A closer look at the individual and joint effects of gender and race on juvenile justice decision making

Feminist Criminology

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 333-358

  Leiber, Michael J ^a   Brubaker, Sarah Jane ^a   Fox, Kristan C ^a  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bias; Gender; Intersectionality; Juvenile justice decision making; Multiple stages; Race

Indexed keywords

EID: 70350524885     PISSN: 15570851     EISSN: 1557086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1557085109338564     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Abrams, L.S. (2002). Rethinking girls at-risk: Gender, race, and class intersections and adolescent development. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 6(2), 47-64.
2. Aldrich, J., & Nelson, F. (1984). Linear probability, logit and tobit models. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.
3. Anderson, E. (1990). Streetwise: Race, class, and change in an urban community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4. Barak, G., Flavin, J., & Leighton, P. (2006). Class, race, gender, and crime: The socialrealities of justice in America (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
5. Bell, D., Jr., & Lang, K. (1985). The intake dispositions of juvenile offenders. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 22, 309-328.
6. Berk, R. (1983). An introduction to sample selection bias in sociological data. American Sociological Review, 48, 386-398.
7. Bishop, D. (2005). The role of race and ethnicity in juvenile justice processing. In D. Hawkins & K. Kempf-Leonard (Eds.), Our children, their children: Confronting racial and ethnic differences in American juvenile justice (pp. 23-82). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8. Bishop, D., & Frazier, C. (1992). Gender bias in juvenile justice processing: Implications of the JJDP Act. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82, 1162-1186.
9. Bishop, D., & Frazier, C. (1996). Race effects in juvenile justice decision-making: Findings of a statewide analysis. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 86, 392-414.
10. Bond-Maupin, L., Chiago-Lujan, C., & Bortner, M.A. (1995). Jailing of American Indian adolescents: The legacy of cultural domination and imposed law. Crime, Law, and Social Change, 23, 1-16.
11. Bourgois, P. (2006). In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
12. Bridges, G., & Steen, S. (1998). Racial disparities in official assessments of juvenile offenders: Attributional stereotypes as mediating mechanisms. American Sociological Review, 63, 554-570.
13. Brubaker, S.J., & Hood, K. (2006, August). Social constructions of girls' risky behaviors: Perspectives of Juvenile Justice staff members. Paper presented at the Society for the Study of Social Problems Annual Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
14. Bureau of the Census. (2000). 2000 Census of Population: General Population Characteristics. Washington, DC: Author.
15. Burgess-Proctor, A. (2006). Intersections of race, class, and gender, and crime: Future directions for feminist criminology. Feminist Criminology, 2, 27-47.
16. Bushway, S., Johnson, B., & Slocum, L.A. (2007). Is the magic still there? The use of the Heckman two-step correction for selection bias in criminology. Quantitative Criminology, 23, 151-178.
17. Carr, P., & Alfieri, G. (2006). Juvenile delinquency and gender: Young women, criminal behavior, and gang involvement. In C. M. Renzetti, L. Goodstein, & S. L. Miller (Eds.), Rethinking gender, crime and justice: Feminist readings (pp. 76-92). Los Angeles: Roxbury.
18. Chesney-Lind, M. (1977). Judicial paternalism and the female status offender. Crime & Delinquency, 23, 121-130.
19. Chesney-Lind, M. (1988). Girls in jail. Crime & Delinquency, 34, 150-168.
20. Chesney-Lind, M. (1997). The female offender. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21. Chesney-Lind, M., & Shelden, R.G. (2004). Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
22. Collins, P.H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
23. Crenshaw, K. (1991). De-marginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. In K. Bartlett & R. Kennedy (Eds.), Feminist legal theory (pp. 57-80). Boulder, CO: Westview.
24. Daly, K. (1997). Different ways of conceptualizing sex/gender in feminist theory and their implications for criminology. Theoretical Criminology, 1(1), 25-51.
25. Dannefer, D., & Schutt, R. (1982). Race and juvenile justice processing in court and police agencies. American Journal of Sociology, 87, 1113-1132.
26. Feld, B. (1988). In re Gault Revisited: A Cross-State Comparison of the Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court. Crime & Delinquency. 34, 393-424.
27. Gaarder, E., Rodriguez, N., & Zatz, M.S. (2004). Criers, liars, and manipulators: Probation officers' views of girls. Justice Quarterly, 21, 547-578.
28. Guevara, L., Spohn, C. & Herz, D. (2004) Race, Legal Representation, and Juvenile Justice: Issues and Concerns. Crime & Delinquency. 50, 344-371.
29. Guevara, L., Herz, D., & Spohn, C. (2006). Gender and juvenile justice decision making: What role does race play? Feminist Criminology, 1, 258-282.
30. Harris, A. (2007). Diverting and abdicating judicial discretion: Cultural, political, and procedural dynamics in California juvenile justice. Law & Society Review, 41, 387-428.
31. Heckman, J. (1974). Shadow prices, market wages, and labor supply. Econometrica, 42, 679-694.
32. Horowitz, R., & Pottieger, A. (1991). Gender bias in juvenile justice handling of serious crime-involved youth. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 28, 75-100.
33. Hsia, H., Bridges, G., & McHale, R. (2004). Disproportionate minority confinement: 2002 update. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
34. Iowa Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning and Statistics. (2000, April). Youth development approach for Iowa's children and families: Formula grant application and three-year comprehensive plan. Des Moines, IA: Author.
35. Johnson, D., & Scheuble, L. (1991). Gender bias in the disposition of juvenile court referrals: The effects of time and location. Criminology, 29, 677-699.
