The role of momentum transport in the motion of a quasi-idealized mesoscale convective scale

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 137, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 3316-3338

  Mahoney, Kelly M ^a   Lackmann, Gary M ^a   Parker, Matthew D ^a  

^a NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLD POOL; DRIVEN SYSTEM; EULERIAN; LEADING EDGE; LOW-LEVEL WINDS; MESOSCALE; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; MIDLATITUDES; MODEL OUTPUTS; MOMENTUM BUDGET; MOMENTUM FIELDS; MOMENTUM TRANSPORTS; PERTURBATION WINDS; PROPAGATION SPEED; SURFACE WINDS; SURFACE-BASED; VERTICAL ADVECTION; WIND FIELD;

ADVECTION; BUDGET CONTROL; LAKES; MOMENTUM; MOMENTUM TRANSFER; PRESSURE GRADIENT;

STORMS;

CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; MOMENTUM TRANSFER; PRESSURE GRADIENT; WIND FIELD;

EID: 70449089624     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2009MWR2895.1     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Atkins, N. T., and M. St. Laurent, 2009: Bow echo mesovortices. Part I: Processes that influence their damaging potential. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1497-1513.
2. Atkins, N. T., C. S. Bouchard, R. W. Przybylinski, R. J. Trapp, and G. Schmocker, 2005: Damaging surface wind mechanisms within the 10 June 2003 Saint Louis bow echo during BAMEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2275-2296.
3. Betts, A. K., 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and theoretical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 677-691.
4. Bluestein, H. B., 1993: Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes. Vol. 2, Observations and Theory of Weather Systems, Oxford University Press, 594 pp.
5. Bluestein, H. B., and M. H. Jain, 1985: Formation of mesoscale lines of precipitation: Severe squall lines in Oklahoma during the spring. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1711-1732.
6. Brandes, E. A., 1977: Flow in severe thunderstorms observed by dual-Doppler radar. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 113-120.
7. Braun, S. A., and R. A. Houze, 1997: The evolution of the 10-11 June 1985 PRE-STORMsquall line: Initiation, development of rear inflow, and dissipation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 478-504.
8. Bryan, G. H., and R. Rotunno, 2008: Gravity currents in a deep anelastic atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 536-556.
9. Bryan, G. H., J. C. Wyngaard, and J. M. Fritsch, 2003: Resolution requirements for the simulation of deep moist convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2394-2416.
10. Carr, M. T., and C. S. Bretherton, 2001: Convective momentum transport over the tropical Pacific: Budget estimates. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1673-1693.
11. Charba, J., 1974: Application of gravity current model to analysis of squall-line gust front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 140-156.
12. Corfidi, S. F., 2003: Cold pools and MCS propagation: Forecasting the motion of downwind-developing MCSs. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 997-1017.
13. Corfidi, S. F., J. H. Meritt, and J. M. Fritsch, 1996: Predicting the movement of mesoscale convective complexes. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 41-46.
14. Correia, J., R. W. Arritt, and C. J. Anderson, 2008: Idealized mesoscale convective system structure and propagation using convective parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2422-2442.
15. Engerer, N. A., D. J. Stensrud, and M. C. Coniglio, 2008: Surface characteristics of observed cold pools. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 4839-4849.
16. Evans, J. S., and C. A. Doswell, 2001: Examination of derecho environments using proximity soundings. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 329-342.
17. Fovell, R. G., G. L. Mullendore, and S. H. Kim, 2006: Discrete propagation in numerically simulated nocturnal squall lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 3735-3752.
18. Fritsch, J. M., and G. S. Forbes, 2001: Mesoscale convective systems. Severe Convective Storms, Meteor. Monogr., No. 50, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 323-357.
19. Gallus, W. A., and R. H. Johnson, 1992: The momentum budget of an intense midlatitude squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 422-450.
20. Gallus, W. A., and M. Pfeifer, 2008: Intercomparison of simulations using 5 WRF microphysical schemes with dual-Polarization data for a German squall line. Adv. Geosci., 16, 109-116.
21. Gao, K., D.-L. Zhang, M. W. Moncrieff, and H.-R. Cho, 1990: Mesoscale momentum budget in a midlatitude squall line: A numerical case study. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1011-1028.
22. Geerts, B., 2001: Estimating downburst-related maximum surface wind speeds by means of proximity soundings in New South Wales, Australia. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 261-269.
23. Goff, C. R., 1976: Vertical structure of thunderstorm outflows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1429-1440.
24. Grell, G. A., 1993: Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 764-787.
