메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 379-422

Shock: Classification, Pathophysiology, and Approach to Management

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 70350458305     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-032304841-5.50024-8     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (11)

References (396)
  • 1
    • 84884451440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heath Statistics 2003. National Center for Health Statistics, CDC
    • Heath Statistics 2003. National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, 2003.
    • (2003)
  • 2
    • 79955851250 scopus 로고
    • National Center for Health Statistics, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
    • National Center for Health Statistics Health, United States, 1986. DHHS pub no (PHS) 87-1232 1986, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
    • (1986) Health, United States, 1986. DHHS pub no (PHS) 87-1232
  • 3
    • 0004247349 scopus 로고
    • Committee on Trauma Research, National Academy Press, Washington, DC
    • Committee on Trauma Research Injury in America 1985, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
    • (1985) Injury in America
  • 4
    • 11144287154 scopus 로고
    • Field triage
    • Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, E.E. Moore, K.L. Mattox, D.V. Feliciano (Eds.)
    • Eastman AB, West JG Field triage. Trauma 1991, 67-79. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT. E.E. Moore, K.L. Mattox, D.V. Feliciano (Eds.).
    • (1991) Trauma , pp. 67-79
    • Eastman, A.B.1    West, J.G.2
  • 5
    • 0014883341 scopus 로고
    • Changing ecology of bacterial infections as related to antibacterial therapy
    • Finland M Changing ecology of bacterial infections as related to antibacterial therapy. J Infect Dis 1970, 122:419-431.
    • (1970) J Infect Dis , vol.122 , pp. 419-431
    • Finland, M.1
  • 6
    • 84882925761 scopus 로고
    • Increase in National Hospital Discharge Survey rates for septicemia in the United States, 1979-1987
    • Increase in National Hospital Discharge Survey rates for septicemia in the United States, 1979-1987. JAMA 1990, 263:937.
    • (1990) JAMA , vol.263 , pp. 937
  • 7
    • 0003179926 scopus 로고
    • National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality patterns-United States, 1990
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics. Mortality patterns-United States, 1990. Monthly Vital Statistics Report 1993, 41:5.
    • (1993) Monthly Vital Statistics Report , vol.41 , pp. 5
  • 8
    • 0037352616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular management of septic shock
    • Dellinger RP Cardiovascular management of septic shock. Crit Care Med 2003, 31(3):946-955.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 946-955
    • Dellinger, R.P.1
  • 9
    • 0037451929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000
    • Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003, 348(16):1546-1554.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , Issue.16 , pp. 1546-1554
    • Martin, G.S.1    Mannino, D.M.2    Eaton, S.3
  • 12
    • 0040017794 scopus 로고
    • Acute circulatory failure as exemplified by shock and hemorrhage
    • Blalock A Acute circulatory failure as exemplified by shock and hemorrhage. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1934, 58:551-566.
    • (1934) Surg Gynecol Obstet , vol.58 , pp. 551-566
    • Blalock, A.1
  • 14
    • 0000312625 scopus 로고
    • Ueber den Tonus der Gerfaesse und seine Bedeutung fuer die Blutbewegung
    • Goltz FR Ueber den Tonus der Gerfaesse und seine Bedeutung fuer die Blutbewegung. Arch F Path Anat U Physiol 1864, 29:394-417.
    • (1864) Arch F Path Anat U Physiol , vol.29 , pp. 394-417
    • Goltz, F.R.1
  • 15
    • 11144298893 scopus 로고
    • Shock: Its nature, duration, and mode of treatment
    • Mapother ED Shock: Its nature, duration, and mode of treatment. BMJ 1879, 2:1023-1042.
    • (1879) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 1023-1042
    • Mapother, E.D.1
  • 19
    • 84884454781 scopus 로고
    • Observations upon shock, with particular reference to the condition as seen in war surgery
    • Archibald EW, McLean WS Observations upon shock, with particular reference to the condition as seen in war surgery. Trans Am Surg Assoc Phila 1917, 35:522-532.
    • (1917) Trans Am Surg Assoc Phila , vol.35 , pp. 522-532
    • Archibald, E.W.1    McLean, W.S.2
  • 21
    • 0003267094 scopus 로고
    • Experimental shock: Cause of low blood pressure produced by muscle injury
    • Blalock A Experimental shock: Cause of low blood pressure produced by muscle injury. Arch Surg 1930, 20:959-996.
    • (1930) Arch Surg , vol.20 , pp. 959-996
    • Blalock, A.1
  • 22
    • 50349118808 scopus 로고
    • The internal state of the severely wounded man on entry to the most forward hospital
    • Beecher HK, Simeone FA, Burnett CH, et al. The internal state of the severely wounded man on entry to the most forward hospital. Surgery 1947, 22:672-711.
    • (1947) Surgery , vol.22 , pp. 672-711
    • Beecher, H.K.1    Simeone, F.A.2    Burnett, C.H.3
  • 23
    • 0001602153 scopus 로고
    • Studies of the circulation in clinical shock
    • Cournand A, Riley RL, Bradley SE, et al. Studies of the circulation in clinical shock. Surgery 1943, 13:964-995.
    • (1943) Surgery , vol.13 , pp. 964-995
    • Cournand, A.1    Riley, R.L.2    Bradley, S.E.3
  • 25
    • 84938182805 scopus 로고
    • Battle Casualties in Korea
    • Army Medical Graduate School, Walter Reed Medical Center, Washington, DC
    • Battle Casualties in Korea. Surgical Research Team in Korea 1954, Vol 1. Army Medical Graduate School, Walter Reed Medical Center, Washington, DC.
    • (1954) Surgical Research Team in Korea , vol.1
  • 28
    • 2542637249 scopus 로고
    • Shock: An overview
    • Little, Brown, Boston, J.M. Rippe, R.S. Irwin, J.S. Alpert (Eds.)
    • Fink MP Shock: An overview. Intensive Care Medicine 1991, 1417-1435. Little, Brown, Boston. J.M. Rippe, R.S. Irwin, J.S. Alpert (Eds.).
    • (1991) Intensive Care Medicine , pp. 1417-1435
    • Fink, M.P.1
  • 29
    • 84884423527 scopus 로고
    • Shock
    • Saunders, Philadelphia, J.F. Burke (Ed.)
    • Cerra FB Shock. Surgical Physiology 1983, 497. Saunders, Philadelphia. J.F. Burke (Ed.).
    • (1983) Surgical Physiology , pp. 497
    • Cerra, F.B.1
  • 31
    • 61549106521 scopus 로고
    • The differential diagnosis of shock, hemorrhage, and sepsis
    • Boise E The differential diagnosis of shock, hemorrhage, and sepsis. Trans Am Assoc Obstet 1897, 9:433-438.
    • (1897) Trans Am Assoc Obstet , vol.9 , pp. 433-438
    • Boise, E.1
  • 32
  • 33
    • 0000304155 scopus 로고
    • Shock: Further studies with particular reference to the effects of hemorrhage
    • Blalock A Shock: Further studies with particular reference to the effects of hemorrhage. Arch Surg 1937, 29:837-857.
    • (1937) Arch Surg , vol.29 , pp. 837-857
    • Blalock, A.1
  • 34
    • 61549108831 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial shock
    • Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, M.H. Weil, H. Shubin (Eds.)
    • Weil MH Bacterial shock. Diagnosis and Treatment of Shock 1967, 10. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. M.H. Weil, H. Shubin (Eds.).
    • (1967) Diagnosis and Treatment of Shock , pp. 10
    • Weil, M.H.1
  • 36
    • 0024371424 scopus 로고
    • A circulating myocardial depressant substance is associated with cardiac dysfunction and peripheral hypoperfusion (lactic acidemia) in patients with septic shock
    • Reilly JM, Cunnion RE, Burch-Whitman C, et al. A circulating myocardial depressant substance is associated with cardiac dysfunction and peripheral hypoperfusion (lactic acidemia) in patients with septic shock. Chest 1989, 95:1072-1080.
    • (1989) Chest , vol.95 , pp. 1072-1080
    • Reilly, J.M.1    Cunnion, R.E.2    Burch-Whitman, C.3
  • 37
    • 0023934409 scopus 로고
    • Depressed left ventricular performance: Response to volume infusion in patients with sepsis and septic shock
    • Ognibene FP, Parker MM, Natanson C, et al. Depressed left ventricular performance: Response to volume infusion in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Chest 1988, 93:903-910.
    • (1988) Chest , vol.93 , pp. 903-910
    • Ognibene, F.P.1    Parker, M.M.2    Natanson, C.3
  • 38
    • 0021279377 scopus 로고
    • Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock
    • Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Bacharach SL, et al. Profound but reversible myocardial depression in patients with septic shock. Ann Intern Med 1984, 100:483-490.
    • (1984) Ann Intern Med , vol.100 , pp. 483-490
    • Parker, M.M.1    Shelhamer, J.H.2    Bacharach, S.L.3
  • 39
    • 0025860346 scopus 로고
    • Diastolic stiffness impairs left ventricular function during hypovolemic shock in pigs
    • Walley KR, Cooper DJ Diastolic stiffness impairs left ventricular function during hypovolemic shock in pigs. Am J Physiol 1991, 260:H702-H712.
    • (1991) Am J Physiol , vol.260
    • Walley, K.R.1    Cooper, D.J.2
  • 40
    • 0020521146 scopus 로고
    • Character of ventricular function in severe hemorrhagic shock
    • Alyono D, Ring WS, Chao RYN, et al. Character of ventricular function in severe hemorrhagic shock. Surgery 1983, 94:250-258.
    • (1983) Surgery , vol.94 , pp. 250-258
    • Alyono, D.1    Ring, W.S.2    Chao, R.Y.N.3
  • 41
    • 0021961521 scopus 로고
    • Vascular adrenergic interactions during hemorrhagic shock
    • Bond RF, Johnson GI Vascular adrenergic interactions during hemorrhagic shock. Fed Proc 1985, 44:281-289.
    • (1985) Fed Proc , vol.44 , pp. 281-289
    • Bond, R.F.1    Johnson, G.I.2
  • 42
    • 0027472041 scopus 로고
    • Vascular hyporeactivity to vasoconstrictor agents and hemodynamic decompensation in hemorrhagic shock is mediated by nitric oxide
    • Thiemermann C, Szabö C, Mitchell JA, et al. Vascular hyporeactivity to vasoconstrictor agents and hemodynamic decompensation in hemorrhagic shock is mediated by nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993, 90:267-271.
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.90 , pp. 267-271
    • Thiemermann, C.1    Szabö, C.2    Mitchell, J.A.3
  • 43
    • 0001412536 scopus 로고
    • Insufficient coronary flow and myocardial failure as a complicating factor in late hemorrhagic shock
    • Sarnoff SJ, Case RB, Waitag PE, et al. Insufficient coronary flow and myocardial failure as a complicating factor in late hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol 1954, 176:439-444.
    • (1954) Am J Physiol , vol.176 , pp. 439-444
    • Sarnoff, S.J.1    Case, R.B.2    Waitag, P.E.3
  • 44
    • 0022622565 scopus 로고
    • Vagal slowing of the heart during hemorrhage: Observations from twenty consecutive hypotensive patients
    • Sander-Jenson K, Secher NH, Bie P, et al. Vagal slowing of the heart during hemorrhage: Observations from twenty consecutive hypotensive patients. BMJ 1986, 295:364-366.
    • (1986) BMJ , vol.295 , pp. 364-366
    • Sander-Jenson, K.1    Secher, N.H.2    Bie, P.3
  • 45
    • 0021082956 scopus 로고
    • Fluid resuscitation in circulatory shock: A comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects of albumin, hetastarch, and saline solutions in patients with hypovolemic and septic shock
    • Rackow EC, Falk JL, Fein IA, et al. Fluid resuscitation in circulatory shock: A comparison of the cardiorespiratory effects of albumin, hetastarch, and saline solutions in patients with hypovolemic and septic shock. Crit Care Med 1983, 11:839-850.
    • (1983) Crit Care Med , vol.11 , pp. 839-850
    • Rackow, E.C.1    Falk, J.L.2    Fein, I.A.3
  • 46
    • 0008296289 scopus 로고
    • On the diagnosis of hemorrhage in man: A study in volunteers bled large amounts
    • Shenkin HA, Cheney RH, Govons SR, et al. On the diagnosis of hemorrhage in man: A study in volunteers bled large amounts. Am J Med Sci 1944, 208:421-436.
    • (1944) Am J Med Sci , vol.208 , pp. 421-436
    • Shenkin, H.A.1    Cheney, R.H.2    Govons, S.R.3
  • 47
    • 0019222198 scopus 로고
    • Use of the tilt test in measuring acute blood loss
    • Knopp R, Claypool R, Leonardt D Use of the tilt test in measuring acute blood loss. Ann Emerg Med 1980, 9:72-75.
    • (1980) Ann Emerg Med , vol.9 , pp. 72-75
    • Knopp, R.1    Claypool, R.2    Leonardt, D.3
  • 48
    • 0015139493 scopus 로고
    • Irreversibility in post-transfusion phase of hemorrhagic shock
    • Rush BF Irreversibility in post-transfusion phase of hemorrhagic shock. Adv Exp Med Biol 1971, 23:215-234.
    • (1971) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.23 , pp. 215-234
    • Rush, B.F.1
  • 49
    • 0026084853 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen debt and metabolic acidemia as quantitative predictors of mortality and the severity of the ischemia insult in hemorrhagic shock
    • Dunham C, Siegel J, Weireter L Oxygen debt and metabolic acidemia as quantitative predictors of mortality and the severity of the ischemia insult in hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med 1991, 19:231-243.
