Surface characteristics of observed cold pools

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 136, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 4839-4849

  Engerer, Nicholas A ^a   Stensrud, David J ^a   Coniglio, Michael C ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL SEVERE STORMS LABORATORY   (United States)

^b Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLD POOLS; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; HIGH-RESOLUTION MODELS; KEY ELEMENTS; LIFE CYCLE STAGES; MEAN TEMPERATURES; MEAN-WINDS; MESONET SURFACE OBSERVATIONS; MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; MICROPHYSICS PARAMETERIZATION; MODEL SIMULATIONS; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; OKLAHOMA; POTENTIAL TEMPERATURES; SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS; SURFACE OBSERVATIONS; SURFACE PRESSURES; THUNDERSTORM SIMULATIONS; WIND SPEED;

LAKES; STORMS; TIME SERIES;

LIFE CYCLE;

CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; MESOSCALE METEOROLOGY; THUNDERSTORM; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; WIND VELOCITY;

EID: 64149125840     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2008MWR2528.1     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Atkins, N. T., and R. M. Wakimoto, 1991: Wet microburst activity over the southeastern United States: Implications for forecasting. Wea. Forecasting, 6, 470-482.
2. Bolton, D., 1980: The computation of equivalent potential temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1046-1053.
3. Brandes, E. A., 1990: Evolution and structure of the 6-7 May 1985 mesoscale convective system and associated vortex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 109-127.
4. Brock, F. V., K. C. Crawford, R. L. Elliott, G. W. Cuperus, S. J. Stadler, H. L. Johnson, and M. D. Eilts, 1995: The Oklahoma Mesonet: A technical overview. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 5-19.
5. Bryan, G. H., and J. M. Fritsch, 2000: Moist absolute instability: The sixth static stability state. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 1207-1230.
6. Bryan, G. H., D. Ahijevych, C. Davis, S. Trier, and M. Weisman, 2005: Observations of cold pool properties in mesoscale convective systems during BAMEX. Preprints, 11th Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Albuquerque, NM, Amer. Meteor. Soc., JP5J.12. [Available online at http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/96718.pdf.]
7. Byers, H. R., and R. R. Braham Jr., 1949: The Thunderstorm. U.S. Government Printing Office, 287 pp.
8. Carbone, R. E., J. W. Conway, N. A. Crook, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1990: The generation and propagation of a nocturnal squall line. Part I: Observations and implications for mesoscale predictability. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 26-49.
9. Charba, J., 1974: Application of gravity current model to analysis of squall line gust front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 140-156.
10. Coniglio, M. C., and D. J. Stensrud, 2001: Simulation of a progressive derecho using composite initial conditions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1593-1616.
11. Coniglio, M. C., D. J. Stensrud, and L. J. Wicker, 2006: Effects of upper-level shear on the structure and maintenance of strong quasi-linear mesoscale convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1231-1252.
12. Evans, J. S., and C. A. Doswell III, 2001: Examination of derecho environments using proximity soundings. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 329-342.
13. Fankhauser, J. C., G. M. Barnes, and M. A. LeMone, 1992: Structure of a midlatitude squall line formed in strong unidirectional shear. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 237-260.
14. Fiebrich, C. A., and K. C. Crawford, 2001: The impact of unique meteorological phenomena detected by the Oklahoma Mesonet and ARS Micronet on automated quality control. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 2173-2187.
15. Fovell, R. G., and Y. Ogura, 1988: Numerical simulation of a midlatitude squall line in two dimensions. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3846-3879.
16. Fovell, R. G., and P. S. Dailey, 1995: The temporal behavior of numerically simulated multicell-type storms. Part I: Modes of behavior. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2073-2095.
17. Fovell, R. G., G. L. Mullendore, and S.-H. Kim, 2006: Discrete propagation in numerically simulated nocturnal squall lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 3735-3752.
18. Fujita, T. T., 1955: Results of detailed synoptic studies of squall lines. Tellus, 7, 405-435.
19. Fujita, T. T., 1959: Precipitation and cold air production in mesoscale thunderstorm systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 16, 454-466.
20. Fujita, T. T., 1963: Analytical Mesometeorology: A Review. Meteor. Monogr., No. 5, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77-125.