25. Grim, J. A., G. M. McFarquhar, R. M. Rauber, A. M. Smith, and B. F. Jewett, 2009: Microphysical and thermodynamic structure and evolution of the trailing stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems during BAMEX. Part II: Column model simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1186-1205.
26. Grubišić, V., and M. W. Moncrieff, 2000: Parameterization of convective momentum transport in highly baroclinic conditions. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3035-3049.
27. Haertel, P. T., and R. H. Johnson, 2000: The linear dynamics of squall line mesohighs and wake lows. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 93-107.
28. Han, J., and H.-L. Pan, 2006: Sensitivity of hurricane intensity forecast to convective momentum transport parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 664-674.
29. Hogan, T. F., and R. L. Pauley, 2007: The impact of convective momentum transport on tropical cyclone track forecasts using the Emanuel cumulus parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 1195-1207.
30. Hong, S. Y., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, 2006: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2318-2341.
31. Houze, R. A., Jr., 1973: A climatological study of vertical transports by cumulus-scale convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1112-1123.
32. Houze, R. A., Jr., 2004: Mesoscale convective systems. Rev. Geophys., 42, RG4003, doi:10.1029/2004RG000150.
33. Houze, R. A., Jr., S. A. Rutledge, M. I. Biggerstaff, and B. F. Smull, 1989: Interpretation of Doppler weather radar displays in midlatitude mesoscale convective systems. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 70, 608-619.
34. Houze, R. A., Jr., B. F. Smull, and P. Dodge, 1990: Mesoscale organization of springtime rainstorms in Oklahoma. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 613-654.
35. Houze, R. A., Jr., S. S. Chen, D. E. Kingsmill, Y. Serra, and S. E. Yuter, 2000: Convection over the Pacific warm pool in relation to the atmospheric Kelvin - Rossby wave. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 3058-3089.
36. Janjić, Z. I., 1994: The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 927-945.
37. Jewett, B. F., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 2006: The role of forcing in cell morphology and evolution within midlatitude squall lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 3714-3734.
38. Johns, R. H., and W. D. Hirt, 1987: Derechos: Widespread convectively induced windstorms. Wea. Forecasting, 2, 32-49.
39. Johns, R. H., and C. A. Doswell, 1992: Severe local storms forecasting. Wea. Forecasting, 7, 588-612.
40. Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1993: Convective parameterization for mesoscale models: The Kain-Fritsch scheme. The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Meteor. Monogr., No. 46, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 165-170.
41. Klimowski, B. A., 1994: Initiation and development of rear inflow within the 28-29 June 1989 North Dakota mesoconvective system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 765-779.
42. Lafore, J. P., and M. W. Moncrieff, 1989: A numerical investigation of the organization and interaction of the convective and stratiform regions of tropical squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 521-544.
43. LeMone, M. A., 1983: Momentum transport by a line of cumulonimbus. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1815-1834.
44. Lynn, B. H., A. P. Khain, J. Dudhia, D. Rosenfeld, A. Pokrovsky, and A. Seifert, 2005: Spectral (bin) microphysics coupled with a mesoscale model (MM5). Part II: Simulation of a CAPE rain event with a squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 59-71.
45. Mahoney, K. M., and G. M. Lackmann, 2007: The effect of upstream convection on downstream precipitation. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 255-277.
46. Mechem, D. B., S. S. Chen, and R. A. Houze Jr., 2006: Momentum transport processes in the stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems over the western Pacific warm pool. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 709-736.
47. Moncrieff, M. W., and C. Liu, 2006: Representing convective organization in prediction models by a hybrid strategy. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 3404-3420.
48. Morrison, H., G. Thompson, and V. Tatarskii, 2009: Impact of cloud microphysics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 991-1007.
49. Newton, C. W., 1950: Structure and mechanisms of the prefrontal squall line. J. Meteor., 7, 210-222.
50. Newton, C. W., and H. R. Newton, 1959: Dynamical interactions between large convective clouds and environments with vertical shear. J. Meteor., 16, 483-496.
51. Nicholls, M. E., R. H. Johnson, and W. R. Cotton, 1988: The sensitivity of two-dimensional simulations of tropical squall lines to environmental profiles. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3625-3649.
52. Pandya, R. E., and D. R. Durran, 1996: The influence of convectively generated thermal forcing on the mesoscale circulation around squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2924-2951.
