 protein in epidermal cells. During cytokinesis PIN2 is homogenously distributed at the cell plate and found at the newly formed apical and basal membranes immediately after cytokinesis. Subsequently PIN2 disappears from the basal membrane. This process is most likely mediated by sterol-dependent endocytosis, because cpi1-1 mutant cells defective in PIN2 endocytosis retain PIN2 at the basal membrane.
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Men S., Boutte Y., Ikeda Y., Li X., Palme K., Stierhof Y.D., Hartmann M.A., Moritz T., and Grebe M. Sterol-dependent endocytosis mediates post-cytokinetic acquisition of PIN2 auxin efflux carrier polarity. Nat Cell Biol 10 (2008) 237-244. The authors characterize the cyclopropylsterol isonerase1-1 (cpi1-1) mutant which displays an almost complete conversion of bulk sterols to cyclopropylsterols. Further analyses strongly suggest a mechanism for the establishment of polar apical membrane localization of the PIN2 protein in epidermal cells. During cytokinesis PIN2 is homogenously distributed at the cell plate and found at the newly formed apical and basal membranes immediately after cytokinesis. Subsequently PIN2 disappears from the basal membrane. This process is most likely mediated by sterol-dependent endocytosis, because cpi1-1 mutant cells defective in PIN2 endocytosis retain PIN2 at the basal membrane.
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Nat Cell Biol
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Men, S.1
Boutte, Y.2
Ikeda, Y.3
Li, X.4
Palme, K.5
Stierhof, Y.D.6
Hartmann, M.A.7
Moritz, T.8
Grebe, M.9
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24
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Plant membrane sterols: isolation, identification, and biosynthesis
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Transport of sterols to the plasma membrane of leek seedlings
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Arabidopsis thaliana contains a single gene encoding squalene synthase
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Busquets A., Keim V., Closa M., del Arco A., Boronat A., Arro M., and Ferrer A. Arabidopsis thaliana contains a single gene encoding squalene synthase. Plant Mol Biol 67 (2008) 25-36
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Keim, V.2
Closa, M.3
del Arco, A.4
Boronat, A.5
Arro, M.6
Ferrer, A.7
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27
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20844454520
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Subcellular localization of Arabidopsis 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
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Leivar P., Gonzalez V.M., Castel S., Trelease R.N., Lopez-Iglesias C., Arro M., Boronat A., Campos N., Ferrer A., and Fernandez-Busquets X. Subcellular localization of Arabidopsis 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Plant Physiol 137 (2005) 57-69
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Plant Physiol
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Leivar, P.1
Gonzalez, V.M.2
Castel, S.3
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Arro, M.6
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Ferrer, A.9
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28
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Arabidopsis sterol endocytosis involves actin-mediated trafficking via ARA6-positive early endosomes
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Grebe M., Xu J., Möbius W., Ueda T., Nakano A., Geuze H.J., Rook M.B., and Scheres B. Arabidopsis sterol endocytosis involves actin-mediated trafficking via ARA6-positive early endosomes. Curr Biol 13 (2003) 1378-1387
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Grebe, M.1
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Scheres, B.8
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29
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67349144029
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Yeast oxysterol-binding proteins: sterol transporters or regulators of cell polarization?
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This review addresses the cellular functions of oxysterol-binding proteins (OSBP) and OSBP-related proteins (ORPs). In yeast, a function of these proteins in sterol trafficking from the ER to the plasma membrane is established, but other functions in cell polarization have also been reported.
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Beh C.T., Alfaro G., Duamel G., Sullivan D.P., Kersting M.C., Dighe S., Kozminski K.G., and Menon A.K. Yeast oxysterol-binding proteins: sterol transporters or regulators of cell polarization?. Mol Cell Biochem 326 (2009) 9-13. This review addresses the cellular functions of oxysterol-binding proteins (OSBP) and OSBP-related proteins (ORPs). In yeast, a function of these proteins in sterol trafficking from the ER to the plasma membrane is established, but other functions in cell polarization have also been reported.
