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Primed for Peace: Europe After the Cold War
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Managing Uncertainty: Beliefs about Intentions and the Rise of Great Powers
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John M. Owen, "How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace," in Debating the Democratic Peace, 116-54. Institutional membership is said to increase transparency and reduce uncertainty
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The Promise of Institutionalist Theory
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Michael, E.1
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70449706900
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Note
-
For a statement to be apologetic it must admit perpetrating the crime and convey remorse. Reparations must specify an act for which the victims are being compensated. I treat the existence of war crimes trials as apologetic because the state typically asserts that individuals were complicit in heinous acts (admission) and that these acts should be punished (remorse). If, in a given case, the trials produce widespread acquittals, then perhaps they should not qualify as apologetic (this did not occur in the cases examined here).
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47
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70449720326
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Note
-
Media coverage slants in the direction of its audience's beliefs. Matthew Aaron Gentzkow and Jesse M. Shapiro, "What Drives Media Slant? Evidence from U.S. Daily Newspapers" (working paper 12707, National Bureau of Economic Research, 13 November 2006).
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Case Studies and Theories of Organizational Decision Making
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Greenwich: JAI Press
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Alexander L. George and Timothy J. McKeown, "Case Studies and Theories of Organizational Decision Making," in Advances in Information Processing in Organizations, VOL. 2 (Greenwich: JAI Press, 1985),21-58
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Advances in Information Processing in Organizations
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, pp. 21-58
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George, A.L.1
McKeown, T.J.2
-
50
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70449726251
-
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Note
-
I define capabilities both in terms of power and constraints. "Power" incorporates wealth, population, defense expenditures, and standing military forces. "Constraints" includes factors that prevent a state from bringing its power to bear (an occupier, offshore balancer, or the threat from a third party).
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51
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70449708712
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Note
-
The selection of these cases, however, may introduce other elements of bias into the study. Because German and Japanese crimes were so egregious, this study may understate the palliative effect of contrition. However, as the case studies demonstrate, Franco-German reconciliation occurred prior to Germany's contrition, suggesting that even terrible violence does not impede reconciliation.
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52
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70449701213
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Note
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The early phase begins in 1952 when the U.S. occupation ended, and Japan regained sovereignty.
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53
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70449714874
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Perception of History and Japan-Korea Relations
-
Young-sun Ha (Seoul: Nanam
-
Won-Deog Lee, "Perception of History and Japan-Korea Relations," in Korea and Japan: Past, Present, and Future, ED. Young-sun Ha (Seoul: Nanam, 1997), 83
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Korea and Japan: Past, Present, and Future, ED
, pp. 83
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Lee, W.-D.1
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70449710548
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These views were echoed by other Japanese officials and by official government histories of the colonial era. Yoshibumi Wakamiya, The Postwar Conservative View of Asia: How the Political Right Has Delayed Japan's Coming to Terms with Its History of Aggression in Asia (Tokyo: LTCB International Library Foundation, 1999)
-
These views were echoed by other Japanese officials and by official government histories of the colonial era. Yoshibumi Wakamiya, The Postwar Conservative View of Asia: How the Political Right Has Delayed Japan's Coming to Terms with Its History of Aggression in Asia (Tokyo: LTCB International Library Foundation, 1999).
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55
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70449722561
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Note
-
Tokyo established an annual ceremony on the day of the surrender to honor the nation's war dead. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 658
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56
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70449720325
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Note
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Revealingly, the main national memorials to the war are at Hiroshima, the site of annual commemoration ceremonies every 6 August (.)
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57
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84869675149
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Japan paid grants to Burma (1955), the Philippines (1956), Indonesia (1958), South Vietnam (1959), and Thailand (1963). James Morley, Japan and Korea (New York: Walker, 1965). On forced labor, see William Underwood, "Mitsubishi, Historical Revisionism and Japanese Corporate Resistance to Chinese Forced Labor Redress," Japan Focus, 8 February 2006
-
Japan paid grants to Burma (1955), the Philippines (1956), Indonesia (1958), South Vietnam (1959), and Thailand (1963). James Morley, Japan and Korea (New York: Walker, 1965). On forced labor, see William Underwood, "Mitsubishi, Historical Revisionism and Japanese Corporate Resistance to Chinese Forced Labor Redress," Japan Focus, 8 February 2006, http://www.japanfocus.org/-William-Underwood/1823.
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58
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70449718529
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Note
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Bix, Hirohito, 652.
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60
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0031723494
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Japanese Education, Nationalism, and Ienaga Saburo's Court Challenges
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Yoshiko Nozaki and Hiromitsu Inokuchi, "Japanese Education, Nationalism, and Ienaga Saburo's Court Challenges," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 30, no. 2 (1998)
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Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars
, vol.2
, pp. 30
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Nozaki, Y.1
Inokuchi, H.2
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70449722560
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Note
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Dower, Embracing Defeat, 491.
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65
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70449705627
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[Words for Thought], Shiso 381 (March 1956)
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Maruyama Masao, "Shiso no Kotoba" [Words for Thought], Shiso 381 (March 1956): 322-25.
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Shiso no Kotoba
, pp. 322-25
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70449724348
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Note
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On coverage of the apology, see Jennifer Lind, Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008), chap. 2. On reparations
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67
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70449714879
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Note
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Wakamiya, The Postwar Conservative View of Asia, 194. Japan paid US$300 million in outright grants, US$200 million in government loans, and US$300 million in private commercial credits. At the time, US$800 million represented more than 25 percent of South Korean GDP. The World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI) 2004.
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68
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70449714880
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Note
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A New Era in Korea-Japan Relations (Seoul: Korean Overseas Information Service, 1984).
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69
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70449705629
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Note
-
Yonhap Wire Service, 3 August 1982, trans. in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS): South Korea.
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71
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70449714878
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Nozaki and Inokuchi
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Orr, Victim As Hero
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Orr, Victim As Hero; Nozaki and Inokuchi, "Japanese Education," 42
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Japanese Education
, vol.42
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Allen S. Whiting, China Eyes Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).