    • (1991) Crit Care Med , vol.19 , pp. 231-243
    • Dunham, C.1    Siegel, J.2    Weireter, L.3
  • 50
    • 0015009167 scopus 로고
    • Blood lactate in the prognosis of various forms of shock
    • Viteck V, Cowley R Blood lactate in the prognosis of various forms of shock. Ann Surg 1971, 173:308-313.
    • (1971) Ann Surg , vol.173 , pp. 308-313
    • Viteck, V.1    Cowley, R.2
  • 51
    • 0025952259 scopus 로고
    • Cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction: Incidence and mortality from a community-wide perspective
    • Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Alpert JS, et al. Cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction: Incidence and mortality from a community-wide perspective. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:1117-1122.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 1117-1122
    • Goldberg, R.J.1    Gore, J.M.2    Alpert, J.S.3
  • 52
    • 0017137490 scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery disease in patients dying from cardiogenic shock or congestive heart failure in the setting of acute myocardial infarction
    • Wackers FJ, Lie KI, Becker AE Coronary artery disease in patients dying from cardiogenic shock or congestive heart failure in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1976, 38:906-910.
    • (1976) Br Heart J , vol.38 , pp. 906-910
    • Wackers, F.J.1    Lie, K.I.2    Becker, A.E.3
  • 53
    • 0016075207 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic indexes in acute myocardial infarction complicated by shock
    • Afifi AA, Chang PC, Liu VY, et al. Prognostic indexes in acute myocardial infarction complicated by shock. Am J Cardiol 1974, 33:826-832.
    • (1974) Am J Cardiol , vol.33 , pp. 826-832
    • Afifi, A.A.1    Chang, P.C.2    Liu, V.Y.3
  • 54
    • 0015226355 scopus 로고
    • Myocardial changes associated with cardiogenic shock
    • Page DL, Caulfield JB, Kastor JA Myocardial changes associated with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 1971, 285:133-137.
    • (1971) N Engl J Med , vol.285 , pp. 133-137
    • Page, D.L.1    Caulfield, J.B.2    Kastor, J.A.3
  • 55
    • 0015853650 scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock: Quantification of myocardial necrosis: Clinical, pathologic, and electrocardiographic correlation
    • Alonso DR, Scheidt S, Post M, et al. Pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock: Quantification of myocardial necrosis: Clinical, pathologic, and electrocardiographic correlation. Circulation 1973, 48:588-596.
    • (1973) Circulation , vol.48 , pp. 588-596
    • Alonso, D.R.1    Scheidt, S.2    Post, M.3
  • 56
    • 0015631632 scopus 로고
    • Left ventricular dysfunction following acute myocardial infarction: A clinicopathologic and hemodynamic profile of shock and failure
    • Weber KT, Ratshin RA, Janicki JS Left ventricular dysfunction following acute myocardial infarction: A clinicopathologic and hemodynamic profile of shock and failure. Am J Med 1973, 54:697-705.
    • (1973) Am J Med , vol.54 , pp. 697-705
    • Weber, K.T.1    Ratshin, R.A.2    Janicki, J.S.3
  • 57
    • 0014924226 scopus 로고
    • Shock after acute myocardial infarction: A clinical and hemodynamic profile
    • Scheidt S, Ascheim R, Killip T Shock after acute myocardial infarction: A clinical and hemodynamic profile. Am J Cardiol 1970, 26:556-564.
    • (1970) Am J Cardiol , vol.26 , pp. 556-564
    • Scheidt, S.1    Ascheim, R.2    Killip, T.3
  • 58
    • 84909661729 scopus 로고
    • Improved survival after early thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction
    • Simoons ML, Vander Brand M, DeZwaan M Improved survival after early thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1985, 578-581.
    • (1985) Lancet , pp. 578-581
    • Simoons, M.L.1    Vander Brand, M.2    DeZwaan, M.3
  • 59
    • 0023258694 scopus 로고
    • Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Trial, Phase I: A comparison between intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and intravenous streptokinase: Clinical findings through hospital discharge
    • Chesebro JH, Knatterud G, Roberts R, et al. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Trial, Phase I: A comparison between intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and intravenous streptokinase: Clinical findings through hospital discharge. Circulation 1987, 76:142-154.
    • (1987) Circulation , vol.76 , pp. 142-154
    • Chesebro, J.H.1    Knatterud, G.2    Roberts, R.3
  • 60
    • 0021015746 scopus 로고
    • Western Washington randomized trial of intracoronary streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction
    • Kennedy JW, Ritchie JL, Davis KB, et al. Western Washington randomized trial of intracoronary streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1983, 309:1477-1482.
    • (1983) N Engl J Med , vol.309 , pp. 1477-1482
    • Kennedy, J.W.1    Ritchie, J.L.2    Davis, K.B.3
  • 61
    • 0027240597 scopus 로고
    • An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction
    • The Gusto Investigators
    • The Gusto Investigators An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:673-682.
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.329 , pp. 673-682
  • 63
    • 0022640774 scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction
    • Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)
    • Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1986, 1:397-402.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 397-402
  • 64
    • 0033606918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock?
    • Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock?. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:625-634.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 625-634
    • Hochman, J.S.1    Sleeper, L.A.2    Webb, J.G.3
  • 65
    • 0030754006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of an aggressive invasive catheterization and revascularization strategy on mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock in the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO-1) trial: An observational study
    • Berger PB, Holmes DR, Stebbins AL, et al. Impact of an aggressive invasive catheterization and revascularization strategy on mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock in the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO-1) trial: An observational study. Circulation 1997, 96:122-127.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 122-127
    • Berger, P.B.1    Holmes, D.R.2    Stebbins, A.L.3
  • 66
    • 0018349881 scopus 로고
    • Papillary muscle rupture in fatal acute myocardial infarction: A potentially treatable form of cardiogenic shock
    • Wei HY, Hutchins GM, Bulkley BH Papillary muscle rupture in fatal acute myocardial infarction: A potentially treatable form of cardiogenic shock. Ann Intern Med 1979, 90:149-152.
    • (1979) Ann Intern Med , vol.90 , pp. 149-152
    • Wei, H.Y.1    Hutchins, G.M.2    Bulkley, B.H.3
  • 67
    • 84910886984 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of cardiovascular events mediated by platelet activating factor during systemic anaphylaxis
    • Felix SB, Baumann G, Hashemi T, et al. Characterization of cardiovascular events mediated by platelet activating factor during systemic anaphylaxis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990, 15:987-997.
    • (1990) J Cardiovasc Pharmacol , vol.15 , pp. 987-997
    • Felix, S.B.1    Baumann, G.2    Hashemi, T.3
  • 68
    • 0015971757 scopus 로고
    • Right ventricular infarction: Clinical and hemodynamic features
    • Cohn JN, Guiha NH, Broder MI, et al. Right ventricular infarction: Clinical and hemodynamic features. Am J Cardiol 1974, 33:209-214.
    • (1974) Am J Cardiol , vol.33 , pp. 209-214
    • Cohn, J.N.1    Guiha, N.H.2    Broder, M.I.3
  • 69
    • 0022245206 scopus 로고
    • Right ventricular infarction with shock but without significant left ventricular infarction: A new clinical syndrome
    • Roberts N, Harrison DG, Reimer KA, et al. Right ventricular infarction with shock but without significant left ventricular infarction: A new clinical syndrome. Am Heart J 1985, 110:1047-1053.
    • (1985) Am Heart J , vol.110 , pp. 1047-1053
    • Roberts, N.1    Harrison, D.G.2    Reimer, K.A.3
  • 70
    • 0019309928 scopus 로고
    • Right ventricular infarction
    • Leinbach RC Right ventricular infarction. J Cardiovasc Med 1980, 5:499-509.
    • (1980) J Cardiovasc Med , vol.5 , pp. 499-509
    • Leinbach, R.C.1
  • 71
    • 0019687280 scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic spectrum of "dominant" right ventricular infarction in 19 patients
    • Lloyd EA, Gersh BJ, Kennelly BM Hemodynamic spectrum of "dominant" right ventricular infarction in 19 patients. Am J Cardiol 1981, 48:1016-1022.
    • (1981) Am J Cardiol , vol.48 , pp. 1016-1022
    • Lloyd, E.A.1    Gersh, B.J.2    Kennelly, B.M.3
  • 72
    • 0027502230 scopus 로고
    • Right ventricular infarction as an independent predictor of prognosis after acute inferior myocardial infarction
    • Zehender M, Kasper W, Kauder E, et al. Right ventricular infarction as an independent predictor of prognosis after acute inferior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:981-988.
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.328 , pp. 981-988
    • Zehender, M.1    Kasper, W.2    Kauder, E.3
  • 73
    • 0015952411 scopus 로고
    • Plasma volume prior to and following volume loading during shock complicating acute myocardial infarction
    • Da Luz P, Weil MH, Shubin H Plasma volume prior to and following volume loading during shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1974, 49:98-105.
    • (1974) Circulation , vol.49 , pp. 98-105
    • Da Luz, P.1    Weil, M.H.2    Shubin, H.3
  • 74
    • 0018148964 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac tamponade: Hemodynamic observations in man
    • Reddy PS, Curtiss EI, O'Toole JD, et al. Cardiac tamponade: Hemodynamic observations in man. Circulation 1978, 58:265-272.
    • (1978) Circulation , vol.58 , pp. 265-272
    • Reddy, P.S.1    Curtiss, E.I.2    O'Toole, J.D.3
  • 75
    • 0000336692 scopus 로고
    • Rupture of the heart: A critical analysis of 47 consecutive autopsy cases
    • London RE, London SB Rupture of the heart: A critical analysis of 47 consecutive autopsy cases. Circulation 1965, 31:202-208.
    • (1965) Circulation , vol.31 , pp. 202-208
    • London, R.E.1    London, S.B.2
  • 76
    • 0022386482 scopus 로고
    • Sudden blowout rupture of the myocardium after infarction: Urgent management
    • McMullen MH, Kilgore TL, Dear HD, et al. Sudden blowout rupture of the myocardium after infarction: Urgent management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985, 89:259-263.
    • (1985) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg , vol.89 , pp. 259-263
    • McMullen, M.H.1    Kilgore, T.L.2    Dear, H.D.3
  • 77
    • 0021151639 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and hemodynamic correlates in pulmonary embolism
    • Sharma GVRK, McIntyre KM, Sharma S, et al. Clinical and hemodynamic correlates in pulmonary embolism. Clin Chest Med 1984, 5:421-437.
    • (1984) Clin Chest Med , vol.5 , pp. 421-437
    • Sharma, G.V.R.K.1    McIntyre, K.M.2    Sharma, S.3
  • 78
    • 0015116344 scopus 로고
    • The hemodynamic response to pulmonary embolism in patients without prior cardiopulmonary disease
    • McIntyre KM, Sasahara AA The hemodynamic response to pulmonary embolism in patients without prior cardiopulmonary disease. Am J Cardiol 1971, 28:288-294.
    • (1971) Am J Cardiol , vol.28 , pp. 288-294
    • McIntyre, K.M.1    Sasahara, A.A.2
  • 79
    • 0036903658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The presence of shock defines the threshold to initiate thrombolytic therapy in patients with pulmonary embolism
    • Wood KE The presence of shock defines the threshold to initiate thrombolytic therapy in patients with pulmonary embolism. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28:1537-1546.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 1537-1546
    • Wood, K.E.1
  • 80
    • 0036208574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major pulmonary embolism: Review of a pathophysiologic approach to the golden hour of hemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism
    • Wood KE Major pulmonary embolism: Review of a pathophysiologic approach to the golden hour of hemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism. Chest 2002, 121:877-905.
    • (2002) Chest , vol.121 , pp. 877-905
    • Wood, K.E.1
  • 81
    • 0027920980 scopus 로고
    • Pathogenetic mechanisms of septic shock
    • Parrillo JE Pathogenetic mechanisms of septic shock. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1471-1477.
    • (1993) N Engl J Med , vol.328 , pp. 1471-1477
    • Parrillo, J.E.1
  • 82
    • 0014320678 scopus 로고
    • Arteriovenous shunting in high cardiac output shock syndromes
    • Cohn JD, Greenspan M, Goldstein CR, et al. Arteriovenous shunting in high cardiac output shock syndromes. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1968, 127:282-288.
    • (1968) Surg Gynecol Obstet , vol.127 , pp. 282-288
    • Cohn, J.D.1    Greenspan, M.2    Goldstein, C.R.3
  • 84
    • 0015044908 scopus 로고
    • Regional capillary blood flow and oxygen uptake in severe sepsis
    • Wright CJ, Duff JH, McLean APH, et al. Regional capillary blood flow and oxygen uptake in severe sepsis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1971, 132:637-644.
    • (1971) Surg Gynecol Obstet , vol.132 , pp. 637-644
    • Wright, C.J.1    Duff, J.H.2    McLean, A.P.H.3
  • 85
    • 0016706903 scopus 로고
    • Capillary muscle blood flow in human sepsis
    • Finley RJ, Duff JH, Holliday RL, et al. Capillary muscle blood flow in human sepsis. Surgery 1975, 78:87-94.
    • (1975) Surgery , vol.78 , pp. 87-94
    • Finley, R.J.1    Duff, J.H.2    Holliday, R.L.3
  • 86
    • 0018600214 scopus 로고
    • Direct measurement of arteriovenous anastomic blood flow in the septic canine hindlimb
    • Cronenwett JL, Lindenauer SM Direct measurement of arteriovenous anastomic blood flow in the septic canine hindlimb. Surgery 1979, 85:275-282.