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Mol Cell Biochem
, vol.326
, pp. 9-13
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Beh, C.T.1
Alfaro, G.2
Duamel, G.3
Sullivan, D.P.4
Kersting, M.C.5
Dighe, S.6
Kozminski, K.G.7
Menon, A.K.8
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30
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65249161758
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Oxysterol binding protein-related Protein 9 (ORP9) is a cholesterol transfer protein that regulates Golgi structure and function
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This study reports multiple functions of the mammalian ORP9L cholesterol-binding/transfer protein in ER-Golgi protein trafficking, in subcellular sterol distribution and Golgi maintenance.
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Ngo M., and Ridgway N.D. Oxysterol binding protein-related Protein 9 (ORP9) is a cholesterol transfer protein that regulates Golgi structure and function. Mol Biol Cell 20 (2009) 1388-1399. This study reports multiple functions of the mammalian ORP9L cholesterol-binding/transfer protein in ER-Golgi protein trafficking, in subcellular sterol distribution and Golgi maintenance.
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(2009)
Mol Biol Cell
, vol.20
, pp. 1388-1399
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Ngo, M.1
Ridgway, N.D.2
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31
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66249114650
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The targeting of the oxysterol-binding protein ORP3a to the endoplasmic reticulum relies on the plant VAP33 homolog PVA12
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This study reports that the Arabidopsis sterol-binding protein ORP3a localizes to ER membranes and is probably recycled between the ER and the Golgi apparatus. Oxysterol-binding-proteins (OSBPs) and oxysterol-binding-protein-related proteins (ORPs) are involved in sterol trafficking in yeast and mammalian cells. Future studies of ORP3a and other sterol-binding proteins may determine if plant ORPs are involved in similar or different processes.
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Saravanan R.S., Slabaugh E., Singh V.R., Lapidus L.J., Haas T., and Brandizzi F. The targeting of the oxysterol-binding protein ORP3a to the endoplasmic reticulum relies on the plant VAP33 homolog PVA12. Plant J 58 (2009) 817-830. This study reports that the Arabidopsis sterol-binding protein ORP3a localizes to ER membranes and is probably recycled between the ER and the Golgi apparatus. Oxysterol-binding-proteins (OSBPs) and oxysterol-binding-protein-related proteins (ORPs) are involved in sterol trafficking in yeast and mammalian cells. Future studies of ORP3a and other sterol-binding proteins may determine if plant ORPs are involved in similar or different processes.
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(2009)
Plant J
, vol.58
, pp. 817-830
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Saravanan, R.S.1
Slabaugh, E.2
Singh, V.R.3
Lapidus, L.J.4
Haas, T.5
Brandizzi, F.6
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32
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66149094592
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Segregation of sphingolipids and sterols during formation of secretory vesicles at the trans-Golgi network
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This elegant work, performed in yeast, uses an immuno-isolation approach to purify post-Golgi compartments containing membrane rafts which are further characterized by lipidomics. The authors show that the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is able to sort sterols and sphingolipids and creates ordered phases in TGN membranes that may facilitate protein sorting during the formation of TGN vesicles en route to the plasma membrane.
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Klemm R.W., Ejsing C.S., Surma M.A., Kaiser H.J., Gerl M.J., Sampaio J.L., de Robillard Q., Ferguson C., Proszynski T.J., Shevchenko A., et al. Segregation of sphingolipids and sterols during formation of secretory vesicles at the trans-Golgi network. J Cell Biol 185 (2009) 601-612. This elegant work, performed in yeast, uses an immuno-isolation approach to purify post-Golgi compartments containing membrane rafts which are further characterized by lipidomics. The authors show that the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is able to sort sterols and sphingolipids and creates ordered phases in TGN membranes that may facilitate protein sorting during the formation of TGN vesicles en route to the plasma membrane.
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This study provides substantial evidence for the existence and dynamics of sterol-sensitive, sphingolipid and GPI-anchored-protein-enriched nanodomains in membranes of living mammalian cells. Using Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) far-field fluorescence nanoscopy, the authors tracked individual nanodomains enriched in sphingolipids and GPI-anchored proteins in membranes of living cells. Analyses of the in vivo reactivity of these domains towards cholesterol oxidase and cyclodextrin treatments led the authors to conclude that fast-moving sphingolipids and GPI-anchored proteins were transiently trapped in cholesterol-dependent molecular complexes. This is the first study to describe the dynamics of membrane rafts at nanoscale, providing strong support for the raft concept in vivo.