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76
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84991941289
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The Glorification of War in Japanese Education
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(Winter 1993/94); Orr, Victim as Hero
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Saburo Ienaga, "The Glorification of War in Japanese Education," International Security 18, no. 3 (Winter 1993/94); Orr, Victim as Hero, 89-105.
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International Security
, vol.18
, Issue.3
, pp. 89-105
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Ienaga, S.1
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The Postwar Conservative View of Asia, 11. See also "Outspoken Tokyo Minister Resigns
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Wakamiya A, The Postwar Conservative View of Asia, 11. See also "Outspoken Tokyo Minister Resigns," The Guardian, 14 May 1988.
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The Guardian
, pp. 14
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Wakamiya, A.1
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79
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70449718528
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Note
-
Japanese apologies-of varying levels of admission and remorse-during this period include statements by Emperor Akihito and prime minister Kaifu Toshiki in 1989, prime minister Miyazawa Kiichi in 1992, and prime minister Murayama Tomiichi in 1994 and 1995.
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81
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70449712351
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Note
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The 1998 Joint Communique included a Japanese apology, South Korean acceptance of Japan's apology, and a pledge by both states to move forward. Wakamiya, The Postwar Conservative View of Asia, 256-58.
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82
-
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70449710545
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Note
-
PM Koizumi Visit ROK President Kim Dae-jung; Protesters Rage," Mainichi Shimbun, 15 October 2001. Koizumi apologized again in April 2005.
-
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83
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70449729135
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Note
-
The "Asian Women's Fund" uses a combination of private and public funds to give each survivor approximately US$17,000. C. Sarah Soh, "Japan's Responsibility toward Comfort Women Survivors"
-
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84
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70449697647
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Note
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(working paper, Japan Policy Research Institute, 2001). For criticism, see Norma Field, "The Stakes of Apology," Japan Quarterly 42, no. 4 (October-December 1995). See the series Japan in Modern History (Tokyo: International Society for Educational Information, 1996)
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85
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In Japan's New Textbooks, Rising Nationalism
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April
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Norimitsu Onishi, "In Japan's New Textbooks, Rising Nationalism," New York Times, 17 April 2005
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New York Times
, pp. 17
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Onishi, N.1
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86
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Comfort Women 'Did it for money
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Russell Skelton
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Russell Skelton, "Comfort Women 'Did it for money,"' Sydney Morning Herald, 6 June 1996
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(1996)
Sydney Morning Herald
, pp. 6
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88
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84869678130
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Yasukuni Museum Tugs at Heartstrings to Keep Military Memories Alive
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15 August 2002; Howard W. French, "At a Military Museum, the Losers Write History," New York Times, 30 October 2002
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Paul Murphy, "Yasukuni Museum Tugs at Heartstrings to Keep Military Memories Alive," International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shinbun, 15 August 2002; Howard W. French, "At a Military Museum, the Losers Write History," New York Times, 30 October 2002.
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International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shinbun
, pp. 30
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Murphy, P.1
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Partners Give Final Pitch on Yasukuni
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"Partners Give Final Pitch on Yasukuni," Asahi News Service, 11 August 2001
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Asahi News Service
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Who is Responsible? The Yomiuri Project and the Enduring Legacy of the AsiaPacific War
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The Economist, 14 April 2001; "Backlash Erupts Over Textbook Contents," Daily Yomiuri, 7 April 2005; "Japanese Schoolbooks Anger S. Korea, China," Washington Post, 6 April 2005
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Don Kirk, "History Texts Divide Japan and South Korea Again," International Herald Tribune, 10 July 2001; "Japan's Sins of Omission," The Economist, 14 April 2001; "Backlash Erupts Over Textbook Contents," Daily Yomiuri, 7 April 2005; "Japanese Schoolbooks Anger S. Korea, China," Washington Post, 6 April 2005.
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History Texts Divide Japan and South Korea Again," International Herald Tribune, 10 July 2001; "Japan's Sins of Omission
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President Rhee to President Eisenhower, 29 December 1954, in Foreign Relations of the United States, Korea, VOL. 15, 1952-1954, part 2 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1984), 1937-41 (hereafter cited as FRUS Korea).
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(New York, Praeger
-
President Rhee, Chae-Jin Lee and Hideo Sato, U.S. Policy Toward Japan and Korea: A Changing Influence Relationship (New York, Praeger, 1982), 26
-
(1982)
U.S. Policy Toward Japan and Korea: A Changing Influence Relationship
, pp. 26
-
-
Rhee, P.1
Lee, C.-J.2
Sato, H.3
-
94
-
-
70449706898
-
-
Note
-
Rhee argued that Japan was "a great menace than the communists." President Rhee, quoted in "The Recent and Prospective Foreign Relations of Japan (1956-61)," Declassified Documents Collection, Office of Intelligence Research, Intelligence Report no. 7331, Department of State, 12 September 1956, 10.
-
-
-
-
95
-
-
70449710546
-
-
Memorandum of Conversation, 17 October, 1952-1954, (Washington, DC: GPO, 1984)
-
Memorandum of Conversation, 17 October 1952, in FRUS Korea, VOL. 15, 1952-1954, part 1 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1984).
-
(1952)
FRUS Korea, VOL
, vol.15
, Issue.PART. 1
-
-
-
96
-
-
70449699404
-
-
(PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley
-
Kong Dan Oh, "Japan-Korea Rapprochement: A Study in Political, Cultural, and Economic Cooperation" (PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1986), 131-33.
-
(1986)
Japan-Korea Rapprochement: A Study in Political, Cultural, and Economic Cooperation
, pp. 131-33
-
-
Kong, D.O.1
-
97
-
-
0020342702
-
Japanese-South Korean Relations After the Park Assassination
-
(December
-
Hong N. Kim, "Japanese-South Korean Relations After the Park Assassination," Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 1 (December 1982): 86.
