Pathology of Kaposi's sarcoma

Journal of HIV Therapy

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 41-47

  Pantanowitz, Liron ^a   Grayson, Wayne ^b   Simonart, Thierry ^c   Dezube, Bruce J ^d  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b ERASME HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^d HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CCL1 CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR1; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR3; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CORTICOSTEROID; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HEMOSIDERIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; IRON; LATENCY ASSOCIATED NUCLEAR ANTIGEN; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; RANTES; RITUXIMAB; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; LATENCY-ASSOCIATED NUCLEAR ANTIGEN; NUCLEAR PROTEIN; VIRUS ANTIGEN;

CANCER REGRESSION; CARCINOGENESIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOLOGY; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION INFLAMMATORY SYNDROME; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INFLAMMATORY CELL; KAPOSI SARCOMA; REVIEW; VIRUS IDENTIFICATION; WART VIRUS; CHEMISTRY; DISEASE COURSE; PATHOLOGY; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANTIGENS, VIRAL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; NUCLEAR PROTEINS; SARCOMA, KAPOSI;

EID: 70449732661     PISSN: 14620308     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Nguyen HQ, Magaret AS, Kitahata MM et al. Persistent Kaposi sarcoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: characterizing the predictors of clinical response. AIDS, 2008, 22, 937-945.
2. Kaposi M. Idiopathisces multiples Pigmentsarkom der Haut. Archiv fur Dermatologi und Syphilis, 1872, 3, 265-273.
3. Funk I. Clinical studies on sarcomata of the skin. Br J Dermatol, 1889,1, 143-156.
4. Schwimmer EL. Sarcoma, idiopathische hautsarkom multiplex cutis. Monatschr Prakt Dermatol, 1899, 9, 90.
5. Bernard R. Sarcomata idiopathica multiplicia pigmentosa cutis (Kaposi). Arch Dermatol Syphilis, 1899, 49, 207-226.
6. Lang FJ, Haslhofer L. Uber die Auffassung der Kaposischen Krankheit als systematisierte Angiomatosis. Z Krebsforschung, 1925, 42, 68-75.
7. McCarthy WD, Pack GT. Malignant blood vessel tumours; a report of 56 cases of angiosarcoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 1950, 91, 465-482.
8. Dorfman RF. Kaposi's sarcoma. The contribution of enzyme histochemistry to the identification of cell types. Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum, 1962, 18, 464-476.
9. Sanders CJ. Kaposi's sarcoma in retrospect. Genitourin Med, 1997, 73,571-574.
10. Becker SW, Thatcher HW. Multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma of Kaposi. Historical review, nomenclature; and theories relative to the nature of the disease, with experimental studies of two cases. J Invest Dermatol, 1938, 1, 379-398.
11. Sangueza OP, Requena L. Pathology of Vascular Skin Lesions: Clinicopathologic Correlations. Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, 2003, pp 217-235.
12. Weiss SW, Goldblum JR. Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumor. 5th ed, Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2008, pp 721-732.
13. Werner S, Hofschneider PH, Roth WK. Cells derived from sporadic and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma reveal identical cytochemical and molecular properties in vitro. Int J Cancer, 1989, 43, 1137-1144.
14. Francis ND, Parkin JM, Weber J, Boylston AW. Kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). J Clin Pathol, 1986,39, 469-474.
15. Bergfeld WF, Zemtsov A, Lang RS. Differentiation between AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Cleve Clin J Med, 1987, 54, 315-319.
16. Hong A, Lee CS. Kaposi's sarcoma: clinico-pathological analysis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and non-HIV associated cases, Pathol Oncol Res, 2002, 8, 31-35.
17. Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ. Kaposi's sarcoma: progression, exacerbation and regression. Cancer Research Journal, 2008, 2,111-121.
18. Facchetti F, Lucini L, Gavazzoni R, Callea F. Immunomorphological analysis of the role of blood vessel endothelium in the morphogenesis of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma: a study of 57 cases. Histopathology, 1988, 12, 581-593.
19. Chor PJ, Santa Cruz DJ. Kaposi's sarcoma. A clinicopathologic review and differential diagnosis. J Cutan Pathol, 1992, 19, 6-20.
20. Petit JC, Ripamonti U, Hille J. Progressive changes of Kaposi's sarcoma of the gingiva and palate. Case report in an AIDS patient. J Periodontol, 1986, 57, 159-163.
21. Regezi JA, MacPhail LA, Daniels TE et al. Oral Kaposi's sarcoma: a 10-year retrospective histopathologic study. J Oral Pathol Med, 1993, 22, 292-297.