    • (1979) Surgery , vol.85 , pp. 275-282
    • Cronenwett, J.L.1    Lindenauer, S.M.2
  • 87
    • 0024492577 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen delivery and utilization in sepsis
    • Dantzker D Oxygen delivery and utilization in sepsis. Crit Care Clin 1989, 5:81-98.
    • (1989) Crit Care Clin , vol.5 , pp. 81-98
    • Dantzker, D.1
  • 88
    • 0023137611 scopus 로고
    • Dependence of oxygen consumption on cardiac output in sepsis
    • Wolf YG, Cotev S, Perel A, et al. Dependence of oxygen consumption on cardiac output in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1987, 15:198-203.
    • (1987) Crit Care Med , vol.15 , pp. 198-203
    • Wolf, Y.G.1    Cotev, S.2    Perel, A.3
  • 89
    • 0018472003 scopus 로고
    • Cardiorespiratory monitoring in postoperative patients: I. Prediction of outcome and severity of illness
    • Shoemaker WC, Chang P, Czer L, et al. Cardiorespiratory monitoring in postoperative patients: I. Prediction of outcome and severity of illness. Crit Care Med 1979, 7:237-242.
    • (1979) Crit Care Med , vol.7 , pp. 237-242
    • Shoemaker, W.C.1    Chang, P.2    Czer, L.3
  • 90
    • 0021813725 scopus 로고
    • Fluid loading increases oxygen consumption in septic patients with lactic acidosis
    • Haupt MT, Gilbert EM, Carlson RW Fluid loading increases oxygen consumption in septic patients with lactic acidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985, 131:912-916.
    • (1985) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.131 , pp. 912-916
    • Haupt, M.T.1    Gilbert, E.M.2    Carlson, R.W.3
  • 91
    • 0023676305 scopus 로고
    • Effect of endotoxin on systemic and skeletal muscle oxygen extraction
    • Samsel RW, Nelson DP, Sanders WM, et al. Effect of endotoxin on systemic and skeletal muscle oxygen extraction. J Appl Physiol 1988, 65:1377-1382.
    • (1988) J Appl Physiol , vol.65 , pp. 1377-1382
    • Samsel, R.W.1    Nelson, D.P.2    Sanders, W.M.3
  • 92
    • 0025356582 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen uptake/supply dependency: Effects of short-term dobutamine infusion
    • Vincent JL, Roman A, DeBacker D, et al. Oxygen uptake/supply dependency: Effects of short-term dobutamine infusion. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 142:2-8.
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.142 , pp. 2-8
    • Vincent, J.L.1    Roman, A.2    DeBacker, D.3
  • 93
    • 0025110850 scopus 로고
    • Increased concentrations of plasma lactate predict pathological dependence of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome
    • Fenwick JC, Dodek PM, Ronco JJ, et al. Increased concentrations of plasma lactate predict pathological dependence of oxygen consumption on oxygen delivery in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. J Crit Care 1990, 5:81-87.
    • (1990) J Crit Care , vol.5 , pp. 81-87
    • Fenwick, J.C.1    Dodek, P.M.2    Ronco, J.J.3
  • 94
    • 84866569842 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen consumption is linearly related to oxygen supply in critically ill patients
    • Gutierrez G, Pohil RJ Oxygen consumption is linearly related to oxygen supply in critically ill patients. J Crit Care 1986, 1:45-53.
    • (1986) J Crit Care , vol.1 , pp. 45-53
    • Gutierrez, G.1    Pohil, R.J.2
  • 95
    • 0023815459 scopus 로고
    • Early impairment of oxidative metabolism and energy production in severe sepsis
    • Astiz M, Rackow EC, Weil MH, et al. Early impairment of oxidative metabolism and energy production in severe sepsis. Circ Shock 1988, 26:311-320.
    • (1988) Circ Shock , vol.26 , pp. 311-320
    • Astiz, M.1    Rackow, E.C.2    Weil, M.H.3
  • 96
    • 0021345130 scopus 로고
    • Septic shock: A metabolic perspective
    • Mizock B Septic shock: A metabolic perspective. Arch Intern Med 1984, 144:579-585.
    • (1984) Arch Intern Med , vol.144 , pp. 579-585
    • Mizock, B.1
  • 97
    • 0026766129 scopus 로고
    • Concurrent quantification of tissue metabolism and blood flow via 2H/31P NMR in vivo: III. Alterations of muscle blood flow and metabolism during sepsis
    • Song SK, Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE, et al. Concurrent quantification of tissue metabolism and blood flow via 2H/31P NMR in vivo: III. Alterations of muscle blood flow and metabolism during sepsis. Magn Reson Med 1992, 25:67-77.
    • (1992) Magn Reson Med , vol.25 , pp. 67-77
    • Song, S.K.1    Hotchkiss, R.S.2    Karl, I.E.3
  • 98
    • 0026602489 scopus 로고
    • Reevaluation of the role of cellular hypoxia and bioenergetic failure in sepsis
    • Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE Reevaluation of the role of cellular hypoxia and bioenergetic failure in sepsis. JAMA 1992, 267:1503-1510.
    • (1992) JAMA , vol.267 , pp. 1503-1510
    • Hotchkiss, R.S.1    Karl, I.E.2
  • 99
    • 0028118993 scopus 로고
    • Myocardial energy metabolism and morphology in a canine model of sepsis
    • Solomon MA, Correa R, Alexander HR, et al. Myocardial energy metabolism and morphology in a canine model of sepsis. Am J Physiol 1994, 266:H757-H768.
    • (1994) Am J Physiol , vol.266
    • Solomon, M.A.1    Correa, R.2    Alexander, H.R.3
  • 100
    • 0025949905 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the role of cellular hypoxia in sepsis by the hypoxic marker [18F] fluoromisonidazole
    • Hotchkiss RS, Rust RS, Dence CS, et al. Evaluation of the role of cellular hypoxia in sepsis by the hypoxic marker [18F] fluoromisonidazole. Am J Physiol 1991, 261:R965-R972.
    • (1991) Am J Physiol , vol.261
    • Hotchkiss, R.S.1    Rust, R.S.2    Dence, C.S.3
  • 101
    • 0026100083 scopus 로고
    • Sepsis does not impair tricarboxylic acid cycle in the heart
    • Hotchkiss RS, Song SK, Neil JJ, et al. Sepsis does not impair tricarboxylic acid cycle in the heart. Am J Physiol 1991, 260:C50-C57.
    • (1991) Am J Physiol , vol.260
    • Hotchkiss, R.S.1    Song, S.K.2    Neil, J.J.3
  • 102
    • 0018349233 scopus 로고
    • Effect of sepsis on tissue adenine nucleotide levels
    • Chaudry IH, Wichterman KA, Baue AE Effect of sepsis on tissue adenine nucleotide levels. Surgery 1979, 85:205-211.
    • (1979) Surgery , vol.85 , pp. 205-211
    • Chaudry, I.H.1    Wichterman, K.A.2    Baue, A.E.3
  • 103
  • 104
    • 33744527833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock
    • Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:1589-1596.
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 1589-1596
    • Kumar, A.1    Roberts, D.2    Wood, K.E.3
  • 105
    • 0023239471 scopus 로고
    • The effect of high dose glucocorticoid therapy on mortality in patients with clinical signs of systemic sepsis
    • The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group
    • The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group The effect of high dose glucocorticoid therapy on mortality in patients with clinical signs of systemic sepsis. N Engl J Med 1987, 317:659-665.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 659-665
  • 106
    • 0026016470 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin
    • Ziegler EJ, Fisher CJ, Sprung C, et al. Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. N Engl J Med 1991, 324:429-436.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.324 , pp. 429-436
    • Ziegler, E.J.1    Fisher, C.J.2    Sprung, C.3
  • 107
    • 0035979192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human TLR9 confers responsiveness to bacterial DNA via species-specific CpG motif recognition
    • Bauer S, Kirschning CJ, Hacker H, et al. Human TLR9 confers responsiveness to bacterial DNA via species-specific CpG motif recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:9237-9242.
    • (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.98 , pp. 9237-9242
    • Bauer, S.1    Kirschning, C.J.2    Hacker, H.3
  • 108
    • 0035253732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MD-2 enables Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated responses to lipopolysaccharide and enhances TLR2-mediated responses to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components
    • Dziarski R, Wang Q, Miyake K, et al. MD-2 enables Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated responses to lipopolysaccharide and enhances TLR2-mediated responses to gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and their cell wall components. J Immunol 2001, 166:1938-1944.
    • (2001) J Immunol , vol.166 , pp. 1938-1944
    • Dziarski, R.1    Wang, Q.2    Miyake, K.3
  • 109
    • 0032541661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptor-2 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced cellular signalling
    • Yang RB, Mark MR, Gray A, et al. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced cellular signalling. Nature 1998, 395:284-288.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.395 , pp. 284-288
    • Yang, R.B.1    Mark, M.R.2    Gray, A.3
  • 110
    • 0033585011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptor 2 functions as a pattern recognition receptor for diverse bacterial products
    • Lien E, Sellati TJ, Yoshimura A, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 functions as a pattern recognition receptor for diverse bacterial products. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:33419-33425.
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 33419-33425
    • Lien, E.1    Sellati, T.J.2    Yoshimura, A.3
  • 111
    • 0033580949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peptidoglycan- and lipoteichoic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by toll-like receptor 2
    • Schwandner R, Dziarski R, Wesche H, et al. Peptidoglycan- and lipoteichoic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by toll-like receptor 2. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:17406-17409.
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 17406-17409
    • Schwandner, R.1    Dziarski, R.2    Wesche, H.3
  • 112
    • 0023607880 scopus 로고
    • Serial cardiovascular variables in survivors and nonsurvivors of human septic shock: Heart rate as an early predictor of prognosis
    • Parker MM, Shelhamer JH, Natanson C, et al. Serial cardiovascular variables in survivors and nonsurvivors of human septic shock: Heart rate as an early predictor of prognosis. Crit Care Med 1987, 15:923-929.
    • (1987) Crit Care Med , vol.15 , pp. 923-929
    • Parker, M.M.1    Shelhamer, J.H.2    Natanson, C.3
  • 113
    • 0021369443 scopus 로고
    • Role of peripheral pooling in porcine Escherichia coli sepsis
    • Teule GJJ, Van Lingen A, Verweij-van Vught MA, et al. Role of peripheral pooling in porcine Escherichia coli sepsis. Circ Shock 1984, 12:115-123.
    • (1984) Circ Shock , vol.12 , pp. 115-123
    • Teule, G.J.J.1    Van Lingen, A.2    Verweij-van Vught, M.A.3
  • 114
    • 0022460859 scopus 로고
    • Gram-negative bacteremia produces both severe systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction in a canine model that simulates human septic shock
    • Natanson C, Fink MP, Ballantyne HK, et al. Gram-negative bacteremia produces both severe systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction in a canine model that simulates human septic shock. J Clin Invest 1986, 78:259-270.
    • (1986) J Clin Invest , vol.78 , pp. 259-270
    • Natanson, C.1    Fink, M.P.2    Ballantyne, H.K.3
  • 115
    • 0020164459 scopus 로고
    • Hyperdynamic severe intravascular sepsis depends on fluid administration in cynomolgus monkey
    • Carroll GC, Snyder JV Hyperdynamic severe intravascular sepsis depends on fluid administration in cynomolgus monkey. Am J Physiol 1982, 243:131-141.
    • (1982) Am J Physiol , vol.243 , pp. 131-141
    • Carroll, G.C.1    Snyder, J.V.2
  • 116
    • 0020666060 scopus 로고
    • Effect of volume loading and dopamine on hemodynamics and red cell distribution in canine endotoxic shock
    • Teule GJJ, Den Hollander W, Bronsveld W, et al. Effect of volume loading and dopamine on hemodynamics and red cell distribution in canine endotoxic shock. Circ Shock 1983, 10:41-50.
    • (1983) Circ Shock , vol.10 , pp. 41-50
    • Teule, G.J.J.1    Den Hollander, W.2    Bronsveld, W.3
  • 117
    • 0030450997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circuit factors in the high cardiac output of sepsis
    • Magder S, Vanelli G Circuit factors in the high cardiac output of sepsis. J Crit Care 1996, 11:155-166.
    • (1996) J Crit Care , vol.11 , pp. 155-166
    • Magder, S.1    Vanelli, G.2
  • 118
    • 25044478539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hemodynamic comparison of early and late phase severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Donnino M, Nguyen HB, Rivers EP A hemodynamic comparison of early and late phase severe sepsis and septic shock. Chest 2002, 122:4S.
    • (2002) Chest , vol.122
    • Donnino, M.1    Nguyen, H.B.2    Rivers, E.P.3
  • 119
    • 0014140089 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of septic shock in man: A detailed study of 56 patients
    • MacLean LD, Mulligan WG, McLean APH, et al. Patterns of septic shock in man: A detailed study of 56 patients. Ann Surg 1967, 166:543-562.
    • (1967) Ann Surg , vol.166 , pp. 543-562
    • MacLean, L.D.1    Mulligan, W.G.2    McLean, A.P.H.3
  • 120
    • 0026725685 scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor challenges in canines: Patterns of cardiovascular dysfunction
    • Eichenholz PW, Eichacker PQ, Hoffman WD, et al. Tumor necrosis factor challenges in canines: Patterns of cardiovascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol 1992, 263:H668-H675.