-
(1982)
Journal of Northeast Asian Studies
, vol.1
, pp. 86
-
-
Kim, H.N.1
-
99
-
-
70449722559
-
Japan Textbook Changed For Worse
-
April
-
Lee Joo-hee, "Japan Textbook Changed For Worse," Korea Herald, 2 April 2005
-
(2005)
Korea Herald
, pp. 2
-
-
Joo-Hee, L.1
-
100
-
-
70449731893
-
Future of Korea-Japan Relations
-
Nam Si-uk, "Future of Korea-Japan Relations," Korea Focus 3, no. 6 (1995): 28.
-
(1995)
Korea Focus
, vol.3
, Issue.6
, pp. 28
-
-
Si-Uk, N.1
-
101
-
-
70449718526
-
-
Note
-
"Japan's View of History," Korea Herald, 7 May 1994. In a 1996 survey, Korean respondents described their feelings toward seventeen countries on a scale from zero (dislike) to 100 (like). Japan was ranked second to last (41), above North Korea (27), in the company of Libya and Iran
-
-
-
-
102
-
-
84869666478
-
Korea and Japan: Engaged but Distant
-
Robert Dujarric (Washington, DC: Hudson Institute, In 2001, Koreans reported that the countries they disliked the most were Japan (63 percent), followed by North Korea (11 percent), the United States (7 percent), and China (3 percent). Chun-ang Ilbo newspaper poll, 21 September 2001, (accessed October 2001)
-
Sook-jong Lee, "Korea and Japan: Engaged but Distant," in The Future of Korea-Japan Relations, ED. Robert Dujarric (Washington, DC: Hudson Institute, 2002),102. In 2001, Koreans reported that the countries they disliked the most were Japan (63 percent), followed by North Korea (11 percent), the United States (7 percent), and China (3 percent). Chun-ang Ilbo newspaper poll, 21 September 2001, http://bric.postech.ac.kr/bbs/daily/krnews (accessed October 2001).
-
(2002)
The Future of Korea-Japan Relations, ED
, pp. 102
-
-
Lee, S.-J.1
-
104
-
-
70449720324
-
Civic Group Calls for Mori's Apology for His Remarks on Tokdo
-
6 October 2000, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea
-
"Civic Group Calls for Mori's Apology for His Remarks on Tokdo," Yonhap Wire Service, 6 October 2000, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea.
-
Yonhap Wire Service
-
-
-
105
-
-
70449731892
-
Japan's Absurd Claim on Tokdo Island
-
Dong-a Ilbo, 11 February 1996
-
"Japan's Absurd Claim on Tokdo Island," Dong-a Ilbo, 11 February 1996, trans. in Korea Focus 4, no. 1 (1996): 97-98.
-
(1996)
Trans. in Korea Focus
, vol.4
, Issue.1
, pp. 97-98
-
-
-
106
-
-
70449703034
-
-
quoted in Lee, Japan and Korea
-
President Rhee, quoted in Lee, Japan and Korea, 37.
-
, vol.37
-
-
Rhee, P.1
-
107
-
-
70449703032
-
-
21 December 1955, quoted in Kwan Bong Kim, The Korea-Japan Treaty Crisis and the Instability of the Korean Political System (New York: Praeger
-
President Rhee, letter published in Mainichi Shinbun, 21 December 1955, quoted in Kwan Bong Kim, The Korea-Japan Treaty Crisis and the Instability of the Korean Political System (New York: Praeger, 1971),44.
-
(1971)
Letter published in Mainichi Shinbun
, pp. 44
-
-
Rhee, P.1
-
109
-
-
70449708709
-
-
Note
-
See articles in A New Era in Korea-Japan Relations.
-
-
-
-
110
-
-
70449731895
-
-
Note
-
Kim, The Korea-Japan Treaty Crisis.
-
-
-
-
111
-
-
84869686558
-
Foreign Ministers' Meeting with Japan Postponed
-
Yonhap Wire Service, 8 September 1986, Prime Minister Roh Shin-yong emphasized that the problem was not Fujio, specifically, but Japanese attitudes more broadly. "No Sing-yong, NKDP Discuss Fujio Remarks," Yonhap Wire Service, 11 September 1986, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea
-
"Foreign Ministers' Meeting with Japan Postponed," Yonhap Wire Service, 8 September 1986, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea. Prime Minister Roh Shin-yong emphasized that the problem was not Fujio, specifically, but Japanese attitudes more broadly. "No Sing-yong, NKDP Discuss Fujio Remarks," Yonhap Wire Service, 11 September 1986, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea.
-
Trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea
-
-
-
114
-
-
70449705628
-
-
Note
-
"What is Required Is to Immediately Take Corrective Action," Hanguk Ilbo, 5 August 1982; "'Stronger' Reaction Urged," Yonhap Wire Service, 3 August 1982, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea; "Rallies Protest Textbooks," Yonhap Wire Service, 5 August 1982, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea; "Rallies Protest Textbooks," Korea Herald, 11 August 1982.
-
-
-
-
116
-
-
70449697646
-
Letter to the Korean People
-
25 March 2005
-
Roh Moo-hyun, "Letter to the Korean People," Korea.net, 25 March 2005.
-
Korea.net
-
-
Moo-Hyun, R.1
-
117
-
-
70449699405
-
-
Note
-
"Editorial," Chungang Ilbo, 22 April 2002, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea, 23 April 2002. Koreans were so embittered by Koizumi's visit to the shrine and by the textbook crisis, they ignored his remarkable apology in October after his shrine visit. See "Diplomacy with Japan," Choson Ilbo, 15 October 2001. For other coverage of the Yasukuni issu, see "S. Korea's ruling party holds rally to protest Yasukuni visit," Kyodo News Service, 17 August 2001, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: Japan; "Civic Groups Voice Opposition to Koizumi Visit," Yonhap Wire Service, 24 February 2003; Jonathan Watts, "Japan's Asian Neighbors Outraged by Junichiro Koizumi's Custom-Breaking Tribute," The Guardian, 14 August 2001.
