The clinical and pathophysiological relevance of REM sleep behavior disorder in neurodegenerative diseases

Sleep Medicine Reviews

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 385-401

  Iranzo, Alex ^a   Santamaria, Joan ^a   Tolosa, Eduard ^a  

^a HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

Dementia with Lewy bodies; Multiple system atrophy; Neurodegenerative diseases; Parkinson's disease; REM sleep; REM sleep behavior disorder

Indexed keywords

ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; CLONAZEPAM; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; LEVODOPA; MELATONIN; PRAMIPEXOLE; SELEGILINE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANAMNESIS; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BRAIN REGION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIFFUSE LEWY BODY DISEASE; DIZZINESS; DYSAUTONOMIA; ELECTROMYOGRAM; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; IMPOTENCE; MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEM; NIGRONEOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; PARASOMNIA; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY; REVIEW; SHY DRAGER SYNDROME; SOMNOLENCE; SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATION; URINE INCONTINENCE;

EID: 70350591923     PISSN: 10870792     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2008.11.003     Document Type: Review

References (200)

1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders. 2nd ed. (2005), American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester, IL
2. Schenck C.H., and Mahowald M.W. REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP. Sleep 25 (2002) 120-138
3. Jouvet M., and Delrome F. Locus coeruleus et sommeil paradoxal. CR Soc Biol 159 (1965) 895-899
4. Schenckel E., and Siegel J.M. REM sleep without atonia after lesions of the medial medulla. Neurosci Lett 98 (1989) 159-165
5. Schenck C.H., Bundlie S.R., Etinger M.G., and Mahowald M.W. Chronical behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia. Sleep 9 (1986) 293-308
6. Schenck C.H., and Mahowald M.W. Motor dyscontrol in narcolepsy: rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep without atonia and REM sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol 32 (1992) 3-10
7. Schenck C.H., Bundlie S.R., and Mahowald M.W. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38% of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 46 (1996) 388-393
8. Iranzo A., Molinuevo J.L., Santamaria J., Serradell M., Marti M.J., Valldeoriola F., et al. Rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder as an early marker for a neurodegenerative disease: a descriptive study. Lancet Neurol 5 (2006) 572-577
9. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Vendette M, Fantini Ml, Massicote- Marquez J, Montplaisir J. Quantifying the risk of neurodegenerative disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 2008 (in press).
10. Plazzi G. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and other parkinsonian disorders. Sleep Med 5 (2004) 195-199
11. Abad V.C., and Guilleminault C. Review of rapid eye movement behavior sleep disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 4 (2004) 157-163
12. Ferini-Strambi L., Fantini M.L., Zucconi M., Castronovo V., Marelli S., Oldani A., and Cappa S. REM sleep bevaviour disorder. Neurol Sci 26 Suppl (2005) 186-192
13. Fantini M.L., Ferini-Strambi L., and Montplaisir J. Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Toward a better nosologic definition. Neurology 64 (2005) 780-786
14. Paparrigopoulos T.J. REM sleep behaviour disorder: clinical profiles and pathophysiology. Int Rev Psychiatry 17 (2005) 293-300
15. Gagnon J.F., Postuma R.B., and Montplaisir J. Update on the pharmacology of REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 67 (2006) 742-747
16. Gagnon J.F., Postuma R.B., Mazza S., and Montplaisir J. Rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder and neurodegenerative diseases. Lancet Neurol 5 (2006) 424-432
17. Tachibana N. REM sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 254 Suppl. 4 (2007) 8-14
18. Comella C.L. REM sleep disorders and parkinsonism. J Neurol 254 Suppl. 5 (2007) 56-60
19. Thomas A., Bonanni L., and Onofrj M. Symptomatic REM sleep behaviour disorder. Neurol Sci 28 Suppl. 1 (2007) S21-S36
20. Gugger J.J., and Wagner M.L. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Ann Pharmacother 41 (2007) 1833-1841
21. Fantini M.L., and Ferini-Strambi L. Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Neurol Sci 28 Suppl. 1 (2007) 15-20
22. Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., Saper C.B., Ferman T.J., Dickson D.W., Parisi J.E., et al. Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. Brain 130 (2007) 2770-2788