    • (1992) Am J Physiol , vol.263
    • Eichenholz, P.W.1    Eichacker, P.Q.2    Hoffman, W.D.3
  • 121
    • 0026508075 scopus 로고
    • Administration of anti-TNF antibody improves left ventricular function in septic shock patients: Results of a pilot study
    • Vincent JL, Bakker J, Marecaux G, et al. Administration of anti-TNF antibody improves left ventricular function in septic shock patients: Results of a pilot study. Chest 1992, 101:810-815.
    • (1992) Chest , vol.101 , pp. 810-815
    • Vincent, J.L.1    Bakker, J.2    Marecaux, G.3
  • 122
    • 0024820971 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-1-induced myocardial depression in an isolated beating heart preparation
    • Hosenpud JD, Campbell SM, Mendelson DJ Interleukin-1-induced myocardial depression in an isolated beating heart preparation. J Heart Transplant 1989, 8:460-464.
    • (1989) J Heart Transplant , vol.8 , pp. 460-464
    • Hosenpud, J.D.1    Campbell, S.M.2    Mendelson, D.J.3
  • 123
    • 0034881125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myocardial dysfunction in septic shock: Part II. Role of cytokines and nitric oxide
    • Kumar A, Krieger A, Symeoneides S, et al. Myocardial dysfunction in septic shock: Part II. Role of cytokines and nitric oxide. J Cardiovasc Thorac Anesth 2001, 15:485-511.
    • (2001) J Cardiovasc Thorac Anesth , vol.15 , pp. 485-511
    • Kumar, A.1    Krieger, A.2    Symeoneides, S.3
  • 124
    • 0026344121 scopus 로고
    • Molecular and cellular actions of platelet-activating factor in rat heart cells
    • Massey CV, Kohout TR, Gaa ST, et al. Molecular and cellular actions of platelet-activating factor in rat heart cells. J Clin Invest 1991, 88:2106-2116.
    • (1991) J Clin Invest , vol.88 , pp. 2106-2116
    • Massey, C.V.1    Kohout, T.R.2    Gaa, S.T.3
  • 125
    • 0024363809 scopus 로고
    • Cardiopulmonary dysfunction in a feline septic model: Possible role of leukotrienes
    • Schutzer KM, Haglund U, Falk A Cardiopulmonary dysfunction in a feline septic model: Possible role of leukotrienes. Circ Shock 1989, 29:13-25.
    • (1989) Circ Shock , vol.29 , pp. 13-25
    • Schutzer, K.M.1    Haglund, U.2    Falk, A.3
  • 126
    • 0010983847 scopus 로고
    • "Negative inotropic cascades" in cardiomyocytes triggered by substances relevant to sepsis
    • Springer-Verlag, Berlin, G. Schlag, H. Redl (Eds.)
    • Werdan K, Muller U, Reithmann C "Negative inotropic cascades" in cardiomyocytes triggered by substances relevant to sepsis. Pathophysiology of Shock, Sepsis and Organ Failure 1993, 787-834. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. G. Schlag, H. Redl (Eds.).
    • (1993) Pathophysiology of Shock, Sepsis and Organ Failure , pp. 787-834
    • Werdan, K.1    Muller, U.2    Reithmann, C.3
  • 127
    • 9144265427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of interleukin 6 in myocardial dysfunction of meningococcal septic shock
    • Pathan N, Hemingway CA, Alizadeh AA, et al. Role of interleukin 6 in myocardial dysfunction of meningococcal septic shock. Lancet 2004, 363:203-209.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 203-209
    • Pathan, N.1    Hemingway, C.A.2    Alizadeh, A.A.3
  • 129
    • 0032826864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histamine H3 receptor blockade improves cardiac function in canine anaphylaxis
    • Chrusch C, Sharma S, Unruh H, et al. Histamine H3 receptor blockade improves cardiac function in canine anaphylaxis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160:1142-1149.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 1142-1149
    • Chrusch, C.1    Sharma, S.2    Unruh, H.3
  • 130
    • 0024395963 scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular dysfunction in human septic shock
    • Parrillo JE Cardiovascular dysfunction in human septic shock. Prog Clin Biol Res 1989, 308:191-199.
    • (1989) Prog Clin Biol Res , vol.308 , pp. 191-199
    • Parrillo, J.E.1
  • 131
    • 0025978246 scopus 로고
    • Anaphylaxis-induced myocardial depression treated with amrinone
    • Otero E, Onufer JR, Reiss CK, et al. Anaphylaxis-induced myocardial depression treated with amrinone. Lancet 1991, 337:682.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.337 , pp. 682
    • Otero, E.1    Onufer, J.R.2    Reiss, C.K.3
  • 132
    • 0023873639 scopus 로고
    • Profound reversible myocardial depression after anaphylaxis
    • Raper RF, Fisher MMD Profound reversible myocardial depression after anaphylaxis. Lancet 1988, 1:386-388.
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 386-388
    • Raper, R.F.1    Fisher, M.M.D.2
  • 134
  • 135
    • 0024589306 scopus 로고
    • Bilateral massive adrenal hemorrhage: Early recognition and treatment
    • Rao RH, Vagnucci AH, Amico JH Bilateral massive adrenal hemorrhage: Early recognition and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1989, 110:227-235.
    • (1989) Ann Intern Med , vol.110 , pp. 227-235
    • Rao, R.H.1    Vagnucci, A.H.2    Amico, J.H.3
  • 136
    • 0025964522 scopus 로고
    • Adrenal crisis
    • Chin R Adrenal crisis. Crit Care Clin 1991, 7:23-42.
    • (1991) Crit Care Clin , vol.7 , pp. 23-42
    • Chin, R.1
  • 137
    • 0022401584 scopus 로고
    • Adrenocortical insufficiency
    • Burke CW Adrenocortical insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985, 14:948-976.
    • (1985) Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.14 , pp. 948-976
    • Burke, C.W.1
  • 138
    • 0026559694 scopus 로고
    • Acute adrenal insufficiency presenting as shock after trauma and surgery: Three cases and review of the literature
    • Claussen MS, Landercasper J, Cogbill TH Acute adrenal insufficiency presenting as shock after trauma and surgery: Three cases and review of the literature. J Trauma 1992, 32:94-100.
    • (1992) J Trauma , vol.32 , pp. 94-100
    • Claussen, M.S.1    Landercasper, J.2    Cogbill, T.H.3
  • 139
    • 0023903630 scopus 로고
    • High output circulatory failure in acute adrenal insufficiency
    • Dorin RI, Kearns PJ High output circulatory failure in acute adrenal insufficiency. Crit Care Med 1988, 16:296-297.
    • (1988) Crit Care Med , vol.16 , pp. 296-297
    • Dorin, R.I.1    Kearns, P.J.2
  • 140
    • 0031722907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired pressor sensitivity to noradrenaline in septic shock patients with and without impaired adrenal function reserve
    • Annane D, Bellissant E, Sebille V, et al. Impaired pressor sensitivity to noradrenaline in septic shock patients with and without impaired adrenal function reserve. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998, 46:589-597.
    • (1998) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.46 , pp. 589-597
    • Annane, D.1    Bellissant, E.2    Sebille, V.3
  • 141
    • 0342980285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin
    • Annane D, Sebille V, Troche G, et al. A 3-level prognostic classification in septic shock based on cortisol levels and cortisol response to corticotropin. JAMA 2000, 283:1038-1045.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 1038-1045
    • Annane, D.1    Sebille, V.2    Troche, G.3
  • 142
    • 0025974325 scopus 로고
    • Cortisol response to corticotropin and survival in septic shock
    • Rothwell PM, Udwadia ZF, Lawler PG Cortisol response to corticotropin and survival in septic shock. Lancet 1991, 337:582-583f.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.337
    • Rothwell, P.M.1    Udwadia, Z.F.2    Lawler, P.G.3
  • 143
    • 0028906714 scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency occurring during septic shock: Incidence, outcome, and relationship to peripheral cytokine levels
    • Soni A, Pepper M, Wyrwinski PM, et al. Adrenal insufficiency occurring during septic shock: Incidence, outcome, and relationship to peripheral cytokine levels. Am J Med 1995, 28:266-271.
    • (1995) Am J Med , vol.28 , pp. 266-271
    • Soni, A.1    Pepper, M.2    Wyrwinski, P.M.3
  • 144
    • 0037250881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock
    • Marik PE, Zaloga GP Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock. Crit Care Med 2003, 31:141-145.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 141-145
    • Marik, P.E.1    Zaloga, G.P.2
  • 145
    • 0031942028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone
    • Bollaert PE, Charpentier C, Levy B, et al. Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone. Crit Care Med 1998, 26:645-650.
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 645-650
    • Bollaert, P.E.1    Charpentier, C.2    Levy, B.3
  • 146
    • 0032946372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: A prospective randomized, double-blind, single-center study
    • Briegel J, Forst H, Haller M, et al. Stress doses of hydrocortisone reverse hyperdynamic septic shock: A prospective randomized, double-blind, single-center study. Crit Care Med 1999, 27:723-732.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 723-732
    • Briegel, J.1    Forst, H.2    Haller, M.3
  • 147
    • 0037151571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock
    • Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA 2002, 288:862-871.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 862-871
    • Annane, D.1    Sebille, V.2    Charpentier, C.3
  • 148
    • 19944430688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrocortisone infusion for severe community-acquired pneumonia: A preliminary randomized study
    • Confalonieri M, Urbino R, Potena A, et al. Hydrocortisone infusion for severe community-acquired pneumonia: A preliminary randomized study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 171:242-248.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.171 , pp. 242-248
    • Confalonieri, M.1    Urbino, R.2    Potena, A.3
  • 150
    • 33746221715 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral macro- and microcirculation
    • Springer-Verlag, Berlin, G. Schlag, H. Redl (Eds.)
    • Bond RF Peripheral macro- and microcirculation. Pathophysiology of Shock, Sepsis and Organ Failure 1993, 893-907. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. G. Schlag, H. Redl (Eds.).
    • (1993) Pathophysiology of Shock, Sepsis and Organ Failure , pp. 893-907
    • Bond, R.F.1
  • 151
    • 0019582349 scopus 로고
    • Does the pulmonary wedge pressure predict left ventricular preload in critically ill patients?
    • Calvin JE, Driedger AA, Sibbald WJ Does the pulmonary wedge pressure predict left ventricular preload in critically ill patients?. Crit Care Med 1981, 9:437-443.
    • (1981) Crit Care Med , vol.9 , pp. 437-443
    • Calvin, J.E.1    Driedger, A.A.2    Sibbald, W.J.3
  • 152
    • 0001755358 scopus 로고
    • Studies on Starling's law of the heart: IV. Observations on hemodynamic functions of the left atrium in man
    • Braunwald E, Frahm CJ Studies on Starling's law of the heart: IV. Observations on hemodynamic functions of the left atrium in man. Circulation 1961, 24:633-642.
    • (1961) Circulation , vol.24 , pp. 633-642
    • Braunwald, E.1    Frahm, C.J.2
  • 153
    • 0020957766 scopus 로고
    • The role of the vasculature in the regulation of cardiac output
    • Sylvester JT, Goldberg HS, Permutt S The role of the vasculature in the regulation of cardiac output. Clin Chest Med 1983, 4:111-126.
    • (1983) Clin Chest Med , vol.4 , pp. 111-126
    • Sylvester, J.T.1    Goldberg, H.S.2    Permutt, S.3
  • 154
    • 0023485131 scopus 로고
    • Importance of venous return, venous resistance, and mean circulatory pressure in the physiology and management of shock
    • Bressack MA, Raffin TA Importance of venous return, venous resistance, and mean circulatory pressure in the physiology and management of shock. Chest 1987, 92:906-912.
    • (1987) Chest , vol.92 , pp. 906-912
    • Bressack, M.A.1    Raffin, T.A.2
  • 155
    • 0016803779 scopus 로고
    • Arterial impedance as ventricular afterload
    • Milnor WR Arterial impedance as ventricular afterload. Circ Res 1975, 36:565-570.
    • (1975) Circ Res , vol.36 , pp. 565-570
    • Milnor, W.R.1
  • 156
    • 0021275150 scopus 로고
    • The uses and limitations of end-systolic indices of left ventricular function
    • Carabello BA, Spann JF The uses and limitations of end-systolic indices of left ventricular function. Circulation 1984, 69:1058-1064.
    • (1984) Circulation , vol.69 , pp. 1058-1064
    • Carabello, B.A.1    Spann, J.F.2
  • 157
    • 0031799279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical death and the measurement of stressed vascular volume
    • Magder S, De Verennes B Clinical death and the measurement of stressed vascular volume. Crit Care Med 1998, 26:1061-1064.
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 1061-1064
    • Magder, S.1    De Verennes, B.2
  • 158
    • 0027051063 scopus 로고
    • Baroreflex control of regional capacitance and blood flow distribution with or without alpha adrenergic blockade
    • Deschamps A, Magder S Baroreflex control of regional capacitance and blood flow distribution with or without alpha adrenergic blockade. Am J Physiol 1992, 262:H1755-H1763.
    • (1992) Am J Physiol , vol.262
    • Deschamps, A.1    Magder, S.2
  • 159
    • 0028300807 scopus 로고
    • Effects of heat stress on vascular capacitance
    • Deschamps A, Magder S Effects of heat stress on vascular capacitance. Am J Physiol 1994, 266:H2122-H2129.