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Eggeling C., Ringemann C., Medda R., Schwarzmann G., Sandhoff K., Polyakova S., Belov V.N., Hein B., von Middendorff C., Schonle A., et al. Direct observation of the nanoscale dynamics of membrane lipids in a living cell. Nature 457 (2009) 1159-1162. This study provides substantial evidence for the existence and dynamics of sterol-sensitive, sphingolipid and GPI-anchored-protein-enriched nanodomains in membranes of living mammalian cells. Using Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) far-field fluorescence nanoscopy, the authors tracked individual nanodomains enriched in sphingolipids and GPI-anchored proteins in membranes of living cells. Analyses of the in vivo reactivity of these domains towards cholesterol oxidase and cyclodextrin treatments led the authors to conclude that fast-moving sphingolipids and GPI-anchored proteins were transiently trapped in cholesterol-dependent molecular complexes. This is the first study to describe the dynamics of membrane rafts at nanoscale, providing strong support for the raft concept in vivo.
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Nature
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An excellent review article on what is currently known about plant DRMs and how this compares to the knowledge established on 'lipid' or membrane rafts in yeasts and other fungi, as well as biophysical observations of membrane domain formation. The authors nicely discuss sterol function during the spatial organization of plasma-membrane proteins.
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Zappel N.F., and Panstruga R. Heterogeneity and lateral compartmentalization of plant plasma membranes. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11 (2008) 632-640. An excellent review article on what is currently known about plant DRMs and how this compares to the knowledge established on 'lipid' or membrane rafts in yeasts and other fungi, as well as biophysical observations of membrane domain formation. The authors nicely discuss sterol function during the spatial organization of plasma-membrane proteins.
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This study uses an elegant proteomic approach to define which DRM-enriched proteins in Arabidopsis are sensitive to treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Future in vivo studies may reveal whether these proteins, sterols and sphingolipids cluster in nanodomains or microdomains of plant membranes.
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Kierszniowska S., Seiwert B., and Schulze W.X. Definition of Arabidopsis sterol-rich membrane microdomains by differential treatment with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and quantitative proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 8 (2009) 612-623. This study uses an elegant proteomic approach to define which DRM-enriched proteins in Arabidopsis are sensitive to treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Future in vivo studies may reveal whether these proteins, sterols and sphingolipids cluster in nanodomains or microdomains of plant membranes.
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•], the authors of this work characterize DRM composition before and after a cold acclimation of Arabidopsis plants. This reveals that P-type-ATPase, aquaporins and endocytosis-related proteins are enriched in DRMs during cold acclimation, whilst microtubule elements and V-type-ATPase are depleted.
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•], the authors of this work characterize DRM composition before and after a cold acclimation of Arabidopsis plants. This reveals that P-type-ATPase, aquaporins and endocytosis-related proteins are enriched in DRMs during cold acclimation, whilst microtubule elements and V-type-ATPase are depleted.
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Plant Cell Physiol
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Minami, A.1
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Uemura, M.8
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Remorin, a Solanaceae protein resident in membrane rafts and plasmodesmata, impairs Potato virus X movement
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This paper reports that the DRM-enriched protein remorin clusters in ∼70 nm domains at the plasma-membrane in situ and that a fluorescent protein fusion to remorin displays a domain localization at the plasma-membrane in vivo. The study opens the door for in vivo characterization of nanodomains in plants. Future studies may address whether the observed nanodomains are enriched in sterols and sphingolipids in vivo.
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Raffaele S., Bayer E., Lafarge D., Cluzet S., Retana S.G., Boubekeur T., Leborgne-Castel N., Carde J.P., Lherminier J., Noirot E., et al. Remorin, a Solanaceae protein resident in membrane rafts and plasmodesmata, impairs Potato virus X movement. Plant Cell 21 (2009) 1541-1555. This paper reports that the DRM-enriched protein remorin clusters in ∼70 nm domains at the plasma-membrane in situ and that a fluorescent protein fusion to remorin displays a domain localization at the plasma-membrane in vivo. The study opens the door for in vivo characterization of nanodomains in plants. Future studies may address whether the observed nanodomains are enriched in sterols and sphingolipids in vivo.