-
-
-
-
118
-
-
70449705622
-
Japanese Diet Should Clarify Responsibility for Past Atrocities
-
Dong-a Ilbo, 7 May 1994
-
"Japanese Diet Should Clarify Responsibility for Past Atrocities," Dong-a Ilbo, 7 May 1994, trans. in Korea Focus 2, no. 3 (1994): 142-43.
-
(1994)
Trans. in Korea Focus
, vol.2
, Issue.3
, pp. 142-43
-
-
-
119
-
-
70449708708
-
Why is Japan Distrusted?
-
8 May 1995
-
Kim Kyong-min, "Why is Japan Distrusted?" Dong-a Ilbo, 8 May 1995.
-
Dong-a Ilbo
-
-
Kyong-Min, K.1
-
120
-
-
84869669661
-
-
Koreans were particularly incensed about Watanabe Michio's statements. See 6 June 1995 editorials cited in "Watanabe Remarks on Japan Colonial Rule Decried," trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea, 7 June 1995
-
Hahnkyu Park, "Between Caution and Cooperation: The ROK-Japan Security Relationship in the Post-Cold War Period," Korea Institute of Defense Analysis, http://www.kida.re.kr/english/ journal/park.htm. Koreans were particularly incensed about Watanabe Michio's statements. See 6 June 1995 editorials cited in "Watanabe Remarks on Japan Colonial Rule Decried," trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea, 7 June 1995.
-
Between Caution and Cooperation: The ROK-Japan Security Relationship in the Post-Cold War Period," Korea Institute of Defense Analysis
-
-
Park, H.1
-
121
-
-
70449705626
-
-
Note
-
"Japan Attempts to Whitewash its Past," Korea Herald, 15 September 2000; "Teaching Sadistic History?" Korea Herald, 22 February 2001
-
-
-
-
122
-
-
70449697644
-
Counting on Japan's Sense of Right and Wrong
-
8 June 2001 trans. in Korea Focus
-
Shin Il-Chul, "Counting on Japan's Sense of Right and Wrong," Dong-a Ilbo, 8 June 2001, trans. in Korea Focus 9, no. 4 (2001): 15-16
-
(2001)
Dong-a Ilbo
, vol.9
, Issue.4
, pp. 15-16
-
-
Il-Chul, S.1
-
123
-
-
70449731894
-
-
Note
-
"Rocky Relations with Japan," Chungang Ilbo, 9 July 2001, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea, 10 July 2001.
-
-
-
-
124
-
-
84869686559
-
Letter to the Korean People
-
See also "Japanese Foreign Minister Scolded for History Comments, 25 April 2005
-
Roh A, "Letter to the Korean People." See also "Japanese Foreign Minister Scolded for History Comments," Yonhap Wire Service, 25 April 2005.
-
Yonhap Wire Service
-
-
Roh, A.1
-
125
-
-
70449705625
-
-
Note
-
"Japan Attempts to Whitewash its Past"; "Teaching Sadistic History?"
-
-
-
-
127
-
-
70449701211
-
-
President Eisenhower, 29 December 1954, 1952-1954, (Washington, DC: GPO
-
President Rhee to President Eisenhower, 29 December 1954, in FRUS Korea, VOL. 15, 1952-1954, part 2 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1984), 1937-41.
-
(1984)
FRUS Korea
, vol.15
, Issue.PART. 2
, pp. 1937-41
-
-
Rhee, P.1
-
128
-
-
70449708707
-
-
Note
-
Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (Robertson), memorandum to the Secretary of State, no. 665, FRUS China/Japan, VOL. 15, 1952-1954, part 2 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1985), 1465-69
-
-
-
-
129
-
-
70449703033
-
-
Note
-
For example, Japan's move to patrol the sea lanes out to 1,000 miles was called "a positive re- sponse" to burden-sharing pressures from Washington. Korea Herald, 10 May 1981. A former Ministry of National Defense (MND) official wrote that in this period "a phenomenal expansion in Korean-Japanese mil- itary contacts is noticeable." Yong-Ok Park, Korean-Japanese-American Triangle: Problems and Prospects (RAND Report P-7138, September 1985), 14. For details of Japanese-Korean cooperation in this period, see Victor D. Cha, Alignment Despite Antagonism: The US-Korea-Japan Security Triangle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
-
-
-
-
130
-
-
70449724346
-
-
Note
-
Regarding the strength of the U.S.-Japan alliance, in 1997 the United States and Japan signed the Guidelines for Defense Cooperation, and Japan later became a more active participant in U.S. military operations, such as the U.S. occupation in Iraq. Elizabeth Becker, "Bush to Face Asian Fears of New U.S. Unilateralism," New York Times, 17 October 2003. Regarding Korean threat perception, I assessed this in part through interviews conducted in South Korea in 2000 and 2001. A common sentiment was expressed by an MND official, who said, "Certainly I don't see Japan as a threat today." Interview with the director of the MND's study group on military modernization, Ministry of National Defense, Seoul, October 2000.
-
-
-
-
134
-
-
70449729134
-
-
Note
-
On Korean support for Japan's expanded military role in the 1980s
-
-
-
-
135
-
-
70449716698
-
Japan's Defense Capability and Defense Policy
-
(Winter 1983)
-
Sang-il Han, "Japan's Defense Capability and Defense Policy," Korea and World Affairs 7, no. 4 (Winter 1983): 677-709
-
Korea and World Affairs
, vol.7
, Issue.4
, pp. 677-709
-
-
Han, S.-I.1
-
136
-
-
84965626333
-
Korea-Japan Relations and Japan's Security Role
-
(Spring 1988). For Korea's support in the 1990s, see "ROK Foreign Ministry Welcomes U.S.-Japan
-
Chongwhi Kim, "Korea-Japan Relations and Japan's Security Role," Korea and World Affairs 12, no. 1 (Spring 1988). For Korea's support in the 1990s, see "ROK Foreign Ministry Welcomes U.S.-Japan
-
Korea and World Affairs
, vol.12
, Issue.1
-
-
Kim, C.1
-
137
-
-
70449714876
-
-
Note
-
Security Declaration," Yonhap Wire Service, 18 April 1996, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: South Korea; Han Sung-joo, "New U.S.-Japan Security Ties," Dong-a Ilbo, 28 April 1996; Kim Woo-sang, "New U.S.-Japan Defense Guidelines," Joong-ang Ilbo, 12 June 1997, trans. in Korea Focus 5, no. 4 (1997).