    • (1994) Am J Physiol , vol.266
    • Deschamps, A.1    Magder, S.2
  • 160
    • 0021048854 scopus 로고
    • Reflex control of veins and vascular capacitance
    • Rothe CF Reflex control of veins and vascular capacitance. Physiol Rev 1983, 63:1281-1295.
    • (1983) Physiol Rev , vol.63 , pp. 1281-1295
    • Rothe, C.F.1
  • 162
    • 0000883235 scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamics of collapsible vessels with tone: The vascular waterfall
    • Permutt S, Riley S Hemodynamics of collapsible vessels with tone: The vascular waterfall. J Appl Physiol 1963, 18:924-932.
    • (1963) J Appl Physiol , vol.18 , pp. 924-932
    • Permutt, S.1    Riley, S.2
  • 163
    • 0025936042 scopus 로고
    • Dobutamine increases cardiac output of the total artificial heart
    • Brinkley PF, Murray KD, Watson KM, et al. Dobutamine increases cardiac output of the total artificial heart. Circulation 1991, 84:1210-1215.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.84 , pp. 1210-1215
    • Brinkley, P.F.1    Murray, K.D.2    Watson, K.M.3
  • 164
    • 0016713976 scopus 로고
    • Selective venoconstriction by dopamine in comparison with isoproterenol and phenylephrine
    • Marino RJ, Romagnoli A, Keats AS Selective venoconstriction by dopamine in comparison with isoproterenol and phenylephrine. Anesthesiology 1975, 43:570-572.
    • (1975) Anesthesiology , vol.43 , pp. 570-572
    • Marino, R.J.1    Romagnoli, A.2    Keats, A.S.3
  • 165
    • 84884463040 scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic changes in endotoxic shock
    • Pinsky MR, Matushek M Hemodynamic changes in endotoxic shock. J Crit Care 1986, 1:18-31.
    • (1986) J Crit Care , vol.1 , pp. 18-31
    • Pinsky, M.R.1    Matushek, M.2
  • 166
    • 0031917810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of total effective vascular compliance in patients with sepsis syndrome
    • Stephan F, Novara A, Tournier B, et al. Determination of total effective vascular compliance in patients with sepsis syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 157:50-56.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 50-56
    • Stephan, F.1    Novara, A.2    Tournier, B.3
  • 167
    • 0025870031 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral vascular tone in sepsis
    • Astiz ME, Tilly E, Rackow EC, et al. Peripheral vascular tone in sepsis. Chest 1991, 99:1072-1075.
    • (1991) Chest , vol.99 , pp. 1072-1075
    • Astiz, M.E.1    Tilly, E.2    Rackow, E.C.3
  • 168
    • 0023243105 scopus 로고
    • Group B streptococcal sepsis in the piglet: Effects of fluid therapy on venous return, organ edema, and organ blood flow
    • Bressack MA, Morton NS, Hortop J Group B streptococcal sepsis in the piglet: Effects of fluid therapy on venous return, organ edema, and organ blood flow. Circ Res 1987, 61:659.
    • (1987) Circ Res , vol.61 , pp. 659
    • Bressack, M.A.1    Morton, N.S.2    Hortop, J.3
  • 169
    • 0025811808 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral vascular responses in septic shock: Direct or reflex effects?
    • Schumacker PT Peripheral vascular responses in septic shock: Direct or reflex effects?. Chest 1991, 99:1057-1058.
    • (1991) Chest , vol.99 , pp. 1057-1058
    • Schumacker, P.T.1
  • 170
    • 84884422150 scopus 로고
    • Applied cardiovascular physiology in the critically ill with special reference to diastole and ventricular interaction
    • Saunders, Philadelphia, W.C. Shoemaker, S. Ayres, A. Grenvik (Eds.)
    • Calvin JE, Sibbald WJ Applied cardiovascular physiology in the critically ill with special reference to diastole and ventricular interaction. Textbook of Critical Care 1989, 312-325. Saunders, Philadelphia. W.C. Shoemaker, S. Ayres, A. Grenvik (Eds.).
    • (1989) Textbook of Critical Care , pp. 312-325
    • Calvin, J.E.1    Sibbald, W.J.2
  • 171
    • 0016280920 scopus 로고
    • Instantaneous pressure-volume relationships and their ratio in the excised, supported canine left ventricle
    • Suga H, Sagawa K Instantaneous pressure-volume relationships and their ratio in the excised, supported canine left ventricle. Circ Res 1974, 35:117-126.
    • (1974) Circ Res , vol.35 , pp. 117-126
    • Suga, H.1    Sagawa, K.2
  • 172
    • 0023874581 scopus 로고
    • Influence of altered inotropy and lusitropy on ventricular pressure-volume loops
    • Katz AM Influence of altered inotropy and lusitropy on ventricular pressure-volume loops. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988, 11:438-445.
    • (1988) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.11 , pp. 438-445
    • Katz, A.M.1
  • 173
    • 0022869705 scopus 로고
    • Autoregulation of blood flow
    • Johnson PC Autoregulation of blood flow. Circ Res 1986, 59:483-495.
    • (1986) Circ Res , vol.59 , pp. 483-495
    • Johnson, P.C.1
  • 175
    • 0025641888 scopus 로고
    • Hemorrhage produces depression in microvascular blood flow which persists despite fluid resuscitation
    • Wang P, Hauptman JG, Chaudry IH Hemorrhage produces depression in microvascular blood flow which persists despite fluid resuscitation. Circ Shock 1990, 32:307-318.
    • (1990) Circ Shock , vol.32 , pp. 307-318
    • Wang, P.1    Hauptman, J.G.2    Chaudry, I.H.3
  • 176
    • 0024673023 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral blood flow is reduced in patients with sepsis syndrome
    • Bowton DL, Bertels NH, Prough DS, et al. Cerebral blood flow is reduced in patients with sepsis syndrome. Crit Care Med 1989, 17:399-403.
    • (1989) Crit Care Med , vol.17 , pp. 399-403
    • Bowton, D.L.1    Bertels, N.H.2    Prough, D.S.3
  • 177
    • 0019997685 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral blood flow and oxygen uptake in endotoxic shock: An experimental study in dogs
    • Ekstrom-Jodal B, Haggendal E, Larsson LE Cerebral blood flow and oxygen uptake in endotoxic shock: An experimental study in dogs. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1982, 26:163-170.
    • (1982) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.26 , pp. 163-170
    • Ekstrom-Jodal, B.1    Haggendal, E.2    Larsson, L.E.3
  • 178
    • 0022480082 scopus 로고
    • The coronary circulation in human septic shock
    • Cunnion RE, Schaer GL, Parker MM, et al. The coronary circulation in human septic shock. Circulation 1986, 73:637-644.
    • (1986) Circulation , vol.73 , pp. 637-644
    • Cunnion, R.E.1    Schaer, G.L.2    Parker, M.M.3
  • 179
    • 0023097510 scopus 로고
    • Coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism of lactate, free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones in patients with septic shock
    • Dhainaut JF, Huyghebaert MF, Monsallier JF, et al. Coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism of lactate, free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones in patients with septic shock. Circulation 1987, 75:533-541.
    • (1987) Circulation , vol.75 , pp. 533-541
    • Dhainaut, J.F.1    Huyghebaert, M.F.2    Monsallier, J.F.3
  • 180
    • 0022341691 scopus 로고
    • Effect of tissue acidosis on skeletal muscle microcirculatory responses to hemorrhagic shock in unanesthetized rats
    • Cryer HM, Kaebrick H, Harris PD, et al. Effect of tissue acidosis on skeletal muscle microcirculatory responses to hemorrhagic shock in unanesthetized rats. J Surg Res 1985, 39:59-67.
    • (1985) J Surg Res , vol.39 , pp. 59-67
    • Cryer, H.M.1    Kaebrick, H.2    Harris, P.D.3
  • 181
    • 0011951545 scopus 로고
    • Tissue levels of norepinephrine in hemorrhagic shock
    • Coleman B, Glaviano VV Tissue levels of norepinephrine in hemorrhagic shock. Science 1963, 139:54.
    • (1963) Science , vol.139 , pp. 54
    • Coleman, B.1    Glaviano, V.V.2
  • 182
    • 0022629465 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacologic manipulation of the peripheral vasculature in shock: Clinical and experimental approaches
    • Chernow B, Roth BL Pharmacologic manipulation of the peripheral vasculature in shock: Clinical and experimental approaches. Circ Shock 1986, 18:141-155.
    • (1986) Circ Shock , vol.18 , pp. 141-155
    • Chernow, B.1    Roth, B.L.2
  • 183
    • 0023927827 scopus 로고
    • Role of the central nervous system in renal nerve activity during prolonged hemorrhagic shock in dogs
    • Koyama S, Aibiki M, Kanai K, et al. Role of the central nervous system in renal nerve activity during prolonged hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Am J Physiol 1988, 254:R761-R769.
    • (1988) Am J Physiol , vol.254
    • Koyama, S.1    Aibiki, M.2    Kanai, K.3
  • 184
    • 0027287496 scopus 로고
    • Role of nitric oxide in the hemodynamic changes of sepsis
    • Lorente JA, Landin L, Renes E, et al. Role of nitric oxide in the hemodynamic changes of sepsis. Crit Care Med 1993, 21:759-767.
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 759-767
    • Lorente, J.A.1    Landin, L.2    Renes, E.3
  • 185
    • 0024852764 scopus 로고
    • Reperfusion injury following circulatory collapse: The role of reactive oxygen metabolites
    • Carden DI, Smith JK, Zimmerman BJ, et al. Reperfusion injury following circulatory collapse: The role of reactive oxygen metabolites. J Crit Care 1989, 4:294-300.
    • (1989) J Crit Care , vol.4 , pp. 294-300
    • Carden, D.I.1    Smith, J.K.2    Zimmerman, B.J.3
  • 186
    • 0026507703 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide modulates microvascular permeability
    • Kubes P Nitric oxide modulates microvascular permeability. Am J Physiol 1992, 262:H611-H615.
    • (1992) Am J Physiol , vol.262
    • Kubes, P.1
  • 187
    • 0037097931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary microvascular protein leak in murine sepsis
    • Wang LF, Patel M, Razavi HM, et al. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary microvascular protein leak in murine sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 165:1634-1639.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.165 , pp. 1634-1639
    • Wang, L.F.1    Patel, M.2    Razavi, H.M.3
  • 188
    • 0003095382 scopus 로고
    • Activation/adherence phenomena of leukocytes and endothelial cells in trauma and sepsis
    • Springer-Verlag, Berlin, H. Redl, G. Schlag (Eds.)
    • Redl H, Schlag G, Kneidinger R, et al. Activation/adherence phenomena of leukocytes and endothelial cells in trauma and sepsis. Pathophysiology of Shock, Sepsis and Organ Failure 1993, 549-563. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. H. Redl, G. Schlag (Eds.).
    • (1993) Pathophysiology of Shock, Sepsis and Organ Failure , pp. 549-563
    • Redl, H.1    Schlag, G.2    Kneidinger, R.3
  • 189
    • 0017563096 scopus 로고
    • Vascular autoregulatory failure following trauma and shock
    • Shah DM, Dutton RE, Newell JC, et al. Vascular autoregulatory failure following trauma and shock. Surg Forum 1977, 28:11-13.
    • (1977) Surg Forum , vol.28 , pp. 11-13
    • Shah, D.M.1    Dutton, R.E.2    Newell, J.C.3
  • 190
    • 0023840618 scopus 로고
    • Red blood cell deformability in human and experimental sepsis
    • Hurd TC, Dasmahapatra KS, Rush BF, et al. Red blood cell deformability in human and experimental sepsis. Arch Surg 1988, 123:217-220.
    • (1988) Arch Surg , vol.123 , pp. 217-220
    • Hurd, T.C.1    Dasmahapatra, K.S.2    Rush, B.F.3
  • 191
    • 0015390803 scopus 로고
    • The relation of sodium and potassium ion transport to respiration and adenine nucleotide content of liver slices treated with inhibitors of respiration
    • Van Rossum GD The relation of sodium and potassium ion transport to respiration and adenine nucleotide content of liver slices treated with inhibitors of respiration. Biochem J 1972, 129:427-438.
    • (1972) Biochem J , vol.129 , pp. 427-438
    • Van Rossum, G.D.1
  • 192
    • 0014876129 scopus 로고
    • The effects of ethionine treatment on the metabolims of liver mitochondria
    • Vogt MT, Fraber E The effects of ethionine treatment on the metabolims of liver mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1970, 141:162-173.
    • (1970) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.141 , pp. 162-173
    • Vogt, M.T.1    Fraber, E.2
  • 193
    • 0020806143 scopus 로고
    • Cellular mechanisms in shock and ischemia and their correction
    • Chaudry IH Cellular mechanisms in shock and ischemia and their correction. Am J Physiol 1983, 245:R117-R134.
    • (1983) Am J Physiol , vol.245
    • Chaudry, I.H.1
  • 194
    • 0018852033 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of adenine nucleotides in the kidney during hemorrhagic hypotension and after recovery
    • Horpacsy G, Schnells G Metabolism of adenine nucleotides in the kidney during hemorrhagic hypotension and after recovery. J Surg Res 1980, 29:11-17.
    • (1980) J Surg Res , vol.29 , pp. 11-17
    • Horpacsy, G.1    Schnells, G.2
  • 195
    • 0017112699 scopus 로고
    • Alteration in high-energy phosphates in hemorrhagic shock as related to tissue and organ function
    • Chaudry IH, Sayeed MM, Baue AE Alteration in high-energy phosphates in hemorrhagic shock as related to tissue and organ function. Surgery 1976, 79:666-668.