22. Schwartz JL, Muhlbauer JE, Steigbigl RT. Pre-Kaposi's sarcoma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1984, 11, 377-380.
23. Simonart T, Dobbeleer GD, Peny M et al. Pre-Kaposi's sarcoma: an expansion of the spectrum of Kaposi's sarcoma lesions. Eur J Dermatol, 1999, 9, 480-482.
24. Konstantinopoulos PA, Dezube BJ, Pantanowitz L. Morphologic and immunophenotypic evidence of in-situ Kaposi's sarcoma. BMC Clin Pathol, 2006, 6, 7.
25. Ruocco V, Schwartz RA, Ruocco E. Lymphedema: an immunologically vulnerable site for development of neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2002, 47, 124-127.
26. Ackerman AB. Subtle clues to diagnosis by conventional microscopy. The patch stage of Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Dermatopathol, 1979, 1,165-172.
27. Niedt GW, Myskowski PL, Urmacher C et al. Histology of early lesions of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Mod Pathol, 1990, 3,64-70.
28. Gessain A, Duprez R. Spindle cells and their role in Kaposi's sarcoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2005, 37, 2457-2465.
29. Kaaya E, Castaños-Vélez E, Heiden T et al. Proliferation and apoptosis in the evolution of endemic and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Med Oncol, 2000, 17, 325-332.
30. Hussein MR. Immunohistological evaluation of immune cell infiltrate in cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma. Cell Biol Int, 2008, 32, 157-162.
31. Douglas JL, Gustin JK, Dezube B et al. Kaposi's sarcoma: a model of both malignancy and chronic inflammation. Panminerva Med, 2007,49, 119-138.
32. Fukunaga M, Silverberg SG. Hyaline globules in Kaposi's sarcoma: a light microscopic and immunohistochemical study. Mod Pathol, 1991, 4, 187-190.
33. Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ. Advances in the pathobiology and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma. Curr Opin Oncol, 2004, 16, 443-449.
34. Wada DA, Perkins SL, Tripp S et al. Human herpesvirus 8 and iron staining are useful in differentiating Kaposi sarcoma from interstitial granuloma annulare. Am J Clin Pathol, 2007, 127, 263-270.
35. Simonart T, De Dobbeleer G, Stallenberg B. Classic Kaposi's sarcoma of the palm in a metallurgist: role of iron filings in its development? Br J Dermatol, 2003, 148, 1061-1063.
36. Simonart T. Iron: a target for the management of Kaposi's sarcoma? BMC Cancer, 2004, 4, 1.
37. Pantanowitz L, Dezube BJ, Pinkus GS, Tahan SR. Histological characterization of regression in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's sarcoma. J Cutan Pathol, 2004, 31, 26-34.
38. Sgadari C, Toschi E, Palladino C et al. Mechanism of paclitaxel activity in Kaposi's sarcoma. J Immunol, 2000, 165, 509-517.
39. Eng W, Cockerell CJ. Histological features of kaposi sarcoma in a patient receiving highly active antiviral therapy. Am J Dermatopathol, 2004, 26, 127-132.
40. Grayson W, Pantanowitz L. Histological variants of cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma. Diagn Pathol, 2008, 3, 31.
41. Nayler SJ, Goetsch S, Grayson W, Taylor L. Pleomorphic Kaposi's sarcoma: Characterisation of an under-recognised variant of Kaposi's sarcoma. Mod Pathol, 2000, 13, Abstract 13.
42. Satta R, Cossu S, Massarelli G, Cottoni F. Anaplastic transformation of classic Kaposi's sarcoma: clinicopathological study of five cases. Br J Dermatol, 2001, 145, 847-849.
43. Pantanowitz L, Duke WH. Lymphoedematous variants of Kaposi's sarcoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2008, 22, 118-120.
44. Cossu S, Satta R, Cottoni F, Massarelli G. Lymphangioma-like variant of Kaposi's sarcoma: clinicopathologic study of seven cases with review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol, 1997, 19, 16-22.
45. Davis DA, Scott DM. Lymphangioma-like Kaposi sarcoma: Etiology and literature review. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2000, 43, 123-127.
46. Mohanna S, Sanjez J, Ferrufino JC et al. Lymphangioma-like Kaposi's sarcoma: report of four cases and review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2006, 20, 999-1032.
47. Borroni G, Brazzelli V, Vignoli GP, Gaviglio MR. Bullous lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma: case report. Am J Dermatol, 1997, 19, 379-383.