23. Cock V.C., Vidailhet M., and Arnulf. Sleep disturbances in patients with parkinsonism. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 4 (2008) 254-266
24. Nadakarni M. Sleep disorders. Cognitive dysfunction in REM sleep behavior disorder. Rev Neurol Dis 5 (2008) 162-163
25. Stores G. Rapid eye movement disorder in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol 50 (2008) 728-732
26. Ohayon M.M., Caulet M., and Priest R.G. Violent behavior during sleep. J Clin Psychiatry 20 (1997) 340-348
27. Iranzo A., Rye D.B., Santamaria J., Valldeoriola F., Marti M.J., Muñoz E., et al. Characteristics of idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder and that associated with MSA and PD. Neurology 65 (2005) 247-252
28. Manni R., Terzaghi M., and Zambelli E. REM sleep behavior disorder and epileptic phenomena: clinical aspects of comorbidity. Epilepsia 47 Suppl. 5 (2006) 78-81
29. Manni R., Terzaghi M., and Zambelli E. REM sleep behavior disorder in elderly subjects with epilepsy. Frequency and clinical aspects of the comorbidity. Epilepsy Res 77 (2007) 128-133
30. Iranzo A. The importance of sleep medicine consultation for diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder in most patients with Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med 3 (2002) 537-538
31. Schenck C.H., Mahowald M.W., Kim S.W., O'Connor K.A., and Hurwitz T.D. Prominent eye movements during NREM sleep and REM sleep behavior disorder associated with fluoxetine treatment of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Sleep 15 (1992) 226-235
32. Winkelman J.W., and James L. Serotonergic antidepressants are associated with REM sleep without atonia. Sleep 27 2 (2004) 317-321
33. Onofrj M., Luciano A.L., Thomas A., Iacono D., and D'Andreamatteo G. Mirtazapine induces REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in parkinsonism. Neurology 60 (2003) 113-115
34. Olson E.J., Boeve B.F., and Silber M.H. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain 123 (2000) 331-339
35. Schenck C.H., and Mahowald M.W. REM sleep parasomnias. Neurol Clin 14 (1996) 697-720
36. De Cock V.C., Vidailhet M., Leu S., Texeira A., Apartis E., Elbaz A., et al. Restoration of normal muscle control in Parkinson's disease during REM sleep. Brain 130 (2007) 450-456
37. Plazzi G., Corsini R., Provini F., Pierangeli G., Martinelli P., Montagna P., et al. REM sleep behavior disorders in multiple system atrophy. Neurology 48 (1997) 1094-1097
38. Iranzo A., Santamaria J., Vilaseca I., and Martinez de Osaba M.J. Absence of alterations in serum sex hormones levels in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 30 (2007) 803-806
39. Chou K.L., Moro-De-Casillas, Amick M.M., Borek L.L., and Friedman J.H. Testosterone not associated with violent dreams or REM sleep behavior disorder in men with Parkinson's. Mov Disord 22 (2007) 411-414
40. Gagnon J.F., Bédard M.A., Fantini M.L., Petit D., Panisset M., Rompré S., et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 59 (2002) 585-589
41. Chiu H.F.K., Wing Y.K., Lam L.C.W., Li S.W., Lum C.M., Leung T., et al. Sleep-related injury in the elderly. An epidemiological study in Hong Kong. Sleep 23 (2000) 513-517
42. Borek L.L., Kohn R., and Friedman J.H. Phenomenology of dreams in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 22 (2007) 198-202
43. Iranzo A., and Santamaria J. Severe obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea mimicking REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 28 (2005) 203-206
44. Constantino A.E.A., and Waters C. Sonambulism in Parkinson's disease: another sleep disorder to deal with. Neurology 58 Suppl. 3 (2002) A432
45. Poryazova R., Waldvogel D., and Bassetti C.L. Sleepwalking in patients with parkinsonism. Arch Neurol 64 (2007) 1524-1527
46. Manni R., and Terzaghi M. REM behavior disorder associated with epileptic seizures. Neurology 64 (2005) 883-884
47. Bernath O., and Guilleminault C. Sleep-related violence, injury, and REM sleep behavior disorder in PD. Neurology 52 (1999) 1924
48. Diedrich N.J., Vaillant M., Leischen M., Mancuso G., Golinval S., Nati R., et al. Sleep apnea syndrome in Parkinson's disease. A case-control study in 49 patients. Mov Disord 20 (2005) 1413-1418
49. Zhang J., Lam S.P., and Ho C.K. Diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder by video-polysomnography study: is one night enough?. Sleep 31 (2008) 1179-1185
50. American Sleep Disorders Association. The international classification of sleep disorders. Diagnostic and coding manual (1990), American Sleep Disorders Association, Rochester, MN
