Cryptosporidiosis: An emerging zoonosis;Criptosporidiosis: Una zoonosis emergente

Revista Argentina de Microbiologia

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 185-196

  Del Coco, V F ^a,b   Cordoba M A ^a,b   Basualdo, J A ^a  

^a FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MÉDICAS   (Argentina)

^b Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires ^*  (Argentina)

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Life cycle; Symptomatology; Taxonomy

Indexed keywords

ANTIPARASITIC AGENT;

BIOLOGY; CELL INVASION; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; INNATE IMMUNITY; LIFE CYCLE; MICROMORPHOLOGY; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NONHUMAN; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; TAXONOMY; ZOONOSIS;

EID: 70350500697     PISSN: 03257541     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Abramovich BL, Lura de Calafell MC, Haye MA, Nepote A, Argañara MF. Detection of Cryptosporidium in subterranean drinking water. Rev Argent Microbiol 1996; 28: 73-77
2. Abramovich BL, Gilli MI, Haye MA, Carrera E, Lurá MC, Nepote A, et al. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface water. Rev Argent Microbiol 2001; 3: 167-176
3. Albrecht MC, Gomez LA. Cryptosporidium sp. in diarrheic feces of immunocompetent patients. Rev Argent Microbiol 1994; 26: 101-104
4. Alcantara Warren C, Guerrant RL. Clinical disease and pathology. En: Fayer R, Xiao L, editors. C ryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. New York, CRC Press, 2008, p. 235-253
5. Barboni G, Candi M, Inés Villacé M, Leonardelli A, Balbaryski J, Gaddi E. Criptosporidiosis intestinal en niños con HIV/SIDA. Medicina (Buenos Aires) 2008; 68: 213-218 (Pubitemid 352011829)
6. Barta JR, Thompson RC. What is Cryptosporidium? Reappraising its biology and phylogenetic affinities. Trends Parasitol 2006; 22: 463-468
7. Basualdo J, Pezzani B, De Luca M, Córdoba A, Apezteguía M. Screening of the municipal water system of La Plata, Argentina, for human intestinal parasites. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2000; 203: 177-182 (Pubitemid 30834245)
8. Boulter-Bitzer JI, Lee H, Trevors JT. Molecular targets for detection and immunotherapy in Cryptosporidium parvum. Biotechnol Adv 2007; 25: 13-44. (Pubitemid 46038034)
9. Cacciò S, Thompson A, McLauchlin J, Smith HV. Unravelling Cryptosporidium and Giardia epidemiology. Trends Parasitol 2005; 21: 430-437
10. Cacciò SM, Pozio E. Advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2006; 4: 429-443 (Pubitemid 43905465)
11. Carey CM, Lee H, Trevors JT. Biology, persistence and detection of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis oocyst. Water Res 2004; 38: 818-862 (Pubitemid 38177452)
12. Castro-Hermida JA, González-Losada YA, Mezo-Menéndez M, Ares-Mazas E. Prevalence and risk factors involved in the spread of neonatal bovine cryptosporidiosis in Galicia (NW Spain).Vet Parasitol 2002; 106: 1-10. (Pubitemid 34454862)
13. Castro-Hermida JA, González-Losada YA, Mezo-Menéndez M, Ares-Mazas E. A study of cryptosporidiosis in a cohort of neonatal calves.Vet Parasitol 2002; 106: 11-17
14. Chappell CL, Okhuysen PC, Sterling CR, Dupont HL. Cryptosporidium parvum: intensity of infection and oocyst excretion patterns in healthy volunteers. J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 232-236 (Pubitemid 126664480)
15. Chen XM, Keithly JS, Paya CV, LaRusso NF. Cryptosporidiosis. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1723-1731
16. Chen XM, O'Hara SP, Huang BQ, Nelson JB, Jung Chin Lin J, Zhu G, et al. Apical organelle discharge by Cryptosporidium parvum is temperature, cytoskeleton and intracellular calcium-dependent and required for host cell invasion. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 6806-6816 (Pubitemid 39552348)
17. Chen XM, O'Hara SP, Huang BQ, Splinter PL, Nelson JB, La Russo N. Localized glucose and water influx facilitates Cryptosporidium parvum cellular invasion by means of modulation of host cell membrane protrusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102: 6338-6343