48. Hengge UR, Stocks K, Goos M. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related hyperkeratotic Kaposi's sarcoma with severe lymphoedema: report of five cases. Br J Dermatol, 2000, 142, 501-505.
49. Ramdial PK, Chetty R, Singh B et al. Lymphedematous HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. J Cutan Pathol, 2006, 33, 474-481.
50. Sathyakumar S, Suh JS, Sharp VL, Polsky B. Images in HIV/AIDS. Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa secondary to Kaposi sarcoma: a rare case. AIDS Read, 2008, 18, 81-82.
51. Schwartz RA, Spicer MS, Janninger CK et al. Keloidal Kaposi's sarcoma: Report of three patients. Dermatology, 1994, 189, 271-274.
52. Kempf W, Cathomas G, Burg G, Trueb RM. Micronodular Kaposi's sarcoma - A new variant of classic-sporadic Kaposi's sarcoma. Dermatology, 2004, 208, 255-258.
53. Urquhart JL, Uzieblo A, Kohler S. Detection of HHV-8 in pyogenic granuloma-like Kaposi sarcoma. Am J Dermatopathol, 2006, 28, 317-321.
54. Grayson W. A re-appraisal of vascular proliferations in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. S Afr Dermatol Rev, 2006, 6,48-57.
55. Schwartz RA, Spicer MS, Thomas I et al. Ecchymotic Kaposi's sarcoma. Cutis, 1995, 56, 104-106.
56. Luzar B, Antony F, Ramdial PK, Calonje E. Intravascular Kaposi's sarcoma - a hitherto unrecognised phenomenon. J Cuta Pathol, 2007,34, 861-864.
57. O'Donnell P, Pantanowitz L, Grayson W. Unique histopathologic variants of cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma. American Society of Dermatopathology (ASDP) 45th annual meeting. October 16-19, 2008. San Francisco, CA, Abstract 275.
58. al-Rikabi AC, Haidar Z, Arif M et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of primary Kaposi's sarcoma of lymph nodes in an immunocompetent man. Diagn Cytopathol, 1998, 19, 451-454.
59. Gamborino E, Carrilho C, Ferro J et al. Fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma in a developing country. Diagn Cytopathol, 2000, 23, 322-325.
60. Michelow P, Meyers T, Dubb M, Wright C. The utility of fine needle aspiration in HIV positive children. Cytopathology, 2008, 19, 86-93.
61. Hales M, Bottles K, Miller T et al. Diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Am J Clin Pathol, 1987, 88, 20-25.
62. Layfield LJ. Cytopathology of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002, pp136-145.
63. Alkan S, Eltoum IA, Tabbara S et al. Usefulness of molecular detection of human herpesvirus-8 in the diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma by fineneedle aspiration. Am J Clin Pathol, 1999, 111, 91-96.
64. Pepler WJ, Theron JJ. An electron-microscope study of Kaposi's haemangiosarcoma. J Pathol Bacteriol, 1962, 83, 521-555.
65. Waldo E. Subtle clues to diagnosis by electron microscopy. Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Dermatopathol, 1979, 1, 177-180.
66. Orenstein JM. Ultrastructure of Kaposi sarcoma. Ultrastruct Pathol, 2008, 32, 211-220.
67. Massarelli G, Tanda F, Cossu A et al. Scanning electron microscopic features of Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Dermatopathol, 1991, 13, 257-263.
68. Sangiorgi S, Congiu T, Manelli A et al. The three-dimensional microvascular architecture of the human Kaposi sarcoma implanted in nude mice: a SEM corrosion casting study. Microvasc Res, 2006, 72,128-135.
69. Marquart KH. Weibel-Palade bodies in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. J Clin Pathol, 1987, 40, 933.
70. Kuntz AA, Gelderblom HR, Winkel T, Reichart PA. Ultrastructural findings in oral Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS). J Oral Pathol, 1987, 16,372-379.
71. Dictor M, Carlén B, Bendsöe N, Flamholc L. Ultrastructural development of Kaposi's sarcoma in relation to the dermal microvasculature. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol, 1991, 419,35-43.
72. Kostianovsky M, Lamy Y, Greco MA. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic profiles of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma and bacillary angiomatosis. Ultrastruct Pathol, 1992, 16, 629-640.
73. Marquart KH. Occurrence of tubuloreticular structures and intracisternal paracrystalline inclusions in endothelial cells of tissue from different epidemiological types of Kaposi's sarcoma. Ultrastruct Pathol, 2005, 29, 85-93.