21. Goff, R. C., 1975: Thunderstorm-outflow kinematics and dynamics. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERLTM-NSSL-75, 62 pp. [NTIS No. PB 250808.]
22. Goff, R. C., 1976: Vertical structure of thunderstorm outflows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1429-1440.
23. Grady, R. L., and J. Verlinde, 1997: Triple-Doppler analysis of a discretely propagating, long-lived, high plains squall line. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2729-2748.
24. Hane, C. E., 1973: The squall line thunderstorm: Numerical experimentation. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 1672-1690.
25. Heymsfield, G. M., and S. Schotz, 1985: Structure and evolution of a severe squall line over Oklahoma. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1563-1589.
26. Hoxit, L. R., C. F. Chappell, and M. J. Fritsch, 1976: Formation of mesolows or pressure troughs in advance of cumulonimbus clouds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1419-1428.
27. James, R. P., P. M. Markowski, and J. M. Fritsch, 2006: Bow echo sensitivity to ambient moisture and cold pool strength. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 950-964.
28. Johnson, D. E., P. K. Wang, and J. M. Straka, 1993: Numerical simulations of the 2 August 1981 CCOPE supercell storm with and without ice microphysics. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 745-759.
29. Johnson, R. H., and P. J. Hamilton, 1988: The relationship of surface pressure features to the precipitation and airflow structure of an intense midlatitude squall line. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1444-1472.
30. Kessinger, C. J., D. B. Parsons, and J. W. Wilson, 1988: Observations of a storm containing misocyclones, downbursts, and horizontal vortex circulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 1959-1982.
31. Knupp, K. R., 1996: Structure and evolution of a long-lived, microburst-producing storm. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2785-2806.
32. Knupp, K. R., B. Geerts, and S. J. Goodman, 1998: Analysis of a small, vigorous mesoscale convective system in a low-shear environment. Part I: Formation, radar echo structure, and lightning behavior. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 1812-1836.
33. Leary, C. A., and E. N. Rappaport, 1987: The life cycle and internal structure of a mesoscale convective complex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1503-1527.
34. Lin, Y.-L., and L. E. Joyce, 2001: A further study of the mechanisms of cell regeneration, propagation, and development within two-dimensional multicell storms. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 2957-2988.
35. Maddox, R. A., L. R. Hoxit, and C. F. Chappell, 1980: A study of tornadic thunderstorm interactions with thermal boundaries. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 322-336.
36. Markowski, P. M., and J. Harrington, 2005: A simulation of a supercell thunderstorm with emulated radiative cooling beneath the anvil. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2607-2617.
37. Markowski, P. M., E. N. Rasmussen, and J. M. Straka, 1998a: The occurrence of tornadoes in supercells interacting with boundaries during VORTEX-95. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 852-859.
38. Markowski, P. M., E. N. Rasmussen, J. M. Straka, and D. C. Dowell, 1998b: Observations of low-level baroclinity generated by anvil shadows. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2959-2971.
39. McPherson, R. A., and Coauthors, 2007: Statewide monitoring of the mesoscale environment: A technical update on the Oklahoma Mesonet. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 24, 301-321.
40. Mueller, C. K., and R. E. Carbone, 1987: Dynamics of a thunderstorm outflow. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1879-1898.
41. Newton, C. W., 1966: Circulations in large sheared cumulonimbus. Tellus, 18, 699-712.
42. Ogura, Y., and M.-T. Liou, 1980: The structure of a midlatitude squall line: A case study. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 553-567.
43. Olsson, P. Q., and W. R. Cotton, 1997: Balanced and unbalanced circulations in a primitive equation simulation of a midlatitude MCC. Part I: The numerical simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 457-478.
44. Parker, M. D., and R. H. Johnson, 2004a: Structures and dynamics of quasi-2D mesoscale convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 545-567.
45. Parker, M. D., and R. H. Johnson, 2004b: Simulated convective lines with leading precipitation. Part I: Governing dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1637-1655.
46. Parker, M. D., and R. H. Johnson, 2004c: Simulated convective lines with leading precipitation. Part II: Evolution and maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 1656-1673.
47. Purdom, J. F. W., 1976: Some uses of high-resolution GOES imagery in the mesoscale forecasting of convection and its behavior. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1474-1483.