18. Choudhry N, Bajaj-Elliott M, McDonald V. The terminal sialic acid of glycoconjugates on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells activates excystation of Cryptosporidium parvum. Infect Immun 2008; 76: 3735-3741
19. Clark DP. New insights into human cryptosporidiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12: 554-563
20. Clemente CM, Caramori CA, Padula P, Rodrigues MAM. Gastric cryptosporidiosis as a clue for the diagnosis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arq Gastroenterol 2000; 37: 180-182
21. Corti M, Villafañe MF, Muzzio E, Bava J, Abuín JC, Palmieri OJ. Criptosporidiosis broncopulmonar en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia adquirida. Rev Argent Microbiol 2008; 40: 106-108
22. Del Coco VF, Basualdo JA. Cryptosporidium: un parásito emergente. En: Abuin JC et al., editores. Temas de Zoonosis IV. Buenos Aires, Asociación Argentina de Zoonosis, 2008, p. 325-332
23. Del Coco VF, Córdoba MA, Basualdo J. Comparación de tres técnicas de concentración de heces para recuperar ooquistes de Cryptosporidium. Acta Bioquim Clin Latinoam 2008; 42: 333-337
24. Del Coco VF, Córdoba MA, Basualdo JA. Cryptosporidium infection in calves from a rural area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158: 31-35
25. De Luca MM, Pezzani BC, Córdoba MA, Basualdo JA. Characterization and quantification of parasite species in the effluents of the Berisso main sewage, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 1997; 200: 349-357
26. Deng M, Rutherford MS, Abrahamsen MS. Host intestinal epithelial response to Cryptosporidium parvum. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56: 869-884 (Pubitemid 38520104)
27. Dunand VA, Hammer SM, Rossi R, Poulin M, Albrecht MA, Doweiko JP, et al. Parasitic sinusitis and otitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: report of five cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 267-272 (Pubitemid 27364724)
28. Egyed Z, Sréter T, Széll Z, Varga I. Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. Recent developments and future needs. Vet Parasitol 2003; 111: 103-114
29. Espy MJ, Uhl JR, Sloan LM, Buckwalter SP, Jones MF, Vetter EA, et al. Real-time PCR in clinical microbiology: applications for routine laboratory testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19: 165-256. Erratum in: Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19: 595.
30. Ehigiator NH, McNair N, Mead JR. Cryptosporidium parvum: the contribution of Th1-inducing pathways to the resolution of infection in mice. Exp Parasitol 2007; 115: 107-113 (Pubitemid 44820048)
31. Elliott DA, Coleman DJ, Lane MA, May RC, Machesky LM, Clark DP. Cryptosporidium parvum infection requires host cell actin polymerization. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 5940-5942
32. Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification. Int J Parasitol 2000; 301: 305-322
33. Fayer R. Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol 2004; 126: 37-56.
34. Fayer R. General biology. En: Fayer R, Xiao L, editores. C ryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. New York, CRC Press, 2008, p. 1-42.
35. Fayer, R. Taxonomy and species delimitation in Cryptosporidium. Exp Parasitol 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009. 03.005.
36. Feltus DC, Giddings CW, Schneck BL, Monson T, Warshauer D, McEvoy JM. Evidence supporting zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 4303-4308 (Pubitemid 44937056)
37. García A, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Orden JA, Cid D, Sanz R, Gómez-Bautista M, de la Fuente R. Rotavirus and concurrent infections with other enteropathogens in neonatal diarrheic dairy calves in Spain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 23: 175-183 (Pubitemid 30312798)
38. Godwin TA. Cryptosporidiosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a study of 15 autopsy cases. Hum Pathol 1991; 22: 1215-1224
39. Gookin JL, Nordone SK, Argenzio RA. Host responses to Cryptosporidium infection. J Vet Intern Med 2002; 16: 12-21.
40. Gookin JL, Allen J, Chiang S, Duckett L, Armstrong MU. Local peroxynitrite formation contributes to early control of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 3929-3936 (Pubitemid 40923131)