    • (1976) Surgery , vol.79 , pp. 666-668
    • Chaudry, I.H.1    Sayeed, M.M.2    Baue, A.E.3
  • 196
    • 0016146578 scopus 로고
    • Effect of adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride administration in shock
    • Chaudry IH, Sayeed MM, Baue AE Effect of adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride administration in shock. Surgery 1974, 75:220-227.
    • (1974) Surgery , vol.75 , pp. 220-227
    • Chaudry, I.H.1    Sayeed, M.M.2    Baue, A.E.3
  • 197
    • 0016190304 scopus 로고
    • Effect of hemorrhagic shock on tissue adenine nucleotides in conscious rats
    • Chaudry IH, Sayeed MM, Baue AE Effect of hemorrhagic shock on tissue adenine nucleotides in conscious rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1974, 52:131-137.
    • (1974) Can J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.52 , pp. 131-137
    • Chaudry, I.H.1    Sayeed, M.M.2    Baue, A.E.3
  • 198
    • 0020692768 scopus 로고
    • Alterations in electron transport and cellular metabolism with shock and trauma
    • Chaudry IH, Ohkawa M, Clemens MG, et al. Alterations in electron transport and cellular metabolism with shock and trauma. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983, 111:67-88.
    • (1983) Prog Clin Biol Res , vol.111 , pp. 67-88
    • Chaudry, I.H.1    Ohkawa, M.2    Clemens, M.G.3
  • 199
    • 0035829842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock
    • Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:1368-1377.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1368-1377
    • Rivers, E.1    Nguyen, B.2    Havstad, S.3
  • 200
    • 0025434377 scopus 로고
    • Hemorrhage induces an increase in serum TNF which is not associated with elevated levels of endotoxin
    • Ayala A, Perrin MM, Meldrum DR, et al. Hemorrhage induces an increase in serum TNF which is not associated with elevated levels of endotoxin. Cytokine 1990, 2:170-174.
    • (1990) Cytokine , vol.2 , pp. 170-174
    • Ayala, A.1    Perrin, M.M.2    Meldrum, D.R.3
  • 201
    • 0025266645 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic values of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin-1, and interferonγ in the serum of patients with septic shock
    • Calandra T, Baumgartner J, Grau GE, et al. Prognostic values of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin-1, and interferonγ in the serum of patients with septic shock. J Infect Dis 1990, 161:982-987.
    • (1990) J Infect Dis , vol.161 , pp. 982-987
    • Calandra, T.1    Baumgartner, J.2    Grau, G.E.3
  • 202
    • 0023749693 scopus 로고
    • Plasma tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in the serum of children with severe infectious purpura
    • Girardin E, Grau GE, Dayer JM, et al. Plasma tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in the serum of children with severe infectious purpura. N Engl J Med 1989, 319:397-400.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.319 , pp. 397-400
    • Girardin, E.1    Grau, G.E.2    Dayer, J.M.3
  • 204
    • 0026048714 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of sepsis
    • Bone RC The pathogenesis of sepsis. Ann Intern Med 1991, 115:457-469.
    • (1991) Ann Intern Med , vol.115 , pp. 457-469
    • Bone, R.C.1
  • 205
    • 0022492412 scopus 로고
    • Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor mediates changes of skeletal muscle plasma membrane potential
    • Tracey KJ, Lowry SF, Beutler B, et al. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor mediates changes of skeletal muscle plasma membrane potential. J Exp Med 1986, 164:1368-1373.
    • (1986) J Exp Med , vol.164 , pp. 1368-1373
    • Tracey, K.J.1    Lowry, S.F.2    Beutler, B.3
  • 206
    • 0025286817 scopus 로고
    • Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure
    • Levine B, Kalman J, Mayer L, et al. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1990, 323:236-241.
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.323 , pp. 236-241
    • Levine, B.1    Kalman, J.2    Mayer, L.3
  • 207
    • 0036800433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a myocardial depressant factor in meningococcal septicemia
    • Pathan N, Sandiford C, Harding SE, et al. Characterization of a myocardial depressant factor in meningococcal septicemia. Crit Care Med 2002, 30:2191-2198.
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 2191-2198
    • Pathan, N.1    Sandiford, C.2    Harding, S.E.3
  • 208
    • 0001611329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor
    • Calandra T, Echtenacher B, Roy DL, et al. Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Nat Med 2000, 6:164-170.
    • (2000) Nat Med , vol.6 , pp. 164-170
    • Calandra, T.1    Echtenacher, B.2    Roy, D.L.3
  • 209
    • 0022617637 scopus 로고
    • Immunocompromised animal models for the study of antibiotic combinations
    • Calandra T, Glauser MP Immunocompromised animal models for the study of antibiotic combinations. Am J Med 1986, 80:45-52.
    • (1986) Am J Med , vol.80 , pp. 45-52
    • Calandra, T.1    Glauser, M.P.2
  • 210
    • 0035891570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal systemic inflammation
    • Wang H, Yang H, Czura CJ, et al. HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal systemic inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164(10 Pt 1):1768-1773.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , Issue.10 PART 1 , pp. 1768-1773
    • Wang, H.1    Yang, H.2    Czura, C.J.3
  • 211
    • 0022409016 scopus 로고
    • A circulating myocardial depressant substance in humans with septic shock: Septic shock patients with a reduced ejection fraction have a circulating factor that depresses in vitro myocardial cell performance
    • Parrillo JE, Burch C, Shelhamer JH, et al. A circulating myocardial depressant substance in humans with septic shock: Septic shock patients with a reduced ejection fraction have a circulating factor that depresses in vitro myocardial cell performance. J Clin Invest 1985, 76:1539-1553.
    • (1985) J Clin Invest , vol.76 , pp. 1539-1553
    • Parrillo, J.E.1    Burch, C.2    Shelhamer, J.H.3
  • 212
    • 0025215441 scopus 로고
    • Net inotropic plasma activity in canine hypovolemic traumatic shock: Low molecular weight plasma fraction after prolonged hypotension depresses cardiac muscle performance in-vitro
    • Hallstrom S, Vogl C, Redl H, et al. Net inotropic plasma activity in canine hypovolemic traumatic shock: Low molecular weight plasma fraction after prolonged hypotension depresses cardiac muscle performance in-vitro. Circ Shock 1990, 30:129-144.
    • (1990) Circ Shock , vol.30 , pp. 129-144
    • Hallstrom, S.1    Vogl, C.2    Redl, H.3
  • 213
    • 84884444096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myocardial infarction and reperfusion produces soluble myocardial depressant activity that correlates with infarct size
    • Brar R, Kumar A, Schaer GL, et al. Myocardial infarction and reperfusion produces soluble myocardial depressant activity that correlates with infarct size. Crit Care Med 1996, 24:A30.
    • (1996) Crit Care Med , vol.24
    • Brar, R.1    Kumar, A.2    Schaer, G.L.3
  • 214
    • 0026271701 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of low molecular weight peptides in hemofiltrated patients with cardiogenic shock: A new aspect of myocardial depressant substances
    • Coraim F, Trubel W, Ebermann R, et al. Isolation of low molecular weight peptides in hemofiltrated patients with cardiogenic shock: A new aspect of myocardial depressant substances. Contrib Nephrol 1991, 93:237-240.
    • (1991) Contrib Nephrol , vol.93 , pp. 237-240
    • Coraim, F.1    Trubel, W.2    Ebermann, R.3
  • 216
    • 0029975877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta are responsible for depression of in vitro myocardial cell contractility induced by serum from humans with septic shock
    • Kumar A, Thota V, Dee L, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta are responsible for depression of in vitro myocardial
    • (1996) J Exp Med , vol.183 , pp. 949-958
    • Kumar, A.1    Thota, V.2    Dee, L.3
  • 217
    • 0032891779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of nitric oxide and cyclic GMP in human septic serum-induced depression of cardiac myocyte contractility
    • Kumar A, Brar R, Wang P, et al. The role of nitric oxide and cyclic GMP in human septic serum-induced depression of cardiac myocyte contractility. Am J Physiol 1999, 276:R265-R276.
    • (1999) Am J Physiol , vol.276
    • Kumar, A.1    Brar, R.2    Wang, P.3
  • 218
    • 0032805207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factorα and interleukin-1β synergistically depress human myocardial function
    • Cain BS, Meldrum DR, Dinarello CA, et al. Tumor necrosis factorα and interleukin-1β synergistically depress human myocardial function. Crit Care Med 1999, 27:1309-1318.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1309-1318
    • Cain, B.S.1    Meldrum, D.R.2    Dinarello, C.A.3
  • 219
    • 0026629902 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells
    • Nathan C Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J 1992, 6:3051-3064.
    • (1992) FASEB J , vol.6 , pp. 3051-3064
    • Nathan, C.1
  • 220
    • 0025195627 scopus 로고
    • N-methyl-L-arginine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-induced hypotension: Implications for the involvement of nitric oxide
    • Kilbourn RG, Gross SS, Jubran A, et al. N-methyl-L-arginine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-induced hypotension: Implications for the involvement of nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990, 87:3623-3629.
    • (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.87 , pp. 3623-3629
    • Kilbourn, R.G.1    Gross, S.S.2    Jubran, A.3
  • 221
    • 0025189864 scopus 로고
    • Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: Implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide
    • Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, et al. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: Implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990, 87:1620-1624.
    • (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.87 , pp. 1620-1624
    • Beckman, J.S.1    Beckman, T.W.2    Chen, J.3
  • 222
    • 0028967728 scopus 로고
    • Endotoxin triggers the expression of an inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase and the formation of peroxynitrite in the rat aorta in vivo
    • Szabo C, Salzman AL, Ischiropoulos H Endotoxin triggers the expression of an inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase and the formation of peroxynitrite in the rat aorta in vivo. FEBS Lett 1995, 363:235-238.
    • (1995) FEBS Lett , vol.363 , pp. 235-238
    • Szabo, C.1    Salzman, A.L.2    Ischiropoulos, H.3
  • 223
    • 0031441102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ measurement of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite during endotoxemia
    • Brovkovych V, Patton S, Brovkovych S, et al. In situ measurement of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite during endotoxemia. J Physiol Pharmacol 1997, 48:633-644.
    • (1997) J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.48 , pp. 633-644
    • Brovkovych, V.1    Patton, S.2    Brovkovych, S.3
  • 224
    • 0029037495 scopus 로고
    • The chemistry of peroxynitrite: A product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide
    • Pryor WA, Squadrito GL The chemistry of peroxynitrite: A product from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. Am J Physiol 1995, 268(5 Pt 1):L699-L722.
    • (1995) Am J Physiol , vol.268 , Issue.5 PART 1
    • Pryor, W.A.1    Squadrito, G.L.2
  • 225
    • 0028597036 scopus 로고
    • Production of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in the lung during acute endotoxemia
    • Wizemann TM, Gardner CR, Laskin JD, et al. Production of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in the lung during acute endotoxemia. J Leukoc Biol 1994, 56:759-768.
    • (1994) J Leukoc Biol , vol.56 , pp. 759-768
    • Wizemann, T.M.1    Gardner, C.R.2    Laskin, J.D.3
  • 226
    • 0031439772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide synthases and cardiac muscle: Autocrine and paracrine influences
    • Balligand JL, Cannon PJ Nitric oxide synthases and cardiac muscle: Autocrine and paracrine influences. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 1997, 17:1846-1858.
    • (1997) Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.17 , pp. 1846-1858
    • Balligand, J.L.1    Cannon, P.J.2
  • 227
    • 0029437225 scopus 로고
    • Reactions between nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: Footprints of peroxynitrite in vivo
    • Crow JP, Beckman JS Reactions between nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: Footprints of peroxynitrite in vivo. Adv Pharmacol (New York) 1995, 34:17-43.
    • (1995) Adv Pharmacol (New York) , vol.34 , pp. 17-43
    • Crow, J.P.1    Beckman, J.S.2
  • 228
    • 0027960215 scopus 로고
    • Superoxide and peroxynitrite inactivate aconitases, nitric oxide does not
    • Hausladen A, Fridovich I Superoxide and peroxynitrite inactivate aconitases, nitric oxide does not. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:29405-29408.
    • (1994) J Biol Chem , vol.269 , pp. 29405-29408
    • Hausladen, A.1    Fridovich, I.2
  • 229
    • 0028988038 scopus 로고
    • Endogenous peroxynitrite is involved in the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in immunostimulated J774.2 macrophages
    • Szabo C, Salzman AL Endogenous peroxynitrite is involved in the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in immunostimulated J774.2 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995, 209:739-743.
    • (1995) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.209 , pp. 739-743
    • Szabo, C.1    Salzman, A.L.2
  • 230
    • 0028952832 scopus 로고
    • Effect of peroxynitrite on the mitochondrial respiratory chain: Differential susceptibility of neurones and astrocytes in primary culture
    • Bolanos JP, Heales SJ, Land JM, et al. Effect of peroxynitrite on the mitochondrial respiratory chain: Differential susceptibility of neurones and astrocytes in primary culture. J Neurochem 1995, 64:1965-1972.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.64 , pp. 1965-1972
    • Bolanos, J.P.1    Heales, S.J.2    Land, J.M.3
  • 231
    • 0031033903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential role of peroxynitrite in the vascular contractile and cellular energetic failure in endotoxic shock
    • Zingarelli B, Day BJ, Crapo JD, et al. The potential role of peroxynitrite in the vascular contractile and cellular energetic failure in endotoxic shock. Br J Pharmacol 1997, 120:259-267.