53. Parker, M. D., and R. H. Johnson, 2004: Structures and dynamics of quasi-2D mesoscale convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 545-567.
54. Richardson, Y. P., K. K. Droegemeier, and R. P. Davies-Jones, 2007: The influence of horizontal environmental variability on numerically simulated convective storms. Part I: Variations in vertical shear. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 3429-3455.
55. Rotunno, R., J. B. Klemp, and M. L. Weisman, 1988: A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 463-485.
56. Sanders, F., and K. A. Emanuel, 1977: The momentum budget and temporal evolution of a mesoscale convective system. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 322-330.
57. Skamarock, W. C., M. L. Weisman, and J. B. Klemp, 1994: Three-dimensional evolution of simulated long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2563-2584.
58. Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D. O. Gill, D. M. Barker, W. Wang, and J. G. Powers, 2007: Adescription of the advanced research WRF version 2. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-475+STR, 125 pp.
59. Smull, B. F., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1987: Rear inflow in squall lines with trailing stratiform precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2869-2889.
60. Srivastava, R., 1987: A model of intense downdrafts driven by the melting and evaporation of precipitation. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1752-1774.
61. Trapp, R. J., and M. L. Weisman, 2003: Low-level mesovortices within squall lines and bow echoes. Part II: Their genesis and implications. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2804-2823.
62. Trier, S. B., M. A. LeMone, and W. C. Skamarock, 1998: Effect of three-dimensional structure on the stormwide horizontal accelerations and momentum budget of a simulated squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2580-2598.
63. Trier, S. B., C. A. Davis, D. A. Ahijevych, M. L. Weisman, and G. H. Bryan, 2006: Mechanisms supporting long-lived episodes of propagating nocturnal convection within a 7-day WRF model simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2437-2461.
64. van den Broeke, M. S., D. M. Schultz, R. H. Johns, J. S. Evans, and J. E. Hales, 2005: Cloud-to-ground lightning production in strongly forced, low-instability convective lines associated with damaging wind. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 517-530.
65. Vescio, M. D., and R. H. Johnson, 1992: The surface-wind response to transient mesoscale pressure fields associated with squall lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1837-1850.
66. Wakimoto, R. M., H. V. Murphey, C. A. Davis, and N. T. Atkins, 2006: High winds generated by bow echoes. Part II: The relationship between the mesovortices and damaging straight-line winds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2813-2829.
67. Weisman, M. L., 1992: The role of convectively generated rear-inflow jets in the evolution of long-lived mesoconvective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1826-1847.
68. Weisman, M. L., 1993: The genesis of severe, long-lived bow echoes. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 645-670.
69. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 504-520.
70. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1986: Characteristics of isolated convective storms. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, P. S. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 331-357.
71. Weisman, M. L., W. C. Skamarock, and J. B. Klemp, 1997: The resolution dependence of explicitly modeled convective systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 527-548.
72. Wu, X., and M. Yanai, 1994: Effects of vertical wind shear on the cumulus transport of momentum: Observations and parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1640-1660.
73. Wu, X., L. Deng, X. Song, and G. J. Zhang, 2007: Coupling of convective momentum transport with convective heating in global climate simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1334-1349.
74. Yang, M.-J., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1996: Momentum budget of a squall line with trailing stratiform precipitation: Calculations with a high-resolution numerical model. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3629-3652.
75. Yuter, S. E., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1995: Three-dimensional kinematic and microphysical evolution of Florida cumulonimbus. Part III: Vertical mass transport, mass divergence, and synthesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 1964-1983.
76. Zhang, D.-L., K. Gao, and D. B. Parsons, 1989: Numerical simulation of an intense squall line during 10-11 June 1985 PRE-STORM. Part I: Model verification. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 960-994.
77. Zhang, Q. H., K. H. Lau, Y. H. Kuo, and S. J. Chen, 2003: A numerical study of a mesoscale convective system over the Taiwan Strait. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 1150-1170.
78. Zipser, E., 1977: Mesoscale and convective-scale downdrafts as distinct components of squall-line structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1568-1589.