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Plant Cell
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Raffaele, S.1
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This study raises the question as to whether ABCB19/PGP19 and PIN1 cluster together and interact in potential microdomains or nanodomains within the plasma membrane.
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Titapiwatanakun B., Blakeslee J.J., Bandyopadhyay A., Yang H., Mravec J., Sauer M., Cheng Y., Adamec J., Nagashima A., Geisler M., et al. ABCB19/PGP19 stabilises PIN1 inmembrane microdomains in Arabidopsis. Plant J 57 (2009) 27-44. This study raises the question as to whether ABCB19/PGP19 and PIN1 cluster together and interact in potential microdomains or nanodomains within the plasma membrane.
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Titapiwatanakun, B.1
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FM dyes label sterol-rich plasma membrane domains and are internalized independently of the cytoskeleton in characean internodal cells
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These authors report that the endocytic tracer FM4-64 and the sterol-binding probe filipin co-label large sterol-enriched domains at the plasma membrane of internodal cells in the green alga Chara chorallina.
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Klima A., and Foissner I. FM dyes label sterol-rich plasma membrane domains and are internalized independently of the cytoskeleton in characean internodal cells. Plant Cell Physiol 49 (2008) 1508-1521. These authors report that the endocytic tracer FM4-64 and the sterol-binding probe filipin co-label large sterol-enriched domains at the plasma membrane of internodal cells in the green alga Chara chorallina.
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2H NMR to show that in vitro reconstituted membranes containing plant lipids can form liquid ordered phases. These are tightly packed and thought to resemble the physiological state of membrane rafts in animal and yeast cells. The study further compares membranes reconstituted from plant, mammal and yeast sterols/lipids showing that plant model membranes are less sensitive to temperature changes than others.
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2H NMR to show that in vitro reconstituted membranes containing plant lipids can form liquid ordered phases. These are tightly packed and thought to resemble the physiological state of membrane rafts in animal and yeast cells. The study further compares membranes reconstituted from plant, mammal and yeast sterols/lipids showing that plant model membranes are less sensitive to temperature changes than others.
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FASEB J
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The E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFTIR1/AFB and membrane sterols play key roles in auxin regulation of endocytosis, recycling, and plasma membrane accumulation of the auxin efflux transporter PIN2 in Arabidopsis thaliana
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This study reports that sterol composition and TIR1-family auxin receptor signalling mediate the effects of exogenously applied auxin on PIN2 endocytosis.
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Pan J., Fujioka S., Peng J., Chen J., Li G., and Chen R. The E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFTIR1/AFB and membrane sterols play key roles in auxin regulation of endocytosis, recycling, and plasma membrane accumulation of the auxin efflux transporter PIN2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 21 (2009) 568-580. This study reports that sterol composition and TIR1-family auxin receptor signalling mediate the effects of exogenously applied auxin on PIN2 endocytosis.
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••], this work employs confocal and variable angle microscopy-based advanced live imaging of DRP1A and DRP1C fused to fluorescent proteins, revealing co-localization and co-trafficking with CLC fused to a fluorescent protein in foci at the plasma membrane. The studies further report the dependence of DRP1A, DRP1C and CLC dynamics at the plasma membrane on correct sterol composition, as supported by pharmacological interference with sterol biosynthesis by employing the inhibitor fenpropimorph.
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••], this work employs confocal and variable angle microscopy-based advanced live imaging of DRP1A and DRP1C fused to fluorescent proteins, revealing co-localization and co-trafficking with CLC fused to a fluorescent protein in foci at the plasma membrane. The studies further report the dependence of DRP1A, DRP1C and CLC dynamics at the plasma membrane on correct sterol composition, as supported by pharmacological interference with sterol biosynthesis by employing the inhibitor fenpropimorph.
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