51. Lapierre O., and Montplaisir J. Polysomnographic features of REM sleep behavior disorder: development of a scoring method. Neurology 42 (1992) 1371-1374
52. Consens F., Chervin R.D., and Koeppe R.A. Validation of a polysomnographic score for REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 28 (2005) 993-997
53. Frauscher B., Iranzo A., Höghl B., Casanova-Molla J., Salamero M., Gschliesser V., et al. Quantification of electromyographic activity during REM sleep in multiple muscles in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 31 (2008) 724-731
54. Burns J.W., Consens F., and Little R.J. EMG variance during polysomnography as an assessment for REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 30 (2007) 1771-1778
55. Mayer G., Kesper K., Polch T., Canisius S., Penzel T., Oertel W., et al. Quantification of tonic and phasic muscle activity in REM sleep behavior disorder. J Clin Neurophysiol 25 (2008) 48-55
56. Ferri R., Manconi M., Plazzi G., Vandi S., Poli F., Bruni O., et al. A quantitative statistical analysis of the submental muscle EMG amplitude during sleep in normal controls and patients with REM sleep behavior disorder. J Sleep Res 17 (2008) 89-100
57. Bliwise D.R., He L., Ansari F.P., and Rye D.B. Quantification of electromyographic activity during sleep: a phasic electromyographic metric. J Clin Neurophysiol 23 (2006) 59-67
58. Eisensehr I., Linke R., Tatsch K., Kharraz B., Gildehaus J.F., Wetter C.T., et al. Increased muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep correlates with decrease of striatal presynaptic dopamine transporters. IPT and IBZM SPECT imaging in subclinical and clinically manifest idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder, Parkinson's disease, and controls. Sleep 26 (2003) 507-512
59. Sforza E., Krieger J., and Petiau C. REM sleep behaviour disorder: clinical and pathophysiological findings. Sleep Med Rev 1 (1997) 57-69
60. Fantini M.L., Gagnon J.F., Filipini D., and Montplaisir J. The effects of pramipexole in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 61 (2003) 1418-1420
61. Frauscher B., Gschliesser V., Brandauer E., Ulmer H., Peralta C.M., Müller J., et al. Video analysis of motor events in REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord 22 (2007) 1464-1470
62. Kumru H., Santamaria J., Tolosa E., Valldeoriola F., Muñoz E., Marti M.J., et al. Rapid eye movement disorder in parkinsonism with PARKIN mutations. Ann Neurol 56 (2004) 599-603
63. Dullery C. Colanezapm. In: Dullery C, editor. Therapeutic drugs, vol. 1. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. C299-C303.
64. Kunz D., and Bes F. Melatonin as a therapy in REM sleep behavior disorder patients: an open-labeled pilot study on the possible influence of melatonin on REM-sleep regulation. Mov Disord 14 (1999) 507-511
65. Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., and Ferman T.J. Melatonin for treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder in neurological disorders: results in 14 patients. Sleep Med 4 (2003) 281-284
66. Iranzo A., and Santamaría J. Bisoprolol-induced REM sleep behavior disorder. Am J Med 107 (1999) 390-392
67. Fantini M.L., Postuma R.B., Montplaisir J., and Ferini-Strambi L. Olfactory deficit in idiopathic rapid eye movements sleep behavior disorder. Brain Res Bull 70 (2006) 386-390
68. Postuma R.B., Lang A.E., Massicotte-Marquez J., and Montplaisir J. Potential early markers of Parkinson disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 66 (2006) 845-851
69. Ferini-Strambi L., Di Gioia M.R., Castronovo V., Oldani A., Zucconi M., and Cappa S.F. Neuropsychological assessment in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 62 (2004) 41-45
70. Massicotte-Marquez J., Carrier J., Décary A., Décary A., Mathieu A., Vendette M., et al. Slow-wave sleep and delta power in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Ann Neurol 57 (2005) 277-282
71. Ferini-Strambi L., Oldani A., Zucconi M., and Smirne S. Cardiac autonomic activity during wakefulness and sleep in REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 19 (1996) 367-369
72. Miyamoto T., Miyamoto M., Inoue Y., Usui Y., Suzuki K., and Hirata K. Reduced cardiac 123I-MBIG scintigraphy in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 67 (2006) 2236-2238
73. Eisensehr I., Linke R., Noachtar S., Schwarz J., Guildehaus F.J., and Tatsch K. Reduced striatal dopamine transporters in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Brain 123 (2000) 1155-1160
74. Stockner H, Iranzo A, Seppi K, Serradell M, Gschliesser V, Sojer M, et al. Midbrain hyperechogenicity in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov disord 2009 (in press).
