Protective effects of garlic and silymarin on NDEA-induced rats hepatotoxicity

International Journal of Biological Sciences

Volumn 5, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 549-557

  Shaarawy, Sabry M ^a   Tohamy, Amany A ^b   Elgendy, Saad M ^a   Abd Elmageed, Zakaria Y ^b,c   Bahnasy, Abeer ^c   Mohamed, Maha S ^b   Kandil, Emad ^c   Matrougui, Khalid ^c  

^a CAIRO UNIVERSITY   (Egypt)

^b Helwan University   (Egypt)

^c TULANE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Garlic; Hepatotoxicity; Liver enzymes; NDEA; Oxidative stress; Rats; Silymarin

Indexed keywords

ALLIUM SATIVUM; ANIMALIA; RATTUS; TETRA;

CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; DIETHYLNITROSAMINE; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN; PLANT EXTRACT; SILYMARIN; SOLVENT; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; SURVIVIN PROTEIN, RAT;

ANIMAL; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECT; ENZYMOLOGY; FLOW CYTOMETRY; GARLIC; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LIVER; MALE; METABOLISM; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RAT;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; DIETHYLNITROSAMINE; FLOW CYTOMETRY; GARLIC; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LIVER; MALE; MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLANT EXTRACTS; RATS; SILYMARIN; SOLVENTS; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE;