    • (1997) Br J Pharmacol , vol.120 , pp. 259-267
    • Zingarelli, B.1    Day, B.J.2    Crapo, J.D.3
  • 232
    • 0028275459 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by peroxynitrite
    • Radi R, Rodriguez M, Castro L, et al. Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport by peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994, 308:89-95.
    • (1994) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.308 , pp. 89-95
    • Radi, R.1    Rodriguez, M.2    Castro, L.3
  • 233
    • 0032879115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a novel guanylyl cyclase inhibitor on the vascular actions of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in immunostimulated smooth muscle cells and in endotoxic shock
    • Zingarelli B, Hasko G, Salzman AL, et al. Effects of a novel guanylyl cyclase inhibitor on the vascular actions of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in immunostimulated smooth muscle cells and in endotoxic shock. Crit Care Med 1999, 27:1701-1707.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1701-1707
    • Zingarelli, B.1    Hasko, G.2    Salzman, A.L.3
  • 234
    • 0028061310 scopus 로고
    • Role of nitric oxide in regulation of oxygen consumption in conscious dogs
    • Shen W, Xu X, Ochoa M, et al. Role of nitric oxide in regulation of oxygen consumption in conscious dogs. Circ Res 1994, 75:1086-1095.
    • (1994) Circ Res , vol.75 , pp. 1086-1095
    • Shen, W.1    Xu, X.2    Ochoa, M.3
  • 235
    • 0028865420 scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide: an important singaling mechanism between vascular endothelium and parenchymal cells in the regulation of oxygen consumption
    • Shen W, Hintze TH, Wolin MS Nitric oxide: an important singaling mechanism between vascular endothelium and parenchymal cells in the regulation of oxygen consumption. Circulation 1995, 92:3503-3508.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.92 , pp. 3503-3508
    • Shen, W.1    Hintze, T.H.2    Wolin, M.S.3
  • 236
    • 0031951442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitric oxide regulates oxygen uptake and hydrogen peroxide release by the isolated beating rat heart
    • Poderoso JJ, Peralta JG, Lisdero CL, et al. Nitric oxide regulates oxygen uptake and hydrogen peroxide release by the isolated beating rat heart. Am J Physiol 1998, 274(1 Pt 1):C112-C119.
    • (1998) Am J Physiol , vol.274 , Issue.1 PART 1
    • Poderoso, J.J.1    Peralta, J.G.2    Lisdero, C.L.3
  • 237
    • 0029934194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of poly-ADP ribosyltransferase activation in the vascular contractile and energetic failure elicited by exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide peroxynitrite
    • Szabo C, Zingarelli B, Salzman AL Role of poly-ADP ribosyltransferase activation in the vascular contractile and energetic failure elicited by exogenous and endogenous nitric oxide peroxynitrite. Circ Res 1996, 78:1051-1063.
    • (1996) Circ Res , vol.78 , pp. 1051-1063
    • Szabo, C.1    Zingarelli, B.2    Salzman, A.L.3
  • 238
    • 0032981357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular and cardiac tissue
    • Stoclet JC, Muller B, Gyorgy K, et al. The inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular and cardiac tissue. Eur J Pharmacol 1999, 375:139-155.
    • (1999) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.375 , pp. 139-155
    • Stoclet, J.C.1    Muller, B.2    Gyorgy, K.3
  • 239
    • 0029036110 scopus 로고
    • Peroxynitrite stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell cyclic GMP synthesis
    • Tarpey MM, Beckman JS, Ischiropoulos H, et al. Peroxynitrite stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell cyclic GMP synthesis. FEBS Lett 1995, 364:314-318.
    • (1995) FEBS Lett , vol.364 , pp. 314-318
    • Tarpey, M.M.1    Beckman, J.S.2    Ischiropoulos, H.3
  • 240
    • 0029116612 scopus 로고
    • Peroxynitrite-induced accumulation of cyclic GMP in endothelial cells and stimulation of purified soluble guanylyl cyclase: Dependence on glutathione and possible role of S-nitrosation
    • Mayer B, Schrammel A, Klatt P, et al. Peroxynitrite-induced accumulation of cyclic GMP in endothelial cells and stimulation of purified soluble guanylyl cyclase: Dependence on glutathione and possible role of S-nitrosation. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:17355-17360.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 17355-17360
    • Mayer, B.1    Schrammel, A.2    Klatt, P.3
  • 241
    • 0032887926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of guanylate cyclase stimulation by NO and bovine arterial relaxation to peroxynitrite and H2O2
    • Iesaki T, Gupte SA, Kaminski PM, et al. Inhibition of guanylate cyclase stimulation by NO and bovine arterial relaxation to peroxynitrite and H2O2. Am J Physiol 1999, 277(3 Pt 2):H978-H985.
    • (1999) Am J Physiol , vol.277 , Issue.3 PART 2
    • Iesaki, T.1    Gupte, S.A.2    Kaminski, P.M.3
  • 242
    • 0031282002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxynitrite aggravates myocardial reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused rat heart
    • Ma XL, Lopez BL, Liu GL, et al. Peroxynitrite aggravates myocardial reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused rat heart. Cardiovasc Res 1997, 36:195-204.
    • (1997) Cardiovasc Res , vol.36 , pp. 195-204
    • Ma, X.L.1    Lopez, B.L.2    Liu, G.L.3
  • 243
    • 0030203367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathophysiological role of peroxynitrite in shock, inflammation, and ischemia-reperfusion injury
    • Szabo C The pathophysiological role of peroxynitrite in shock, inflammation, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock 1996, 6:79-88.
    • (1996) Shock , vol.6 , pp. 79-88
    • Szabo, C.1
  • 245
    • 0027547528 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen-derived free radicals
    • McCord JM Oxygen-derived free radicals. New Horiz 1993, 1:70-76.
    • (1993) New Horiz , vol.1 , pp. 70-76
    • McCord, J.M.1
  • 246
    • 0017355552 scopus 로고
    • Hypoxanthine and urate levels of plasma during and after hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs
    • Saugstad OD, Ostrem T Hypoxanthine and urate levels of plasma during and after hemorrhagic hypotension in dogs. Eur Surg Res 1977, 9:48-56.
    • (1977) Eur Surg Res , vol.9 , pp. 48-56
    • Saugstad, O.D.1    Ostrem, T.2
  • 247
    • 0007435398 scopus 로고
    • Circulating xanthine oxidase: Release of xanthine oxidase from isolated rat liver
    • Yokoyama Y, Parks DA Circulating xanthine oxidase: Release of xanthine oxidase from isolated rat liver. Gastroenterology 1988, 94:607-611.
    • (1988) Gastroenterology , vol.94 , pp. 607-611
    • Yokoyama, Y.1    Parks, D.A.2
  • 248
    • 0021343227 scopus 로고
    • Canine myocardial reperfusion injury: Its reduction by the combined administration of superoxide dismutase and catalase
    • Jolly SR, Kane WJ, Bailie MB, et al. Canine myocardial reperfusion injury: Its reduction by the combined administration of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Circ Res 1984, 54:277-285.
    • (1984) Circ Res , vol.54 , pp. 277-285
    • Jolly, S.R.1    Kane, W.J.2    Bailie, M.B.3
  • 249
    • 0022639077 scopus 로고
    • Superoxide dismutase plus catalase improve contractile function in the canine model of the "stunned myocardium."
    • Przyklenk K, Kloner RA Superoxide dismutase plus catalase improve contractile function in the canine model of the "stunned myocardium.". Circ Res 1986, 58:148-156.
    • (1986) Circ Res , vol.58 , pp. 148-156
    • Przyklenk, K.1    Kloner, R.A.2
  • 250
  • 251
    • 0019616962 scopus 로고
    • Effect of intravenous ATP-MgCl2 on cellular function in liver and muscle in hemorrhagic shock
    • Peitzman AB, Shires GTI, Illner H, et al. Effect of intravenous ATP-MgCl2 on cellular function in liver and muscle in hemorrhagic shock. Curr Surg 1981, 38:300.
    • (1981) Curr Surg , vol.38 , pp. 300
    • Peitzman, A.B.1    Shires, G.T.I.2    Illner, H.3
  • 252
    • 0031800812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular biology of septic shock
    • Murphy K, Haudek SB, Thompson M, et al. Molecular biology of septic shock. New Horiz 1998, 6:181-193.
    • (1998) New Horiz , vol.6 , pp. 181-193
    • Murphy, K.1    Haudek, S.B.2    Thompson, M.3
  • 253
    • 0033546610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility to and mortality of septic shock are associated with TNF2, a TNF-alpha promotor polymorphism: A multicenter study
    • Mira J, Cariou A, Grall F, et al. Susceptibility to and mortality of septic shock are associated with TNF2, a TNF-alpha promotor polymorphism: A multicenter study. JAMA 1999, 282:561-568.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 561-568
    • Mira, J.1    Cariou, A.2    Grall, F.3
  • 254
    • 0029922017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genomic polymorphism within the tumor necrosis factor locus influences plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and outcome of patients with severe sepsis
    • Stuber F, Petersen M, Bokelmann F, et al. A genomic polymorphism within the tumor necrosis factor locus influences plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations and outcome of patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 1996, 24:381-384.
    • (1996) Crit Care Med , vol.24 , pp. 381-384
    • Stuber, F.1    Petersen, M.2    Bokelmann, F.3
  • 255
    • 0033082277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a locus on distal mouse chromosome 12 that controls resistance to tumor necrosis factor-induced lethal shock
    • Libert C, Wielockx B, Hammond GL, et al. Identification of a locus on distal mouse chromosome 12 that controls resistance to tumor necrosis factor-induced lethal shock. Genomics 1999, 55:284-289.
    • (1999) Genomics , vol.55 , pp. 284-289
    • Libert, C.1    Wielockx, B.2    Hammond, G.L.3
  • 256
    • 0012382804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene family: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist polymorphism contributes to susceptibility to severe sepsis
    • Fang XM, Schroder S, Hoeft A, et al. Comparison of two polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene family: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist polymorphism contributes to susceptibility to severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 1999, 27:1330-1334.
    • (1999) Crit Care Med , vol.27 , pp. 1330-1334
    • Fang, X.M.1    Schroder, S.2    Hoeft, A.3
  • 257
    • 0141800036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic polymorphisms in sepsis and septic shock: Role in prognosis and potential for therapy
    • Holmes CL, Russell JA, Walley KR Genetic polymorphisms in sepsis and septic shock: Role in prognosis and potential for therapy. Chest 2003, 124:1103-1115.
    • (2003) Chest , vol.124 , pp. 1103-1115
    • Holmes, C.L.1    Russell, J.A.2    Walley, K.R.3
  • 258
    • 0032621838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major burn trauma in rats promotes cardiac and gastrointestinal apoptosis
    • Lightfoot EJ, Horton JW, Maass DL, et al. Major burn trauma in rats promotes cardiac and gastrointestinal apoptosis. Shock 1999, 11:29-34.
    • (1999) Shock , vol.11 , pp. 29-34
    • Lightfoot, E.J.1    Horton, J.W.2    Maass, D.L.3
  • 259
    • 0342872078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trauma-hemorrhage induces increased thymic apoptosis while decreasing IL-3 release and increasing GM-CSF
    • Xu YX, Wichmann MW, Ayala A, et al. Trauma-hemorrhage induces increased thymic apoptosis while decreasing IL-3 release and increasing GM-CSF. J Surg Res 1997, 68:24-30.
    • (1997) J Surg Res , vol.68 , pp. 24-30
    • Xu, Y.X.1    Wichmann, M.W.2    Ayala, A.3
  • 260
    • 30044450067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human serum from patients with septic shock activates transcription factors STAT1, IRF1 and NFkB and induces apoptosis in human cardiac myocytes
    • Kumar A, Kumar A, Michael P, et al. Human serum from patients with septic shock activates transcription factors STAT1, IRF1 and NFkB and induces apoptosis in human cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:42619-42626.
    • (2005) J Biol Chem , vol.280 , pp. 42619-42626
    • Kumar, A.1    Kumar, A.2    Michael, P.3
  • 261
    • 0014075830 scopus 로고
    • Role of the sympathetic nervous system in hemorrhage
    • Chien S Role of the sympathetic nervous system in hemorrhage. Physiol Rev 1967, 47:214-288.
    • (1967) Physiol Rev , vol.47 , pp. 214-288
    • Chien, S.1
  • 262
    • 0014466395 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac output redistribution durng bilateral common carotid artery occlusion
    • Bond RF, Green HD Cardiac output redistribution durng bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Am J Physiol 1969, 216:393-403.
    • (1969) Am J Physiol , vol.216 , pp. 393-403
    • Bond, R.F.1    Green, H.D.2
  • 263
    • 0023002580 scopus 로고
    • Endocrinology of shock
    • Woolf PD Endocrinology of shock. Ann Emerg Med 1986, 15:1401-1405.
    • (1986) Ann Emerg Med , vol.15 , pp. 1401-1405
    • Woolf, P.D.1
  • 264
    • 0024380029 scopus 로고
    • The use of crystalloidal and colloidal solution for volume replacement in hypovolemic shock
    • Haupt MT The use of crystalloidal and colloidal solution for volume replacement in hypovolemic shock. CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1989, 27:1-23.