75. Unger M.M., Möller J.C., Stiasny-Kolster K., Mankel K., Berg D., Walter U., et al. Assessment of idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder by transcranial sonography, olfactory function test and FP-CIT-SPECT. Mov Disord 23 (2008) 596-599
76. Uchiyama M., Isse K., Tanaka K., Yokota N., Hamamoto M., Aida S., et al. Incidental Lewy body disease in a patient with REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 45 (1995) 709-712
77. Boeve B.F., Dickson D.W., Olson E.J., Shepard J.W., Silber M.H., Ferman T.J., et al. Insights into REM sleep behavior disorder pathophysiology in brainstem-predominant Lewy body disease. Sleep Med 8 (2007) 60-64
78. Schenck C.H., Bundlie S.R., and Mahowald M.W. REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) delayed emergence of parkinsonism and/or dementia in 65% of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic RBD, and an analysis of the maximum and minimum tonic and/or phasic electromyographic abnormalities found during REM sleep. Sleep 26 Suppl. (2003) A316
79. Iranzo A., Molinuevo J.L., Santamaria J., Serradell M., Marti M.J., Valldeoriola F., et al. Sixty-four percent of patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder developed a neurological disorder after a mean clinical follow-up of seven years. Sleep 31 Suppl (2008) A280
80. Wenning G.K., Colossi C., Gesser F., and Poewe W. Multiple system atrophy. Lancet Neurol 3 (2004) 93-103
81. Gilman S., Low P.A., Quinn N., Albanese A., Ben-Shlomo Y., Fowler C.J., et al. Consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Sci 163 (1999) 94-98
82. Benarroch E.E. Brainstem in multiple system atrophy: clinicopathological correlations. Cell Mol Neurobiol 23 (2003) 519-526
83. Tachibana N., Kimura K., Kitajama K., Shinde A., Kimura J., and Shibasaki H. REM sleep motor dysfunction in multiple system atrophy: with special emphasis on sleep talk as its early clinical manifestation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 63 (1997) 678-681
84. Köllensperger M., Geser F., Seppi K., Stampfer-Kountchev M., Sawires M., Scherfler C., et al. Red flags for MSA. Mov Disord 23 (2008) 1093-1099
85. Vetrugno R., Provini F., Cortelli P., Plazzi G., Lotti E.M., Pierangeli G., et al. Sleep disorders in multiple system atrophy: a correlative video-polysomnographic study. Sleep Med 5 (2004) 21-30
86. Gaig C., Iranzo A., Tolosa E., Vilaseca I., Rey M.J., and Santamaria J. Pathological description of a non-motor variant of multiple system atrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 (2008) 1399-1400
87. Arnulf I., Mabrouk T., Mohamed K., Konofal E., Derenne J.P., and Couratier P. Sages 1-2 Non rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder associated with dementia: anew parasomnia?. Mov Disord 20 (2005) 1223-1227
88. Provini F., Vertugno R., Pastorelli F., Cortelli P., Plazzi G., Lotti E.M., et al. Status dissociatus after surgery for tegmental ponto-mesencephalic cavernoma: a state dependent disorder of motor control during sleep. Mov Disord 19 (2004) 719-723
89. Benarroch E.E., Schmeichel A.M., and Parisi J.E. Depletion of mesopontine cholinergic and sparing raphe neurons in multiple system atrophy. Neurology 59 (2002) 944-946
90. Schmeichel A.M., Buchalter L.C., Low P.A., Parisi J.E., Boeve B.W., Sandroni P., et al. Mesopontine cholinergic neuron involvement in Lewy body dementia and multiple system atrophy. Neurology 70 (2008) 368-373
91. Iranzo A., Santamaria J., Tolosa E., Vilaseca I., Valldeoriola F., Martí M.J., et al. Long-term effect of CPAP in the treatment of nocturnal stridor in multiple system atrophy. Neurology 63 (2004) 930-932
92. Tolosa E., Wenning G., and Poewe W. The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 5 (2006) 75-86
93. Jellinger K.A. Postmortem studies in Parkinson's disease. Is it possible to detect brain areas for specific symptoms?. J Neural Transm 56 Suppl. (1999) 1-29
94. Wetter T.C., Trenkwalder C., Gershanik O., and Högl B. Polysomnographic measures in Parkinson's disease: a comparison between patients with and without REM sleep disturbances. Wien Klin Wochenschr 113 (2001) 249-253
95. Diederich N.J., Vaillant V., Mancuso G., Lyen P., and Tiete J. Progressive sleep destructuring in Parkinson's disease. A polysomnographic study in 46 patients. Sleep Med 6 (2005) 313-318
96. Comella C., Nardine T.M., Diederich N.J., and Stebbins G.T. Sleep-related violence, injury, and REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 51 (1998) 526-529
97. Antonini A., Pezzoli G., Castronovo V., Giusti M.C., and Ferini-Strambi L. REM sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson's disease (PD): relationship to PD onset and treatment. Sleep 25 (2002) A494
98. Scaglione C., Vignatelli L., Plazzi G., Marchese R., Negrotti A., Rizzo G., et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease: a questionnaire-based study. Neurol Sci 25 (2005) 316-321
99. Meral H., Aydemir, Ozer F., Ozturk O., Ozben S., Erol C., et al. Relationship between visual hallucinations and REM sleep behavior disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109 (2007) 862-867