-
-
-
-
138
-
-
70449708706
-
-
Note
-
"ROK Foreign Ministry Welcomes U.S.-Japan Security Declaration."
-
-
-
-
139
-
-
70449716695
-
A Review of Korea-Japan Relations
-
February 1995, trans. in Korea Focus
-
Rhee Kyu-ho, "A Review of Korea-Japan Relations," Shin Dong-A Monthly, February 1995, trans. in Korea Focus 3, no. 2 (1995): 21.
-
(1995)
Shin Dong-A Monthly
, vol.3
, Issue.2
, pp. 21
-
-
Kyu-Ho, R.1
-
140
-
-
70449716697
-
-
Note
-
A minority of Koreans say that Japan is a current threat, with 21 percent expressing this view in 2001 and 37 percent in 2005. Other polls suggest, however, that a larger fraction of Koreans view Japan as the most likely future threat. In 1996, 54 percent of Koreans said Japan posed the "greatest future danger to Korea's military security," and another poll that same year found that 60 percent of Koreans identified Japan as their country's next security threat. For the 2001 poll results, see http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harrispoll/printerfriend/index.asp?PID= 218 (accessed July 2006). For the 2005 results, see Chungang Ilbo, 17 April 2005. The first 1996 poll is from Norman D. Levin, The Shape of Korea's Future: South Korean Attitudes Toward Unifica- tion and Long-Term Security Issues (Santa Monica: RAND, 1999), 18. For the second 1996 poll, see http://bric.postech.ac.kr.bbs.daily/krnews/200109 2/20010921 4.html (accessed October 2000). For ad- ditional public opinion data, see Sook-Jong Lee, "Korean Perceptions and National Security," Korea Focus 3 (1995): 13-23.
-
-
-
-
141
-
-
84869666358
-
August 2000, Korean Ministry of National Defense. Portions of document were published in Dong-a Ilbo, 19-20 August 2000;"New Interests Spur Force Development
-
"National Security and the Defense Budget in the 21st Century," memorandum
-
"National Security and the Defense Budget in the 21st Century," memorandum, August 2000, Korean Ministry of National Defense. Portions of document were published in Dong-a Ilbo, 19-20 August 2000;"New Interests Spur Force Development," Jane's Defence Weekly, 22 May 1996.
-
(1996)
Jane's Defence Weekly
, pp. 22
-
-
-
142
-
-
70449726249
-
-
Note
-
After World War II, East Germany offered no contrition for Nazi crimes and was resolutely hostile toward Israel. This article examines only West German remembrance.
-
-
-
-
144
-
-
84869668827
-
Thirty Years of Diplomatic Relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Israel (Frankfurt: Tribune Books, 1995)
-
Historical exchange rates from PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service, Deflators from U.S. Office of Management and Budget
-
Otto R. Romberg and Heiner Lichtenstein, Thirty Years of Diplomatic Relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and Israel (Frankfurt: Tribune Books, 1995). Calculation is DM 3.5 billion, then US$800 million. In 1952, US$1= DM 4.195. Historical exchange rates from PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service, http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca.Deflators from U.S. Office of Management and Budget, 2005.
-
(2005)
Calculation is DM 3.5 billion, then US$800 million. In 1952, US$1= DM 4.195
-
-
Romberg, O.R.1
Lichtenstein, H.2
-
145
-
-
70449697645
-
-
Note
-
"BEG" is an abbreviation for Bundesentschädigungsgesetz, or the Supplementary Federal Law for the Compensation of the Victims of National Socialist Persecution, passed 1 October 1953. The law was supplemented later by the "BRüG" law, or the Federal Restitution Law (Bundesrückerstattungsgesetz). See German Information Office website, http://www.germany-info.org.
-
-
-
-
147
-
-
1542368734
-
Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past, trans
-
New York: Columbia University Press
-
Norman Frei, Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past, trans. Joel Golb (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).
-
(2002)
Joel Golb
-
-
Frei, N.1
-
148
-
-
84937180909
-
Legacies of Divided Memory for German Debates About the Holocaust in the 1990s
-
(Fall 1999): 15
-
Jeffrey Herf, "Legacies of Divided Memory for German Debates About the Holocaust in the 1990s," German Politics and Society 17, no. 52 (Fall 1999): 15
-
German Politics and Society
, vol.17
, Issue.52
-
-
Herf, J.1
-
155
-
-
70449729133
-
-
Evans
-
Evans, In Hitler's Shadow, 113-14, 73-74.
-
In Hitler's Shadow
, pp. 113-14
-
-
-
156
-
-
84869684487
-
Art, The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Frei, Adenauer's Germany; Robert G. Moeller, "War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany
-
October
-
David C. Art, The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Frei, Adenauer's Germany; Robert G. Moeller, "War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany," American Historical Review 101, no. 4 (October 1996).
-
(1996)
American Historical Review
, vol.4
, pp. 101
-
-
David, C.1
-
158
-
-
70449703838
-
The speeches of 8 May were given by Federal president Gustave Heinmann (1970)
-
The speeches of 8 May were given by Federal president Gustave Heinmann (1970), president Walter Scheel (1975)
-
(1975)
president Walter Scheel
-
-
-
159
-
-
70449724343
-
-
Note
-
Federal president Richard Von Weizsäcker (1985). Jeffrey K. Olick, Genre Memories and Memory Genres: A Dialogical Analysis of May 8, 1945 Commemorations in the Federal Republic of Germany," American Sociological Review 64, no. 3 (1999).