48. Rotunno, R., J. B. Klemp, and M. L. Weisman, 1988: A theory for strong, long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 463-485.
49. Schmid, W., H.-H. Schiesser, M. Furger, and M. Jenni, 2000: The origin of severe winds in a tornadic bow-echo storm over Northern Switzerland. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 192-207.
50. Schmidt, J. M., and W. R. Cotton, 1989: A High Plains squall lines associated with severe surface winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 281-302.
51. Seitter, K. L., and H.-L. Kuo, 1983: The dynamical structure of squall-line type thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2831-2854.
52. Shafer, M. A., C. A. Fiebrich, D. S. Arndt, S. E. Fredrickson, and T. W. Hughes, 2000: Quality assurance procedures in the Oklahoma Mesonet. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 474-494.
53. Skamarock, W. C., M. L. Weisman, and J. B. Klemp, 1994: Three-dimensional evolution of simulated long-lived squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2563-2584.
54. Smull, B. R., and R. A. Houze Jr., 1987: Rear inflow in squall lines with trailing stratiform precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2869-2889.
55. Smull, B. R., and J. A. Augustine, 1993: Multiscale analysis of a mature mesoscale convective complex. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 103-132.
56. Stensrud, D. J., M. C. Coniglio, R. P. Davies-Jones, and J. S. Evans, 2005: Comments on "A theory for strong long-lived squall lines" revisited. J. Atinos. Sci., 62, 2989-2996.
57. Straka, J. M., and J. R. Anderson, 1993: Numerical simulations of microburst-producing storms: Some results from storms observed during COHMEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1329-1348.
58. Szeto, K. K., and H.-R. Cho, 1994: A numerical investigation of squall lines. Part II: Mechanics of evolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 425-433.
59. Thorpe, A. J., M. J. Miller, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1982: Two-dimensional convection in non-constant shear: A model of midlatitude squall lines. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 108, 739-762.
60. Trier, S. B., D. B. Parsons, and J. H. E. Clark, 1991: Environment and evolution of a cold-frontal mesoscale convective system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2429-2455.
61. Trier, S. B., C. A. Davis, D. A. Ahijevych, M. L. Weisman, and G. H. Bryan, 2006: Mechanisms supporting long-lived episodes of propagating nocturnal convection within a 7-day WRF model simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2437-2461.
62. Tuttle, J. D., and R. E. Carbone, 2004: Coherent regeneration and the role of water vapor and shear in a long-lived convective episode. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 192-208.
63. Vescio, M. D., and R. H. Johnson, 1992: The surface-wind response to transient mesoscale pressure fields associated with squall lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1837-1850.
64. Wakimoto, R. M., 1982: The life cycle of thunderstorm gust fronts as viewed with Doppler radar and rawinsonde data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1060-1082.
65. Wakimoto, R. M., H. V. Murphey, A. Nester, D. P. Jorgensen, and N. T. Atkins, 2006: High winds generated by bow echoes. Part I: Overview of the Omaha Bow Echo 5 July 2003 storm during BAMEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2793-2812.
66. Weisman, M. L., 1992: The role of convectively generated rear-inflow jets in the evolution of long-lived mesoconvective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1826-1847.
67. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 504-520.
68. Weisman, M. Li, and J. B. Klemp, 1986: Characteristics of isolated convective storms. Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting, P. Ray, Ed., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 331-358.
69. Weisman, M. and R. J. Trapp, 2003: Low-level mesovortices within squall lines and bow echoes. Part I: Overview and dependence on environmental shear. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2779-2803.
70. Weisman, M. and R. Rotunno, 2004: "A theory for strong long-lived squall lines" revisited. J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 361-382.
71. Weisman, M. and R. Rotunno, 2005: Reply. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2997-3002.
72. Weisman, M. J. B. Klemp, and R. Rotunno, 1988: Structure and evolution of numerically simulated squall lines. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1990-2013.
73. Wilson, J. W., and W. E. Schreiber, 1986: Initiation of convective storms at radar-observed boundary-layer convergence lines. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 2516-2536.
74. Yang, M.-J., and R. A. Houze, 1995: Sensitivity of squall-line rear inflow to ice microphysics and environmental relative humidity. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3175-3193.