100. Gjerstad M.D., Boeve B., Wentzel-Larsen T., Aarsland D., and Larsen J.P. Occurrence and clinical correlates of REM sleep behaviour disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease over time. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 (2007) 387-391
101. Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Vendette M., Charland K., and Montplaisir J. Manifestations of Parkinson disease differ in association with REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord 15 (2008) 1665-1672
102. Kumru H., Santamaria J., Tolosa E., and Iranzo A. Relation between subtype of Parkinson's disease and REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med 8 (2007) 779-783
103. Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Vendette M., Charland K., and Montplaisir J. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease is associated with specific motor features. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 (2008) 1117-1121
104. Gagnon J.F., Fantini M.L., Bédard M.A., Petit D., Carrier J., Rompré S., et al. Association between waking EEG slowing and REM sleep behavior in PD without dementia. Neurology 62 (2004) 401-406
105. Vendette M., Gagnon J.F., Décary A., Massicotte-Marquez J., Postuma R.B., Doyon J., et al. REM sleep behavior disorder predicts cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease without dementia. Neurology 69 (2007) 1843-1849
106. Benninger D., Waldvogel D., and Bassetti C.L. REM sleep behavior disorder predicts cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease without dementia (letter). Neurology 71 (2008) 955-956
107. Comella C., Stevens S., Stepanski E., and Leurgans S. Sensitivity analysis of the clinical criteria for REM behavior disorder (RBD) in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 58 Suppl. 3 (2002) A434
108. Eisensehr I., Lindeiner H., Jäger M., and Noachtar S. REM sleep behavior disorder in sleep-disordered patients with versus without Parkinson's disease: is there a need for polysomnography?. J Neurol Sci 186 (2001) 7-11
109. Kumru H., Iranzo A., Carrasco E., Valldeoriola F., Marti M.J., Santamaria J., et al. Lack of effects of pramipexole on REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease. Sleep 31 (2008) 1418-1421
110. Arnulf I., Bejjani B.P., Garma L., Bonnet A.M., Houeto J.L., Damier P., et al. Improvement of sleep architecture in PD with subthalamic stimulation. Neurology 55 (2000) 1732-1734
111. Iranzo A., Valldeoriola F., Santamaria J., Tolosa E., and Rumia J. Sleep symptoms and polysomnographic architecture in advanced Parkinson's disease after chronic bilateral subthalamic stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 72 (2002) 661-664
112. Mckeith I., Mintzer J., Aarsland D., Burn D., Chiu H., Cohen-Mansfield J., et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies. Lancet Neurol 3 (2004) 19-28
113. McKeith I.G., Dickson D.W., Lowe J., Emre M., O'Brien J.T., Feldman H., et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies. Third report of the DLB consortium. Neurology 65 (2005) 1863-1872
114. Ferman T.J., and Boeve B.F. Dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurol Clin 25 (2007) 741-760
115. Emre M., Aarsland D., Brown R., Burn D.J., Duyckaerts C., Mizuno Y., et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 22 (2007) 1689-1707
116. Janvin C.C., Larsen J.P., Salmon D.P., Galasko D., Hugdahal K., and Aarsland D. Cognitive profiles of individual patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia: comparison with dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease. Mov Disord 21 (2006) 337-342
117. Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., Ferman T.J., Kokmen E., Smith G.E., Ivnik R.J., et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and degenerative dementia. An association likely reflecting Lewy body disease. Neurology 51 (1998) 363-370
118. Ferman T.J., Boeve B.F., Smith G.E., Silber M.H., Kokmen E., Petersen R.C., et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and dementia. Cognitive differences when compared with AD. Neurology 52 (1999) 951-957
119. Ferman T., Boeve B.F., Smith G., Silber M.H., Lucas J.A., Graff-Radford N.R., et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies may present as dementia with REM sleep behavior disorder without parkinsonism or hallucinations. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 8 (2002) 907-914
120. Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., and Parisi J.E. Synucleinopathy pathology and REM sleep behavior disorder plus dementia or parkinsonism. Neurology 61 (2003) 40-45
121. Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., and Ferman T.L. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 17 (2004) 146-157
122. Boeve B.F., Ferman T.J., Silber M.H., and Smith G.E. Sleep disturbances in dementia with Lewy bodies involve more than REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology Suppl1 (2003) A79
123. Ferman T.J., Smith G.E., Boeve B.F., Ivnik R.J., Petersen R.C., Knopman D., et al. DLB fluctuations. Specific features that reliably differentiate DLB from AD and normal aging. Neurology 62 (2004) 181-187
124. Iranzo A., Serradell M., Molinuevo J.L., and Santamaria J. Neuropsychological profile of mild cognitive impairment in patients with REM sleep behavior disorder. J Sleep Res 17 Suppl. (2008) 103