-
-
-
-
160
-
-
70449710540
-
-
Note
-
Schmidt noted that most Germans alive then were "individually free from blame" but that they "can become guilty, too, if they fail to recognize the responsibility for what happens today and tomorrow deriving from what happened then." Helmut Schmidt, quoted in Herf, Divided Memory, 347.
-
-
-
-
163
-
-
1542386425
-
-
2nd ED. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), 446; Evans, In Hitler's Shadow, 17
-
Dennis L. Bark and David R. Gress, A History of West Germany, VOL. 2, 2nd ED. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), 446; Evans, In Hitler's Shadow, 17
-
A History of West Germany
, vol.2
-
-
Bark, D.L.1
Gress, D.R.2
-
164
-
-
84869671756
-
-
The impetus for this increased attention to West German history education is frequently attributed to the horrified reaction of West Germans to anti-Semitic vandalism that occurred across the country in the late 1950s. Synagogues and Jewish cemeteries were desecrated. See Marcuse, Legacies of Dachau; Olick, "Genre Memories," 210
-
The impetus for this increased attention to West German history education is frequently attributed to the horrified reaction of West Germans to anti-Semitic vandalism that occurred across the country in the late 1950s. Synagogues and Jewish cemeteries were desecrated. See Marcuse, Legacies of Dachau; Olick, "Genre Memories," 210.
-
-
-
-
166
-
-
70449705619
-
-
Marcuse, Legacies of Dachau; Walter Stahl, ED., New York: Praeger
-
Marcuse, Legacies of Dachau; Walter Stahl, ED., Education for Democracy in West Germany (New York: Praeger, 1961), 117.
-
(1961)
Education for Democracy in West Germany
, pp. 117
-
-
-
168
-
-
24544435648
-
Some German Struggles With Memory
-
ED. Geoffrey Hartman (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, Marcuse, Legacies of Dachau
-
Saul Friedlander, "Some German Struggles With Memory," in Bitburg in Moral and Political Perspective, ED. Geoffrey Hartman (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 26-42; Marcuse, Legacies of Dachau.
-
(1986)
Bitburg in Moral and Political Perspective
, pp. 26-42
-
-
Friedlander, S.1
-
169
-
-
84869681895
-
-
The controversy over Helmut Diwald's work, discussed in Evans, Rabinbach, "Beyond Bitburg," 200
-
The controversy over Helmut Diwald's work, discussed in Evans, In Hitler's Shadow, 15, 113; Rabinbach, "Beyond Bitburg," 200.
-
Hitler's Shadow
, vol.15
, pp. 113
-
-
-
171
-
-
70449703836
-
Made similar statements. Evans
-
Gustave Heinmann, Franz-Josef Strauss, Karl Carstens, and Alfred Dregger made similar statements. Evans, In Hitler's Shadow, 19, 55.
-
Hitler's Shadow
, vol.19
, pp. 55
-
-
Heinmann, G.1
Strauss, F.-J.2
Carstens, K.3
Dregger, A.4
-
172
-
-
84869689318
-
Genre Memories," 392; Siobhan Kattago, "Representing German Victimhood and Guilt: The Neue Wache and Unified German Memory
-
(Fall 1998)
-
Olick A, "Genre Memories," 392; Siobhan Kattago, "Representing German Victimhood and Guilt: The Neue Wache and Unified German Memory," German Politics and Society 16, no. 3 (Fall 1998): 96.
-
German Politics and Society
, vol.16
, Issue.3
, pp. 96
-
-
Olick, A.1
-
173
-
-
84869667069
-
Representing German Victimhood and Guilt
-
96
-
Kattago, "Representing German Victimhood and Guilt," 96; Olick, "Genre Memories," 392
-
Olick, "Genre Memories
, pp. 392
-
-
Kattago1
-
175
-
-
70449699402
-
-
Note
-
Art, Politics of the Nazi Past. On NATO commemoration, see Olick, "Genre Memories," 395.
-
-
-
-
176
-
-
70449718522
-
-
Note
-
Niven, Facing the Nazi Past; James A. Young, "Berlin's Holocaust Memorial," German Politics and Society 17, no. 3 (Fall 1999).
-
-
-
-
177
-
-
0031782585
-
Identity and Transnationalization in German School Textbooks
-
Yasemin Nuhoglu Soysal, "Identity and Transnationalization in German School Textbooks," Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 30, no. 2 (1998): 57.
-
(1998)
Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars
, vol.30
, Issue.2
, pp. 57
-
-
Soysal, Y.N.1
-
178
-
-
0141835871
-
Walser, in a 1998 speech, famously lamented the "ritualization" of the German past and the "exploitation" of this past for current political goals. On the fiftieth anniversary controversies, see Karl Wilds, "Identity Creation and the Culture of Contrition: Recasting 'Normality' in the Berlin Republic
-
Niven, Facing the Nazi Past, chap. 7
-
Niven, Facing the Nazi Past, chap. 7. Walser, in a 1998 speech, famously lamented the "ritualization" of the German past and the "exploitation" of this past for current political goals. On the fiftieth anniversary controversies, see Karl Wilds, "Identity Creation and the Culture of Contrition: Recasting 'Normality' in the Berlin Republic," German Politics 9, no.1 (April 2000): 94.
-
(2000)
German Politics
, vol.9
, Issue.1
, pp. 94
-
-
-
179
-
-
0347126201
-
Goldhagen in Germany
-
28 November 1996), On the museum exhibit, see Marcuse, Legacies of Dachau, 380
-
Josef Joffe, "Goldhagen in Germany," New York Review of Books 43, no. 19 (28 November 1996): 18-21. On the museum exhibit, see Marcuse, Legacies of Dachau, 380.
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New York Review of Books
, vol.43
, Issue.19
, pp. 18-21
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Joffe, J.1
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180
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70449716693
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Note
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Space constraints prevent a more complete analysis of French perceptions of West Germany after the war. A longer analysis finds that French perceptions were strongly influenced also by Germany's participation in European institution-building and by Germany's handling of territorial claims. See Lind, Sorry States, chap. 3.