EID: 70350518265     PISSN: 14492288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.549     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Farazi PA, DePinho RA. Hepatocellular carcinoma pathogene- sis: from genes to environment. Nat Rev Cancer 2006;6:674-87.
2. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007;57:43-66.
3. Jose K, Kuttan R, Bhattacharya K. Effect of Emblica officinalis extract on hepatocarcinogenesis and carcinogen metabolism. Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition 1998;25:31-39
4. Liao DJ, Blanck A, Eneroth P, et al. Diethylnitrosamine causes pituitary damage, disturbs hormone levels, and reduces sexual dimorphism of certain liver functions in the rat. Environ Health Perspect 2001;109:943-7.
5. Akintonwa DA. The derivation of nitrosamines from some therapeutic amines in the human environment. Ecotoxicol En-viron Saf 1985;9:64-70.
6. Archer MC. Mechanisms of action of N-nitroso compounds. Cancer Surv 1989;8:241-50.
7. Vitaglione P, Morisco F, Caporaso N, et al. Dietary antioxidant compounds and liver health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2004;44:575-86.
8. Block E. The chemistry of garlic and onions. Sci Am 1985;252:114-9.
9. Liu J, Lin RI, Milner JA. Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumors and DNA adducts by garlic powder. Carcinogenesis 1992;13:1847-51.
10. Amagase H, Milner JA. Impact of various sources of garlic and their constituents on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene binding to mammary cell DNA. Carcinogenesis 1993;14:1627-31.
11. Song K, Milner JA. Heating garlic inhibits its ability to suppress 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced DNA adduct forma- tion in rat mammary tissue. J Nutr 1999;129:657-61.
12. You WC, Blot WJ, Chang YS, et al. Allium vegetables and re- duced risk of stomach cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:162-4.
13. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. A prospective cohort study on the relationship between onion and leek con- sumption, garlic supplement use and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in The Netherlands. Carcinogenesis 1996;17:477-84.
14. Hsing AW, Chokkalingam AP, Gao YT, et al. Allium vegetables and risk of prostate cancer: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:1648-51.
15. El-Samaligy MS, Afifi NN, Mahmoud EA. Evaluation of hybrid liposomes-encapsulated silymarin regarding physical stability and in vivo performance. Int J Pharm 2006;319:121-9.
16. Kren V, Walterova D. Silybin and silymarin-new effects and applications. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005;149:29-41.
17. Dhiman RK, Chawla YK. Herbal medicines for liver diseases. Dig Dis Sci 2005;50:1807-12.
18. Balasenthil S, Arivazhagan S, Ramachandran CR, et al. Effects of garlic on 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Cancer Detect Prev 1999;23:534-8.
19. Samaranayake MD, Wickramasinghe SM, Angunawela P, et al. Inhibition of chemically induced liver carcinogenesis in Wistar rats by garlic (Allium sativum). Phytother Res 2000;14:564-7.
20. Fraschini F, Demartini G, Esposti D. Pharmacology of silymarin. Clin Drug Investig 2002;22: 51-65.
21. Sundaresan S, Subramanian P. S-allylcysteine inhibits circulatory lipid peroxidation and promotes antioxidants in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced carcinogenesis. Pol J Pharmacol 2003;55:37-42.
22. Retiman S, Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol 1957;28: 56-63.
23. Belfield A, Goldberg DM. Revised assay for serum phenyl phosphatase activity using 4-amino-antipyrine. Enzyme 1971;12:561-73.
24. Berkels R, Purol-Schnabel S, Roesen R. Measurement of nitric oxide by reconversion of nitrate/nitrite to NO. Methods Mol Biol 2004;279:1-8.
25. Esterbauer H, Cheeseman KH. Determination of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products: malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal. Methods Enzymol 1990;186:407-21.
26. Nishikimi M, Appaji N, Yagi K. The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972;46:849-54.
27. Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;82:70-7.
28. Zanetti G. Rabbit liver glutathione reductase. Purification and properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979;198:241-6.
29. Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 1974;249:7130-9.
30. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, et al. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265-75.
31. Ramchurren N, Cooper K, Summerhayes IC. Molecular events underlying schistosomiasis-related bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 1995;62:237-44.
32. Bartsch H, Hietanen E, Malaveille C. Carcinogenic nitrosamines: free radical aspects of their action. Free Radic Biol Med 1989;7:637-44.
33. Bansal AK, Bansal M, Soni G, et al. Protective role of Vitamin E pre-treatment on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Chem Biol Interact 2005;156:101-11.
34. Naik SR, Panda VS. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba phytosomes in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rodents. Liver Int 2007; 27:393-9.
35. Pradeep K, Mohan CV, Gobianand K, et al. Silymarin modulates the oxidant-antioxidant imbalance during diethylnitrosamine induced oxidative stress in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;560:110-6.
36. Gedik N, Kabasakal L, Sehirli O, et al. Long-term administration of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) alleviates liver fibrosis and oxidative damage induced by biliary obstruction in rats. Life Sci 2005;76:2593-606.
37. Nakagawat S, Kasug S, Matsuura H. Prevention of liver damage by aged garlic extract and its components in mice. Phytotherapy Research 1989;3:50-53.
38. Gey KF. Prospects for the prevention of free radical disease, regarding cancer and cardiovascular disease. Br Med Bull 1993;49:679-99.
39. Banakar MC, Paramasivan SK, Chattopadhyay MB, et al. 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents DNA damage and restores antioxidant enzymes in rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine and promoted by phenobarbital. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:1268-75.
40. de Zwart LL, Meerman JH, Commandeur JN, et al. Biomarkers of free radical damage applications in experimental animals and in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26:202-26.
41. Jeyabal PV, Syed MB, Venkataraman M, et al. Apigenin inhibits oxidative stress-induced macromolecular damage in N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis in Wistar albino rats. Mol Carcinog 2005;44:11-20.
42. Horie T, Awazu S, Itakura Y, et al. Identified diallyl polysulfides from an aged garlic extract which protects the membranes from lipid peroxidation. Planta Med 1992;58:468-9.
43. Yamasaki T, Lau BH. [Garlic compounds protect vascular endothelial cells from oxidant injury]. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1997;110 (Suppl 1):138P-141P.
44. Ramakrishnan G, Raghavendran HR, Vinodhkumar R, et al. Suppression of N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis by silymarin in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2006;161:104-14.
45. Kiruthiga PV, Shafreen RB, Pandian SK, et al. Silymarin protection against major reactive oxygen species released by environmental toxins: exogenous H2O2 exposure in erythrocytes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007;100:414-9.
46. Arivazhagan S, Balasenthil S, Nagini S. Modulatory effects of garlic and neem leaf extracts on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2000;18:17-21.
47. Kweon S, Park KA, Choi H. Chemopreventive effect of garlic powder diet in diethylnitrosamine-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Life Sci 2003;73:2515-26.
48. Ip C, Lisk DJ. Modulation of phase I and phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes by selenium-enriched garlic in rats. Nutr Cancer 1997;28:184-8.
49. Wargovich MJ, Goldberg MT. Diallyl sulfide. A naturally occurring thioether that inhibits carcinogen-induced nuclear damage to colon epithelial cells in vivo. Mutat Res 1985;143:127-9.
50. Raso GM, Meli R, Di Carlo G, et al. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by flavonoids in macrophage J774A.1. Life Sci 2001;68:921-31.
51. Gu G, Du Y, Hu H, et al. Synthesis of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl alpha-L-fucopyranoside: a substrate for alpha-L-fucosidase (AFU). Carbohydr Res 2003;338:1603-7.
52. Chang HP, Chen YH. Differential effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic oil on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in stimulated macrophages. Nutrition 2005;21:530-6.
53. Bhuvaneswari V, Rao KS, Nagini S. Altered expression of anti and proapoptotic proteins during chemoprevention of hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by tomato and garlic combination. Clin Chim Acta 2004;350:65-72.