125. McKeith I.G., Galasko D., Kosaka K., Perry E.K., Dickson D.W., Hansen L.A., et al. Consensus guidelines for the clinical and pathological diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): Report of the consortium on DLB international workshop. Neurology 47 (1996) 1113-1124
126. Turner R.S., D'Amato C.J., Chervin R.D., and Blaivas M. The pathology of REM sleep behavior disorder with comorbid Lewy body dementia. Neurology 55 (2000) 1730-1732
127. de Brito-Marques P.R., de Mello R.V., and Montenegro L. Nightmares without atonia as an early symptom of diffuse Lewy bodies disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 61 (2003) 936-941
128. Gagnon F., Petit F., Fantini M.L., Rompré S., Gauthier S., Panisset M., et al. REM sleep behavior and REM sleep without atonia in probable Alzheimer disease. Sleep 29 (2006) 1321-1325
129. Braak H., and Braak E. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol 82 (1991) 239-259
130. Tolosa E., Valldeoriola F., and Pastor P. In: Jankovic J., and Tolosa E. (Eds). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders (2002), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 152-169
131. Pareja J.A., Caminero A.B., Masa J.F., Dobato J.L., and Schenck C. A first case of progressive supranuclear palsy and pre-clinical REM sleep behavior disorder presenting as inhibition of speech during wakefulness and somniloquy with phasic muscle twitching during REM sleep. Neurologia 11 (1996) 304-306
132. Arnulf I., Merino-Andreu M., Bloch F., Konofal E., Vidailhet M., Cochen V., et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in progressive supranuclear palsy. Sleep 28 (2005) 349-354
133. Sixel-Döring F, Schweitzer M, Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C. Polysomnographic findings, video-based sleep analysis and perception in progressive supranuclear palsy. Sleep Med, in press.
134. Caparros-Lefebvre D., Sergeant N., Lees A., Camuzat A., Daniel S., Lannuzel A., et al. Guadeloupean parkinsonism: a cluster of progressive supranuclear palsy-like taupathy. Brain 125 (2002) 801-811
135. De Cock V.C., Lannuzel A., Verhaeghe S., Verhaeghe S., Roze E., Ruberg M., et al. REM sleep behavior disorder in patients with Guadeloupean parkinsonism, a taupathy. Sleep 30 (2007) 1026-1032
136. Biglan K.M., and Shoulson I. Huntington's disease. In: Jankovic J., and Tolosa E. (Eds). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders (2007), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 212-227
137. Arnulf I., Nielsen J., Lehman E., Schiefer J., Wild E., Jennum P., et al. Rapid eye movement sleep disturbances in Huntington disease. Arch Neurol 68 (2008) 482-488
138. Klockether T. Hereditary ataxias. In: Jankovic J., and Tolosa E. (Eds). Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. 5th ed. (2007), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 421-435
139. Friedman J.H., Fernandez H.H., and Sudarsky L. REM behavior disorder and excessive daytime somnolence in Machado-Joseph disease (SCA-3). Mov Disord 18 (2003) 1520-1522
140. Syed B.H., Rye D.B., and Singh G. REM sleep behavior disorder and SCA-3 (Machado-Joseph disease). Neurology 60 (2003) 148
141. Iranzo A., Muñoz E., Santamaria J., Vilaseca I., Mila M., and Tolosa E. REM sleep behavior disorder and vocal cord paralysis in Machado-Joseph disease. Mov Disord 18 (2003) 1179-1183
142. Arnulf I., Merino-Andreu M., Durr A., Camuzant A., Derenne J.P., and Similowski T. Sleep disorders in autosomic dominant spinocerebellar ataxia: a genotype-phenotype study. Sleep 26 Suppl. (2003) A353
143. Boesch S., Frauscher B., Brandauer E., Wenning G.K., Höghl B., and Poewe W. Disturbance of rapid eye movement sleep in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. Mov Disord 21 (2006) 1751-1754
144. Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., Ferman T.J., Lucas J.A., and Parisi J.E. Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease nay reflect an underlying synucleionopathy. Mov Disord 16 (2001) 622-630
145. Matheson J.K., and Saper C.B. REM sleep behavior disorder. A dopaminergic deficiency disorder?. Neurology 61 (2003) 1328-1329
146. Jellinger K.A. Neuropathological spectrum of synucleinopathies. Mov Disord 18 Suppl. 6 (2003) S2-S12
147. Turner R.S. Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder is a harbinger of dementia with Lewy bodies. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 15 (2002) 195-199
148. Schenck C.H., Mahowald M.W., Anderson M.L., Silber M.H., Boeve B.F., and Parisi J.E. Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease (AD) identified by postmortem ubiquitin staining in a previously reported case of AD associated with REM sleep behavior disorder. Biol Psychiatry 42 (1997) 527-528
149. Boeve B.F., Lin S.C., Strongosky A., Dickson D.W., and Wszolek Z.K. Absence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in 11 members of the pallidopontonigral degeneration kindred. Arch Neurol 63 (2006) 268-272
150. Plazzi G., Cortelli P., Montagna P., De Monte A., Corsini R., Contin M., et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder differentiates pure autonomic failure from multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64 (1998) 683-685