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181
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84869687896
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Daniel Lerner and Raymond Aron (New York: Praeger
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Jean Le Bail, Alfred Grosser, "Germany and France: A Confrontation," in France Defeats EDC, ED. Daniel Lerner and Raymond Aron (New York: Praeger, 1957), 70.
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(1957)
Germany and France: A Confrontation," in France Defeats EDC, ED
, pp. 70
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le Bail, J.1
Grosser, A.2
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182
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84869687869
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Introduction," in L'education De L'allemagne Occupée, ED. Helen Liddell, Edmond Vermeil, and Bogdan Suchodolski (Paris: Librarie Marcel Riviere et Cie, 1949). 133 Alfred Grosser, Germany in Our Time, trans. Paul Stephenson (New York: Praeger
-
Helen Liddell, "Introduction," in L'education De L'allemagne Occupée, ED. Helen Liddell, Edmond Vermeil, and Bogdan Suchodolski (Paris: Librarie Marcel Riviere et Cie, 1949). 133 Alfred Grosser, Germany in Our Time, trans. Paul Stephenson (New York: Praeger, 1970), 212-23
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(1970)
, pp. 212-23
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Liddell, H.1
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183
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70449718523
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Note
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Also arguing for the importance of German acknowledgement of Nazi-era crimes are Jean Solchany, Comprendre Le Nazisme Dans L'Allemagne Des Annees Zero 1945-1949 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997); Edouard Husson, Une Culpabilite Ordinaire? Hitler, les Allemands, et La Shoah (Paris: François-Xavier de Guibert, 1997).
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184
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84869671751
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L'Allemagne veut regarder son passé en face et au Coeur de Berlin
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10 May 2005
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Blandine Milcent, "L'Allemagne veut regarder son passé en face et au Coeur de Berlin," La Croix, 10 May 2005.
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La Croix
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Milcent, B.1
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185
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84869688206
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Depuis soixante ans, les difficiles étapes qui ont mené à une commémoration commune
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June
-
Henri de Bresson and Georges Marion, "Depuis soixante ans, les difficiles étapes qui ont mené à une commémoration commune," Le Monde, 5 June 2004.
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(2004)
Le Monde
, pp. 5
-
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de Bresson, H.1
Marion, G.2
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188
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84869678931
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Le Mémorial de l'Holocauste de Berlin
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Irène Kruse, "Le Mémorial de l'Holocauste de Berlin," Vingtiéme Siecle 67 (2000): 25.
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(2000)
Vingtiéme Siecle
, vol.67
, pp. 25
-
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Kruse, I.1
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191
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84869674115
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L'Avenir du Passé: La Polémique Walser-Bubis
-
(July-September 1999)
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Marcel Tambarin, "L'Avenir du Passé: La Polémique Walser-Bubis," Allemagne d'Aujourd'hui, no. 149 (July-September 1999): 32.
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Allemagne d'Aujourd'hui
, Issue.149
, pp. 32
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Tambarin, M.1
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192
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84869667334
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La Culpabilité Allemande, Entre Mythe Et Réalités
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(Spring 1999)
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Nicholas Weill, "La Culpabilité Allemande, Entre Mythe Et Réalités," La Revue Internationale et Stratégique, no. 33 (Spring 1999): 33.
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La Revue Internationale et Stratégique
, Issue.33
, pp. 33
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Weill, N.1
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193
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70449726247
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Note
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Joseph Mace-Scaron, "L'Allemagne contre son passe," Le Figaro, 18 December 1998; Lucas Delattre, "L'Allemagne décomplexée face au passé," Le Monde, 9 November 1998; Pascale Hugues, "Faut-il oublier le passé?" Le Point, no. 1373, 9 January 1999; Alain-Gérard Slama, "Faut-il avoir peur de l'Allemagne?" Le Figaro, 14 June 1999; Jean-Marie Rouart, "La nostalgie d'avoir été une conscience," Le Figaro, 15 March 2001.
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195
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70449724342
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Merritt, France, Germany, and the Western Alliance, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
-
Merritt, France, Germany, and the Western Alliance: A Study in Elite Attitudes on European Integration and World Politics (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1967), 66.
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(1967)
A Study in Elite Attitudes on European Integration and World Politics
, pp. 66
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-
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196
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84869672345
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Poll by Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, 18 March 1965
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Poll by Institut Français d'Opinion Publique, France Soir, 18 March 1965.
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France Soir
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-
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197
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70449697639
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trans. Terence Kilmartin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971), 181; Maurice Couve de Murville, Une Politique Etrangere, 1958-1969 (Paris: Plon
-
Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor, trans. Terence Kilmartin (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971), 181; Maurice Couve de Murville, Une Politique Etrangere, 1958-1969 (Paris: Plon, 1971), 238.
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(1971)
Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope: Renewal and Endeavor
, pp. 238
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-
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198
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84869671752
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French Ambassador to the United States, address
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François Bujon de l'Estang, California, 26 February 1998
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François Bujon de l'Estang, French Ambassador to the United States, address, University of California, Berkeley, California, 26 February 1998.
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University of California, Berkeley
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199
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70449713075
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Note
-
On German debates about contrition, see Lind, Sorry States, chap. 3; Art, The Politics of the Nazi Past, chap. 3; Charles S. Maier, The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).
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201
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70449716694
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Note
-
On Austria, see Art, The Politics of the Nazi Past, chap. 6. Other European cases are discussed in David Art, "The Politics of the Past in Western Europe" (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Chicago, Illinois, 28 February 2007), 13. On France, see "Europe Socialists Reject Chirac Apology," Globe and Mail, 18 July 1995.