36. Johnson, J., & Secret, P. (1990). Race and juvenile court decision making revisited. Criminal Justice Policy Research, 4, 159-187.
37. Kempf-Leonard, K. (2007). Minority youths and juvenile justice: Disproportionate minority contact after nearly 20 years of reform efforts. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5, 71.
38. Kempf-Leonard, K., & Sontheimer, H. (1995). The role of race in juvenile justice in Pennsylvania. In K. Kempf-Leonard, C. Pope, & W. Feyerhem (Eds.), Minorities in juvenile justice (pp. 98-127). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
39. Leiber, M. (2002). Disproportionate minority confinement (DMC) of youth: An analysis of efforts to address the issue. Crime & Delinquency, 48, 3-45.
40. Leiber, M. (2003). The contexts of juvenile justice decision making: When race matters. Albany: State University of New York Press.
41. Leiber, M., & Fox, K. (2005). Race and the impact of detention on juvenile justice decision making. Crime & Delinquency, 51, 470-497.
42. Leiber, M., & Johnson, J. (2008). Being young and black: What are their effects on juvenile justice decision making? Crime & Delinquency, 54, 560-581.
43. Leiber, M., & Mack, K. (2003). The individual and joint effects of race, gender, and family status on juvenile justice decision-making. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40, 34-70.
44. Leiber, M., & Stairs, J. (1999). Race, contexts, and the use of intake diversion. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 56-86.
45. Long, S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46. MacDonald, J.M., & Chesney-Lind, M. (2001). Gender bias and juvenile justice revisited: A multiyear analysis. Crime & Delinquency, 47, 173-195.
47. Mallicoat, S. (2007). Gendered justice: Attributional differences between males and females in the juvenile courts. Feminist Criminology, 2, 4-30.
48. Messerschmidt, J. (1997) Crime as Structured Action: Gender, Race, Class, and Crime in the Making. SAGE Publications.
49. Miller, J. (1996). Race, gender and juvenile justice: An examination of disposition decision-making for delinquent girls. In M. Schwartz & D. Milovanovic (Eds.), Race, gender and class in criminology: The intersection (pp. 219-246). New York: Garland.
50. Morris, A. (1987). Women, crime, and criminal justice. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
51. National Council on Crime and Delinquency. (2007). And justice for some: Differential treatment of youth of color in the juvenile justice system. Oakland, CA: Author.
52. Nellis, A. (2005). Seven steps to develop and evaluate strategies to reduce disproportionate minority contact (DMC). Washington, DC: Juvenile Justice Evaluation Center.
53. Odem, M. (1995). Delinquent daughters: Protecting and policing adolescent female sexuality in the United States, 1885-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
54. Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36, 859-866.
55. Pope, C.E., & Feyerherm, W. (1992). Minorities and the juvenile justice system: Full report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
56. Pope, C.E., Lovell, R., & Hsia, H. (2002). Synthesis of disproportionate minority confinement (DMC) literature (1989-1999). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
57. Price, B., & Sokoloff, N. (2004). The criminal justice system and women: Offenders, victims, and workers. McGraw-Hill: New York.
58. Rodriguez, N. (2007). Juvenile court context and detention decisions: Reconsidering the role of race, ethnicity, and community characteristics in juvenile court processes. Justice Quarterly, 24, 629-656.
59. Sampson, R., & Laub, J. (1993). Structural variations in juvenile court processings: Inequality, the underclass, and social control. Law & Society Review, 27, 285-311.
60. Sanborn, J.B., Jr. (1995). Guardian of the public and/or the child: Policy questions and conflicts for the juvenile court prosecutor. Justice System Journal, 18, 141-156.
61. Sanborn, J.B., Jr. (2001). A parens patriae figure or impartial fact finder: Policy questions and conflicts for the juvenile court judge. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 12, 311-332.
62. Schwartz, I., Steketee, M., & Schneider, V. (1990). Federal Juvenile Justice Policy and the Incarceration of Girls. Crime & Delinquency. 36, 511-520.
63. Singer, S. (1996). Recriminalizing delinquency: Violent juvenile crime and juvenile justice reform. New York: Cambridge University Press.
64. Snyder, H. (2005, August). Juvenile arrests 2003. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Available from http://www.ojjdp.gov.
65. Steen, S., Engen, R., & Gainey, R. (2005). Images of danger and culpability: Racial stereotyping, case processing, and criminal sentencing. Criminology, 43, 435-469.
66. Steffensmeier, D., Ulmer, J. & Kramer, J. (1998). The Interaction of Race, Gender, and Age in Criminal Sentencing: The Punishment Cost of Being Young, Black, and Male. Criminology 36, 763-798.
67. Stolenzberg, R., & Relles, D. (1990). Theory testing in a world of constrained research design. Sociological Methods Research, 18, 395-415.
68. Teilmann, K., & Landry, P. (1981). Gender bias in juvenile justice. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 18, 47-80.
69. Van Wormer, K., & Bartollas, C. (2000). Extent and nature of female crime. In Women and the criminal justice system (pp. 37-53). Needham, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
70. Visher, C. (1983). Gender, police arrest decisions, and notions of chivalry. Criminology, 21, 5-8.
71. Wilson, W. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York: Alfred Knopf.
72. Wordes, M., & Bynum, T.S. (1995). Policing juveniles: Is their bias against youths of color? In K. Kempf-Leonard, C. Pope, & W. Feyerherm (Eds.), Minorities in juvenile justice (pp. 47-65). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
73. Zatz, M. (2000). The convergence of race, ethnicity, gender, and class on court decision making: Looking toward the 21st century: Vol. 3: Criminal justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.