151. Weyer A., Minnerop M., Abele M., and Klockgether T. REM sleep behavioral disorder in pure autonomic failure (PAF). Neurology 66 (2006) 608-609
152. Jellinger K.A. Lewy body-related alpha-synucleionopathy in the aged human brain. J Neural Transm 11 (2004) 1219-1235
153. Tan A., Salgado M., and Fahn S. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder preceding Parkinson's disease with therapeutic response to levodopa. Mov Disord 11 (1996) 214-216
154. Schmidt M.H., Koshal V.B., and Schmidt H.S. Use of pramipexole in REM sleep behavior disorder: results from a case series. Sleep Med 7 (2006) 418-423
155. Piette T., Mescola P., Uytdenhoef P., Henriet M., Vanderkelen B., Jacquy, et al. A unique episode of RBD was triggered during surgery for Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 253 (2007) 73-76
156. Gilman S., Koeppe R.A., Chervin R.D., Consens F.B., Little R., An H., et al. REM sleep behavior disorder is related to striatal monoaminergic deficit in MSA. Neurology 61 (2003) 29-34
157. García-Borreguero D., Caminero A.B., de la Llave Y., Larrosa O., Barrio S., Granizo J.J., et al. Decreased phasic EMG activity during rapad eye movement sleep in treatment-naïve Parkinson's disease: effects of treatment with levodopa and progression of illness. Mov Disord 17 (2002) 934-941
158. Kanyak D., Kiziltan H., Benbir G., and Uysal O. Sleep and sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease before and after dopaminergic treatment. Eur J Neurol 12 (2005) 199-207
159. Louden M.B., Morehead M.A., and Schmidt M.S. Activation by selegiline of REM sleep behavior in parkinsonism. W V Med J 91 (1995) 101
160. Cicolin A., Lopiano L., Zibetti M., Torre E., Tavella A., Guastamacchia G., et al. Effects of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on sleep architecture in parkinsonian patients. Sleep Med 5 (2004) 207-210
161. Kimura K., Tachibana N., Kohyama J., Otsuka Y., Fukuzaka S., and Waki R. A discrete pontine ischemic lesion could cause REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 55 (2000) 894-895
162. Plazzi G., and Montagna P. Remitting REM sleep behavior disorder as the initial sign of multiple sclerosis. Sleep Med 3 (2002) 437-439
163. Zambelis T., Paparrigopoulos T., and Soldatos C.R. REM sleep behaviour disorder associated with a neurinoma of the left pontocerebellar angle. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72 (2002) 821-822
164. Condurso R., Aricò I., Romanello G., Gervasi G., and Silvestri R. Status dissociatus in multilacunar encephalopathy with median pontine lesion: a video-polygraphic presentation. J Sleep Res 15 Suppl. 1 (2006) 212
165. Tippmann-Peikert M., Boeve B.B., and Keegan B.M. REM sleep behavior disorder initiated by acute brainstem multiple sclerosis. Neurology 66 (2006) 1277-1279
166. Gomez-Choco M., Iranzo A., Blanco Y., Graus F., Santamaria J., and Saiz A. Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Multiple Sclerosis. Mul Scler 13 (2007) 805-808
167. Xi Z, Luning W. REM sleep behavior disorder in a patient with a pontine stroke. Sleep Med, in press.
168. Iranzo A, Aparicio J. A lesson from anatomy: focal brain lesions causing REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med, in press.
169. Tippmann-Peikert M., Boeve B.F., and Silber M.H. Structural lesions associated with REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 31 Suppl. (2008) A264
170. Boissard R., Fort P., Gervasoni D., Barbagli B., and Luppi P.H. Localization of the GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons projecting to the sublaterodorsal nucleus and potentially gating paradoxical sleep onset. Eur J Neurosci 18 (2003) 1627-1639
171. Lu J., Sherman D., Devor M., and Saper C.B. A putative flip-flop switch for control of REM sleep. Nature 441 (2006) 589-594
172. Brooks P., Tse G., and Peever J. Impaired gabaergic and glycinergic neurotransmission induces RBD in transgenic mice. Sleep 30 (2007) A11
173. Burgess C., Lai D., Siegel J., and Peever J. An endogenous glutamatergic drive onto somatic motoneurons contributes to the stereotypical pattern of muscle tone across the sleep-wake cycle. J Neurosci 28 (2008) 4649-4660
174. Luppi P.H., Gervasoni D., Verret L., Goutagny R., Peyron C., Salvert D., et al. Paradoxical (REM) sleep genesis: The switch from an aminergic-cholinergic to GABAergic-glutamatergic hypothesis. J Physiol Paris 100 (2007) 271-283
175. Chase M.H., Soja P.J., and Morales F.R. Evidence that glycine mediates the postsynaptic potentials that inhibit lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep. J Neurosci 9 (1989) 743-751
176. Brooks P.L., and Peever J.H. Glycinercic and GABAA-mediated inhibition aof somatic motoneurons does not mediate rapid eye movement sleep mptor atonia. J Neurosci 28 (2008) 3535-3545
177. Funk G.D. Are all motoneurons created equal in the eyes of REM sleep and the mechanisms of muscle atonia?. Sleep 31 (2008) 1479-1482
178. Soja P.J. Glycine-mediated postsynaptic inhibition is responsible for REM sleep atonia. Sleep 31 (2008) 1483-1486
179. Chase MH. Confirmation of the consensus that glycinergic postsynaptic inhibition is responsible for the atonia of REM sleep. Sleep; 31:1487-491.