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202
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84869671754
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Archbishop of York Urges PM to Apologise for Slavery," The Guardian, 26 March 2007. On the Irish apologies, see Sarah Lyall, "Past as Prologue: Blair Faults Britain in Irish Potato Blight
-
New York Times, 3 June 1997; "Blair Walks into Mire of Controversy Over Famine," Belfast News Letter, 9 June 1997; "Blair Urged to Seek Apology from Adams,", 11 December 1997
-
David Ward, "Archbishop of York Urges PM to Apologise for Slavery," The Guardian, 26 March 2007. On the Irish apologies, see Sarah Lyall, "Past as Prologue: Blair Faults Britain in Irish Potato Blight," New York Times, 3 June 1997; "Blair Walks into Mire of Controversy Over Famine," Belfast News Letter, 9 June 1997; "Blair Urged to Seek Apology from Adams," Belfast News Letter, 11 December 1997.
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Belfast News Letter
-
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Ward, D.1
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203
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84872405330
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At Ground Zero; 2 Views of History Collide Over Smithsonian A-Bomb Exhibit
-
September
-
Ken Ringle, "At Ground Zero; 2 Views of History Collide Over Smithsonian A-Bomb Exhibit," Washington Post, 26 September 1994.
-
(1994)
Washington Post
, pp. 26
-
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Ringle, K.1
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206
-
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70449708705
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Note
-
For example, Thomas Berger argues that global economic integration and changes in international norms raise the costs of impenitence and encourage states to be more contrite relative to the past
-
-
-
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207
-
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84869689614
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Sorry States in a Sorry World: Beyond German Exceptionalism
-
With Charles L. Glaser, Jennifer Lind, and Mike Mochizuki
-
Thomas U. Berger, "Sorry States in a Sorry World: Beyond German Exceptionalism," in "Roundtable Discussion of Jennifer Lind's Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics," Journal of East Asian Studies 9 (2009). (With Charles L. Glaser, Jennifer Lind, and Mike Mochizuki).
-
(2009)
Roundtable Discussion of Jennifer Lind's Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics," Journal of East Asian Studies
, vol.9
-
-
Berger, T.U.1
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208
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70449720319
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Note
-
The British constructed a monument to the memory of "Bomber Harris," the commander of the Dresden raids. Stephen Kinzer, "Honor to R.A.F. Leader Wakes Dresden's Ghosts," New York Times, 6 January 1992.
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209
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70449712350
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Art, The Politics of the Nazi Past
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Art, The Politics of the Nazi Past.
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-
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210
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70449705620
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Note
-
"Japanese Government Should Be True in Word and Deed," Beijing Review 25, no. 38 (20 September 1982). On history issues in Sino-Japanese relations, see Lind, Sorry States, chap. 4; He, The Search for Reconciliation.
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-
-
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211
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84869675138
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Background to Okuno's Defense of Aggression,"
-
Liowang no, (23 May 1988), trans. in FBIS Daily Report: China, 2 June 1988; Liu Wenyu, Xinhua News Service, 13 May 1988, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: China, 16 May 1988
-
Mei Zhenmin, "Background to Okuno's Defense of Aggression," Liowang no. 21 (23 May 1988), trans. in FBIS Daily Report: China, 2 June 1988; Liu Wenyu, "What Can Be Learned From Okuno's Resignation," Xinhua News Service, 13 May 1988, trans. in FBIS Daily Report: China, 16 May 1988.
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What Can Be Learned From Okuno's Resignation
, Issue.21
-
-
Zhenmin, M.1
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212
-
-
70449726246
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Note
-
"Japan Should Take Germany as Its 'Mirror,"' Renmin Ribao, 21 April 2005; "The Genie Escapes: China and Japan," The Economist, 16 April 2005; Joseph Kahn, "China Pushing and Scripting Japanese Protests," New York Times, 15 April 2005.
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-
-
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213
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70449699401
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Note
-
Time to End this Deafening Silence," Australian Financial Review, 1 June 2001; Shane Green, "Japan's Lack of Remorse Troubling as it Moves to Rearm," Sydney Morning Herald, 19 June 2003; Brian Victoria, "Right Face! The Return of Wartime Ghosts," Australian Financial Review, 9 August 2002. For more detailed analysis of the Australia-Japan case, see Lind, Sorry States, chap. 4.
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-
-
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215
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70449697640
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Supporting Peace Education in the PA?
-
25 February 2007
-
Itamar Marcus and Barbara Crook, "Supporting Peace Education in the PA?" Jerusalem Post, 25 February 2007;
-
Jerusalem Post
-
-
Marcus, I.1
Crook, B.2
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217
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70449703030
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Denial Reopens Wounds of Japan's Ex-Sex Slaves
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Norimitsu Onishi, "Denial Reopens Wounds of Japan's Ex-Sex Slaves," New York Times, 8 March 2007.
-
(2007)
New York Times
, pp. 8
-
-
Onishi, N.1
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218
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65649099729
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The Perils of Apology: What Japan Shouldn't Learn from Germany
-
For recommendations about the Japanese case, see Jennifer Lind, (May/June 2009)
-
For recommendations about the Japanese case, see Jennifer Lind, "The Perils of Apology: What Japan Shouldn't Learn from Germany," Foreign Affairs 88, no. 3 (May/June 2009): 132-46.
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Foreign Affairs
, vol.88
, Issue.3
, pp. 132-46
-
-
-
219
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70449703031
-
New History Text Turns a Page in East Asia Ties
-
June
-
Chua Chin Hon, "New History Text Turns a Page in East Asia Ties," The Straits Times, 10 June 2005.
-
(2005)
The Straits Times
, pp. 10
-
-
Hon, C.C.1
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221
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0003852410
-
-
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, Surveying the voluminous transitional justice literature is Leslie Vinjamuri and Jack Snyder, "Advocacy and Scholarship in the Study of International War Crime Tribunals and Transitional Justice," Annual Review of Political Science (2004)
-
Stuart J. Kaufman, Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001). Surveying the voluminous transitional justice literature is Leslie Vinjamuri and Jack Snyder, "Advocacy and Scholarship in the Study of International War Crime
-
(2001)
Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War
-
-
Kaufman, S.J.1
|