74. Bosman C, Bisceglia M, Quirke P. Ultrastructural study of Kaposi's sarcoma. Pathologica, 1996, 88, 8-17.
75. Kao GF, Johnson FB, Sulica VI. The nature of hyaline (eosinophilic) globules and vascular slits of Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Dermatopathol, 1990, 12, 256-267.
76. Orenstein JM, Alkan S, Blauvelt A et al. Visualization of human herpesvirus type 8 in Kaposi's sarcoma by light and transmission electron microscopy. AIDS, 1997, 11, F35-45.
77. Dezube BJ, Zambela M, Sage DR et al. Characterization of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8 infection of human vascular endothelial cells: early events. Blood, 2002, 100,888-896.
78. Marquart KH. Unidentified bacterial microorganisms entrapped within blood capillary spaces of tissue from different epidemiological types of Kaposi's sarcoma. Ultrastruct Pathol, 2001, 25, 129-135.
79. Marquart KH. Electron microscopy reveals fungal cells within tumour tissue from two African patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma. Ultrastruct Pathol, 2006, 30, 187-192.
80. Pantanowitz L, Caponetti G, Dezube BJ. The immunohistochemistry of Kaposi's sarcoma. In: Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy & Prognosis, Hayat MA (ed.), Springer, 2009, in press.
81. Massarelli G, Scott CA, Ibba M et al. Immunocytochemical profile of Kaposi's sarcoma cells: their reactivity to a panel of antibodies directed against different tissue cell markers. Appl Pathol, 1989, 7, 34-41.
82. Russell Jones R, Orchard G, Zelger B, Wilson Jones E. Immunostaining for CD31 and CD34 in Kaposi sarcoma. J Clin Pathol, 1995, 48, 1011-1016.
83. Kahn HJ, Bailey D, Marks A. Monoclonal antibody D2-40, a new marker of lymphatic endothelium, reacts with Kaposi's sarcoma and a subset of angiosarcomas. Mod Pathol, 2002, 15, 434-440.
84. Xu H, Edwards JR, Espinosa O et al. Expression of a lymphatic endothelial cell marker in benign and malignant vascular tumours. Hum Pathol, 2004, 35, 857-861.
85. Wang HW, Trotter MW, Lagos D et al. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirusinduced cellular reprogramming contributes to the lymphatic endothelial gene expression in Kaposi sarcoma. Nat Genet, 2004, 36, 687-693.
86. Hong YK, Foreman K, Shin JW et al. Lymphatic reprogramming of blood vascular endothelium by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nat Genet, 2004, 36, 683-685.
87. Herman PS, Shogreen MR, White WL. The evaluation of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) in cutaneous lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma: a study of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Dermatopathol, 1998, 20, 7-11.
88. Schwartz EJ, Dorfman RF, Kohler S. Human herpesvirus-8 latent nuclear antigen-1 expression in endemic Kaposi sarcoma: an immunohistochemical study of 16 cases. Am J Surg Pathol, 2003, 27, 1546-1550.
89. Dupin N, Fisher C, Kellam P et al. Distribution of human herpesvirus- 8 latently infected cells in Kaposi's sarcoma, multicentric Castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1999, 96, 4546-4551.
90. Cheuk W, Wong KO, Wong CS et al. Immunostaining for human herpesvirus 8 latent nuclear antigen-1 helps distinguish Kaposi sarcoma from its mimickers. Am J Clin Pathol, 2004, 121, 335-342.
91. Patel RM, Goldblum JR, Hsi ED. Immunohistochemical detection of human herpes virus-8 latent nuclear antigen-1 is useful in the diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma. Mod Pathol, 2004, 17, 456-460.
92. Hammock L, Reisenauer A, Wang W et al. Latency-associated nuclear antigen expression and human herpesvirus-8 polymerase chain reaction in the evaluation of Kaposi sarcoma and other vascular tumours in HIV-positive patients. Mod Pathol, 2005, 18, 463-468.
93. Pantanowitz L, Pinkus GS, Dezube BJ, Tahan SR. HHV8 is not limited to Kaposi's sarcoma. Mod Pathol, 2005, 18, 1148-1150.
94. Blasig C, Zietz C, Haar B et al. Monocytes in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions are productively infected by human herpesvirus 8. J Virol, 1997, 71, 7963-7968.
95. Hong A, Davies S, Lee CS. Immunohistochemical detection of the human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) latent nuclear antigen-1 in Kaposi's sarcoma. Pathology, 2003, 35, 448-450.