41. Gookin JL, Chiang S, Allen J, Armstrong MU, Stauffer SH, Finnegan C, et al. TNF-kappa B-mediated expression of iNOS promotes epithelial defense against infection by Cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal piglets. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290: 164-174
42. Harp JA. Cryptosporidium and host resistance: historical perspective and some novel approaches. Anim Health Res Rev 2003; 4: 53-62.
43. Hunter PR, Nichols G. Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15: 145-154 (Pubitemid 34052587)
44. Jenkins M, Trout JM, Higgins J, Dorsch M, Veal D, Fayer R. Comparison of tests for viable and infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Parasitol Res 2003; 89: 1-5. (Pubitemid 35447482)
45. Jex AR, Smith HV, Monis PT, Campbell BE, Gasser RB. Cryptosporidium- biotechnological advances in the detection, diagnosis and analysis of genetic variation. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 26: 304-317
46. Laurent F, McCole D, Eckmann L, Kagnoff MF.Pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Microbes Infect 1999; 1: 141-148
47. Lean IS, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Laurent F, McDonald V. Role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in development of immunity against Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 4379-4382 (Pubitemid 43993375)
48. Leav BA, Mackay MR, Anyanwu A, O' Connor RM, Cevallos AM, Kindra G, et al. Analysis of sequence diversity at the highly polymorphic Cpgp40/15 locus among Cryptosporidium isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in South Africa. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 3881-3890 (Pubitemid 34666029)
49. Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE, et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 161-167
50. Magi B, Canocchi V, Tordini G, Cellesi C, Barberi A. Cryptosporidium infection: diagnostic techniques. Parasitol Res 2006; 98: 150-152
51. McDonald V. Host-cell mediated responses to infection with Cryptosporidium. Parasite Immunol 2000; 22: 597-604.
52. McDonald SAC, O'Grady JE, Bajaj-Elliott M, Notley CA, Alexander J, Brombacher F, et al. Protection against the early acute phase of Cryptosporidium parvum infection conferred by interleukin 4 induced expression of T helper 1 cytokines. J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 1019-1025 (Pubitemid 39120983)
53. Mc Donald V. Immune responses. En: Fayer R, Xiao L, editors. C ryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. New York, CRC Press, 2008, p. 209-233
54. Mele R, Gomez Morales MA, Tosini F, Pozio E. Cryptosporidium parvum at different developmental stages modulates host-cell apoptosis in vitro. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 6061-6067 (Pubitemid 39303721)
55. Méndez OC, Szmulewicz G, Menghi C, Torres S, González G, Gatta C. Comparison of intestinal parasite infestation indexes among HIV positive and negative populations. Medicina (Buenos Aires) 1994; 54: 307-310
56. Morpeth SC, Thielman NM. Diarrhea in patients with AIDS. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2006; 9: 23-37.
57. Muthusamy D, Rao SS, Ramani S, Monica B, Banerjee I, Abraham OC, et al. Multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. isolates from human immunodeficiency virus- infected individuals in South India. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 632-634 (Pubitemid 43222269)
58. Ng J, Eastwood K, Durrheim D, Massey P, Walker B, Armson A, et al. Evidence supporting zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium in rural New South Wales. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119: 192-195
59. Nguyen S, Divino CM, Weber K, Morotti RA. Cryptosporidiosis presenting as acute appendicitis: a case report. K Buch Am Surg 2005; 71: 537-538 (Pubitemid 43109887)
60. Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL. Cryptosporidium virulence determinants-are we there yet? Int J Parasitol 2002; 32: 517-525
61. Olmos M, Molina C, Piskorz E, Tawil J, Magnanini F, Casiró A, et al. Diarrhea and AIDS: more complex diagnostic techniques; better therapeutic results. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 1996; 26: 91-100.