180. Brooks P.L., and Peever J.H. Unraveling the mechanisms of REM sleep atonia. Sleep 31 (2008) 1492-1497
181. Berger A.J. What causes muscle atonia in REM?. Sleep 31 (2008) 1477-1478
182. Hendricks J.C., Morrison A.R., and Mann G.L. Different behaviors during paradoxical sleep without atonia depend on pontine lesion site. Brain Res 239 (1982) 81-105
183. Zagrodzka J., Hedberg C.E., Mann G.L., and Morrison A.R. Contrasting expressions of aggressive behavior related by lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala during wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep without atonia in cats. Behav Neurosci 112 (1998) 589-602
184. Iranzo A., Graus F., and Clover L. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and potassium channel antibody-associated limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol 59 (2006) 178-182
185. Lugaresi E., and Provini F. Agrypinia excitata: clinical features and pathophysiologic implications. Sleep Med Rev 5 (2001) 313-322
186. Braak H., Rüb U., Sandmann-Keil D., Gai W.P., de Vos R.A., Jansen Steur E.N., et al. Parkinson's disease: affection of brain stem nuclei controlling premotor and motor neurons of the somatomotor system. Acta Neuropathol 99 (2000) 489-495
187. Pahapill P.A., and Lozano A.M. The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson's disease. Brain 123 (2000) 1767-1783
188. Arima K., Murayama S., Mukoyama M., and Inose T. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies of neuronal and oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Acta Neuropathol 83 (1992) 453-460
189. Harding A.J., Broe A.J., and Halliday G.M. Visual hallucinations in Lewy body disease relate to Lewy bodies in the temporal lobe. Brain 125 (2002) 391-403
190. Mahowald M.W., and Schenck M.W. Dissociated states of wakefulness and sleep. Neurology 42 Suppl. 6 (1992) 44-52
191. Braak H., Del Tredici K., Rub U., de Vos R.A., Jansen Steur E.N., and Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 24 (2003) 197-211
192. Braak H., Rüb U., Gai W.P., and Del Tredici K. Idiopathic Parkinson's disease: possible routes by which vulnerable types may be subject to neuroinvasion by an unknown pathogen. J Neural Transm 110 (2003) 517-536
193. Kalaitzakis M.E., Graeber M.B., Gemtelmen S.M., and Pearce R.K. The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus is not an obligatory trigger site of Parkinson's disease: a critical analysis of alpha-synuclein staging. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 34 (2008) 284-295
194. Jellinger K.A. Alpha-synuclein pathology in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease brain: incidence and topographical distribution-a pilot study. Acta Neuropathol 106 (2003) 191-201
195. Ozawa T., Paviour D., Quinn N.P., Ozawa T., Arai T., Hamamatsu A., et al. The spectrum of pathological involvement of the striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar systems in multiple system atrophy: clinicopathological correlations. Brain 127 (2004) 2657-2671
196. Parkkinen L., Kauppinen T., Pirttilä, Autere J.M., and Alafuzoff I. Alpha-synuclein pathology does not predict extrapyramidal symptoms or dementia. Ann Neurol 57 (2005) 82-91
197. Lindboe C.F., and Hansen H.B. The frequency of Lewy bodies in a consecutive autopsy series. Clin Neuropathol 17 (1998) 2004-2009
198. Parkkinen L., Soininen H., Laasko M., and Alafuzoff. Alpha-synuclein pathology is highly dependent on the case selection. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 27 (2001) 314-325
199. Yamamoto R., Iseki E., Marui W., Togo T., Katsuse O., Kato M., et al. Non-uniformity in the regional pattern of Lewy pathology in brains of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neuropathology 25 (2005) 188-194
200. Jellinger K.A., Seppi K., and Wenning G.K. Grading of neuropathology in multiple system atrophy: proposal for a novel scale. Mov Disord 20 Suppl. 12 (2005) S29-S36