62. Palmieri F, Cicalini S, Froio N, Rizzi EB, Goletti D, Festa A, et al. Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in an AIDS patient: successful treatment with paromomycin plus azithromycin. Int J STD AIDS 2005; 16: 515-517 (Pubitemid 41003159)
63. Pantenburg B, Dann SM, Wang HC, Robinson P, Castellanos-Gonzalez A, Lewis DE, et al. Intestinal immune response to human Cryptosporidium sp. infection. Infect Immun 2008; 76: 23-29
64. Petry F. Laboratory diagnosis of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Contrib Microbiol 2000; 633-649
65. Petry F. Structural analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum. Microsc Microanal 2004; 10: 586-601.
66. Pezzani BC, Bautista LE, Córdoba MA, De Luca MM, Basualdo Farjat JA. Factores que influyen en el desenquistamiento in vitro de Cryptosporidium spp. Rev Argent Microbiol 1998; 30: 138-142
67. Quílez J, Sánchez-Acedo C, del Cacho E, Clavel A, Causapé AC. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in cattle in Aragón (northeastern Spain). Vet Parasitol 1996; 66: 139-146 (Pubitemid 27059718)
68. Riggs MW. Recent advances in cryptosporidiosis: the immune response. Microbes Infect 2002; 4: 1067-1080
69. Robinson G, Elwin K, Chalmers RM. Unusual Cryptosporidium genotypes in human cases of diarrhea. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14: 1800-1802
70. Saredi N, Bava J. Cryptosporidiosis in pediatric patients. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1998; 40: 197-200.
71. Sasahara T, Maruyama H, Aoki M, Kikuno R, Sekiguchi T, Takahashi A, et al. Apoptosis of intestinal crypt epithelium after Cryptosporidium parvum infection. J Infect Chemother 2003; 9: 278-281 (Pubitemid 37288297)
72. Sibley LD. Intracellular parasite invasion strategies. Science 2004; 304: 248-253
73. Smith HV, Nichols RAB, Grimason AM. Cryptosporidium excystation and invasion: getting the guts of the matter. Trend parasitol 2005; 21: 133-142
74. Smith HV, Cacciò SM, Cook N, Nichols RA, Tait A. Cryptosporidium and Giardia as foodborne zoonoses. Vet Parasitol 2007; 149: 29-40.
75. Smith H. Diagnostics. En: Fayer R, Xiao L, editors. C ryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. New York, CRC Press, 2008, p.173-207.
76. Sulaiman IM, Xiao L, Lal AA. Evaluation of Cryptosporidium parvum genotyping techniques. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65: 4431-4435 (Pubitemid 129519955)
77. Tzipori S, Ward H. Cryptosporidiosis: biology, pathogenesis and disease. Microbes Infect 2002; 4: 1047-1058
78. Uga S, Matsuo J, Kono E, Kimura K, Inoue M, Rai SK, et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection and pattern of oocyst shedding in calves in Japan.Vet Parasitol 2000; 94: 27-32.
79. Velásquez JN, Carnevale S, Corti M, Di Risio C, Bramajo J, Pinto M, et al. Classic strategies for diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS and chronic diarrhea. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 1997; 27: 107-111
80. Wade SE, Mohammed HO, Schaaf SL. Prevalence of Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium andersoni (syn. C. muris) [correction of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium muris ( C. andersoni)] in 109 dairy herds in five counties of southeastern New York. Vet Parasitol 2000; 93: 1-11 (Erratum in: Vet Parasitol 2001; 96: 81).
81. Wetzel DM, Schmidt J, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Dubey JP, Sibley LD. Gliding motility leads to active cellular invasion by Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 5379-5387 (Pubitemid 41192971)
82. Xiao L, Ryan U. Cryptosporidiosis: an update in molecular epidemiology. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004; 17: 483-490
83. Xiao L, Feng Y. Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2008; 52: 309-323
84. Xiao L. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update. Exp Parasitol 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009. 03.018.
85. Zdero M, Ponce De León P, Boligno B, Nocito I. Presence of Cryptosporidium sp. in diarrheic feces of a population of children. Rev Argent Microbiol 1989; 21: 37-41. (Pubitemid 19191677)
86. Zdero M, Ponce de León P, Nocito I. Parasites found in HIV-seropositive patients. Medicina (Buenos Aires) 1993; 53: 408-412