    • (1989) CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci , vol.27 , pp. 1-23
    • Haupt, M.T.1
  • 265
    • 0014149484 scopus 로고
    • Plasma protein kinetics of the early transcapillary refill after hemorrhage in man
    • Skillman JJ, Awwad HK, Moore FD Plasma protein kinetics of the early transcapillary refill after hemorrhage in man. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1967, 125:983-996.
    • (1967) Surg Gynecol Obstet , vol.125 , pp. 983-996
    • Skillman, J.J.1    Awwad, H.K.2    Moore, F.D.3
  • 266
    • 0014852812 scopus 로고
    • Redistribution of cardiac output during hemorrhage in the unanesthetized monkey
    • Forsyth RP, Hoffbrand BI, Melmon KL Redistribution of cardiac output during hemorrhage in the unanesthetized monkey. Circ Res 1970, 27:311-320.
    • (1970) Circ Res , vol.27 , pp. 311-320
    • Forsyth, R.P.1    Hoffbrand, B.I.2    Melmon, K.L.3
  • 267
    • 0014561246 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of cardiac output in experimental hemorrhagic shock in dogs
    • Kaihara S, Rutherford RB, Schwentker EP, et al. Distribution of cardiac output in experimental hemorrhagic shock in dogs. J Appl Physiol 1969, 27:218-222.
    • (1969) J Appl Physiol , vol.27 , pp. 218-222
    • Kaihara, S.1    Rutherford, R.B.2    Schwentker, E.P.3
  • 268
    • 0013955185 scopus 로고
    • Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow: Influence of the arterial blood pressure on the blood flow though the cerebral cortex
    • Harper AM Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow: Influence of the arterial blood pressure on the blood flow though the cerebral cortex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1966, 29:398-403.
    • (1966) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.29 , pp. 398-403
    • Harper, A.M.1
  • 269
    • 0025321926 scopus 로고
    • Impact of encephalopathy on mortality in the sepsis syndrome. The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group
    • Sprung CL, Peduzzi PN, Shatney CH, et al. Impact of encephalopathy on mortality in the sepsis syndrome. The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group. Crit Care Med 1990, 18:801-806.
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 801-806
    • Sprung, C.L.1    Peduzzi, P.N.2    Shatney, C.H.3
  • 270
  • 271
  • 272
    • 0020657043 scopus 로고
    • Hospital acquired renal insufficiency: A prospective study
    • Hou SH, Bushinsky DA, Wish JB, et al. Hospital acquired renal insufficiency: A prospective study. Am J Med 1983, 74:243-248.
    • (1983) Am J Med , vol.74 , pp. 243-248
    • Hou, S.H.1    Bushinsky, D.A.2    Wish, J.B.3
  • 273
    • 0022644028 scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamically mediated acute renal failure
    • Myer B, Moran S Hemodynamically mediated acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 1986, 314:97-105.
    • (1986) N Engl J Med , vol.314 , pp. 97-105
    • Myer, B.1    Moran, S.2
  • 275
    • 0020044548 scopus 로고
    • Nonoliguric acute renal failure associated with a low fractional excretion of sodium
    • Diamond JR, Yoburn DC Nonoliguric acute renal failure associated with a low fractional excretion of sodium. Ann Intern Med 1982, 96:597-600.
    • (1982) Ann Intern Med , vol.96 , pp. 597-600
    • Diamond, J.R.1    Yoburn, D.C.2
  • 277
    • 0005951702 scopus 로고
    • The intestinal factor in irreversible endotoxin shock
    • Lillehei RC, MacLean LD The intestinal factor in irreversible endotoxin shock. Ann Surg 1958, 148:513-519.
    • (1958) Ann Surg , vol.148 , pp. 513-519
    • Lillehei, R.C.1    MacLean, L.D.2
  • 278
    • 0017262572 scopus 로고
    • A clinicopathologic study of hepatic dysfunction following shock
    • Champion HR, Jones RT, Trump BF, et al. A clinicopathologic study of hepatic dysfunction following shock. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976, 142:657-663.
    • (1976) Surg Gynecol Obstet , vol.142 , pp. 657-663
    • Champion, H.R.1    Jones, R.T.2    Trump, B.F.3
  • 280
    • 0018649906 scopus 로고
    • Hemostasis in massively transfused trauma patients
    • Counts HB, Haisch C, Simon TL, et al. Hemostasis in massively transfused trauma patients. Ann Surg 1979, 190:91-99.
    • (1979) Ann Surg , vol.190 , pp. 91-99
    • Counts, H.B.1    Haisch, C.2    Simon, T.L.3
  • 283
    • 0002786895 scopus 로고
    • Monocyte and lymphocyte responses following trauma
    • Springer-Verlag, Berlin, G. Schlag, H. Redl (Eds.)
    • Stephan R, Ayala A, Chaudry IH Monocyte and lymphocyte responses following trauma. Pathophysiology of Shock Sepsis and Organ Failure 1993, 131-144. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. G. Schlag, H. Redl (Eds.).
    • (1993) Pathophysiology of Shock Sepsis and Organ Failure , pp. 131-144
    • Stephan, R.1    Ayala, A.2    Chaudry, I.H.3
  • 284
    • 0026460395 scopus 로고
    • The effects of dopamine on T-cell proliferative response and serum prolactin in critically ill patients
    • Devins SS, Miller A, Herndon BL, et al. The effects of dopamine on T-cell proliferative response and serum prolactin in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1992, 20:1644-1649.
    • (1992) Crit Care Med , vol.20 , pp. 1644-1649
    • Devins, S.S.1    Miller, A.2    Herndon, B.L.3
  • 285
    • 0032896706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent gastric intramucosal ischemia in patients with sepsis following resuscitation from shock
    • Oud L, Haupt MT Persistent gastric intramucosal ischemia in patients with sepsis following resuscitation from shock. Chest 1999, 115:1390-1396.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.115 , pp. 1390-1396
    • Oud, L.1    Haupt, M.T.2
  • 286
    • 0027415523 scopus 로고
    • Unreliability of blood pressure and heart rate to evaluate cardiac output in emergency resuscitation and critical illness
    • Wo CC, Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, et al. Unreliability of blood pressure and heart rate to evaluate cardiac output in emergency resuscitation and critical illness. Crit Care Med 1993, 21:218-223.
    • (1993) Crit Care Med , vol.21 , pp. 218-223
    • Wo, C.C.1    Shoemaker, W.C.2    Appel, P.L.3
  • 288
    • 0030000647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resuscitation of the critically ill in the ED: Responses of blood pressure, heart rate, shock index, central venous oxygen saturation, and lactate
    • Rady MY, Rivers EP, Nowak RM Resuscitation of the critically ill in the ED: Responses of blood pressure, heart rate, shock index, central venous oxygen saturation, and lactate. Am J Emerg Med 1996, 14:218-225.
    • (1996) Am J Emerg Med , vol.14 , pp. 218-225
    • Rady, M.Y.1    Rivers, E.P.2    Nowak, R.M.3
  • 289
    • 0023005784 scopus 로고
    • The effect of fluid loading, blood transfusion, and catecholamine infusion on oxygen delivery and consumption in patients with sepsis
    • Gilbert EM, Haupt MT, Mandanas RY, et al. The effect of fluid loading, blood transfusion, and catecholamine infusion on oxygen delivery and consumption in patients with sepsis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986, 134:873-878.
    • (1986) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.134 , pp. 873-878
    • Gilbert, E.M.1    Haupt, M.T.2    Mandanas, R.Y.3
  • 290
    • 0025735897 scopus 로고
    • Blood lactate levels are superior to oxygen-derived variables in predicting outcome in human septic shock
    • Bakker J, Coffemils M, Leon M, et al. Blood lactate levels are superior to oxygen-derived variables in predicting outcome in human septic shock. Chest 1992, 99:956-962.
    • (1992) Chest , vol.99 , pp. 956-962
    • Bakker, J.1    Coffemils, M.2    Leon, M.3
  • 291
    • 0014794257 scopus 로고
    • Experimental and clinical studies on lactate and pyruvate as indicators of the severity of acute circulatory failure (shock)
    • Weil MH, Afifi AA Experimental and clinical studies on lactate and pyruvate as indicators of the severity of acute circulatory failure (shock). Circulation 1970, 41:989-1001.
    • (1970) Circulation , vol.41 , pp. 989-1001
    • Weil, M.H.1    Afifi, A.A.2
  • 292
    • 0019996994 scopus 로고
    • Blood lactate as a prognostic indicator of survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction
    • Henning RJ, Weil MH, Weiner F Blood lactate as a prognostic indicator of survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ Shock 1982, 9:307-315.
    • (1982) Circ Shock , vol.9 , pp. 307-315
    • Henning, R.J.1    Weil, M.H.2    Weiner, F.3
  • 293
    • 0025281827 scopus 로고
    • Dobutamine administration in septic shock: Addition to a standard protocol
    • Vincent JL, Roman A, Kahn RJ Dobutamine administration in septic shock: Addition to a standard protocol. Crit Care Med 1990, 18:689-693.
    • (1990) Crit Care Med , vol.18 , pp. 689-693
    • Vincent, J.L.1    Roman, A.2    Kahn, R.J.3
  • 294
    • 0017334046 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen delivery and uptake in dogs during anemic and hypoxic hypoxia
    • Cain SM Oxygen delivery and uptake in dogs during anemic and hypoxic hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 1977, 42:228-234.
    • (1977) J Appl Physiol , vol.42 , pp. 228-234
    • Cain, S.M.1
  • 295
    • 0026043318 scopus 로고
    • Low oxygen delivery produced by anemia, hypoxia, and low cardiac output
    • Cilley R, Scharenberg A, Bongiorno P, et al. Low oxygen delivery produced by anemia, hypoxia, and low cardiac output. J Surg Res 1991, 51:425-433.
    • (1991) J Surg Res , vol.51 , pp. 425-433
    • Cilley, R.1    Scharenberg, A.2    Bongiorno, P.3
  • 296
    • 0022624318 scopus 로고
    • Lactic acidosis
    • Madias NE Lactic acidosis. Kidney Int 1986, 29:752-774.
    • (1986) Kidney Int , vol.29 , pp. 752-774
    • Madias, N.E.1
  • 297
    • 0014060307 scopus 로고
    • Effect of respiratory alkalosis on blood lactate and pyruvate in humans
    • Eldridge F, Sulzer J Effect of respiratory alkalosis on blood lactate and pyruvate in humans. J Appl Physiol 1967, 22:461-468.
    • (1967) J Appl Physiol , vol.22 , pp. 461-468
    • Eldridge, F.1    Sulzer, J.2
  • 298
    • 0020094193 scopus 로고
    • Sequential perioperative lactate determination: Physiological and clinical implications
    • Waxman K, Nolan LS, Shoemaker WC Sequential perioperative lactate determination: Physiological and clinical implications. Crit Care Med 1982, 10:96-99.
    • (1982) Crit Care Med , vol.10 , pp. 96-99
    • Waxman, K.1    Nolan, L.S.2    Shoemaker, W.C.3
  • 299
    • 0033533116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactate is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia in injury or sepsis
    • James JH, Luchette FA, McCarter FD, et al. Lactate is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia in injury or sepsis. Lancet 1999, 354:505-508.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 505-508
    • James, J.H.1    Luchette, F.A.2    McCarter, F.D.3
  • 300
    • 0014218319 scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure measurement in shock: Mechanism of inaccuracy in auscultatory and palpatory methods
    • Cohn JN Blood pressure measurement in shock: Mechanism of inaccuracy in auscultatory and palpatory methods. JAMA 1967, 199:118-122.
    • (1967) JAMA , vol.199 , pp. 118-122
    • Cohn, J.N.1
  • 301
    • 0026753406 scopus 로고
    • Does radial artery pressure accurately reflect aortic pressure?
    • Pauca AL, Wallenhaupt SL, Kon ND, et al. Does radial artery pressure accurately reflect aortic pressure?. Chest 1992, 102:1193-1198.
    • (1992) Chest , vol.102 , pp. 1193-1198
    • Pauca, A.L.1    Wallenhaupt, S.L.2    Kon, N.D.3
  • 302
    • 0020960312 scopus 로고
    • Optimum left heart filling pressure during fluid resuscitation of patients with hypovolemic and septic shock
    • Packman MI, Rackow EC Optimum left heart filling pressure during fluid resuscitation of patients with hypovolemic and septic shock. Crit Care Med 1983, 11:165-169.
    • (1983) Crit Care Med , vol.11 , pp. 165-169
    • Packman, M.I.1    Rackow, E.C.2
  • 303
    • 0017578332 scopus 로고
    • Myocardial depression during sepsis
    • Weisul RD, Vito L, Dennis RC, et al. Myocardial depression during sepsis. Am J Surg 1977, 133:512-521.
    • (1977) Am J Surg , vol.133 , pp. 512-521
    • Weisul, R.D.1    Vito, L.2    Dennis, R.C.3
  • 304
    • 0020682945 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of right-heart catheterization in the critically ill patient without acute myocardial infarction
    • Connors AF, McCaffree DR, Gray BA Evaluation of right-heart catheterization in the critically ill patient without acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1983, 308:263-267.
    • (1983) N Engl J Med , vol.308 , pp. 263-267
    • Connors, A.F.1    McCaffree, D.R.2    Gray, B.A.3
  • 305
    • 38249034015 scopus 로고
    • Assessing hemodynamic status in critically ill patients: Do physicians use clinical information optimally?
    • Connors AF, Dawson NV, McCaffree DR, et al. Assessing hemodynamic status in critically ill patients: Do physicians use clinical information optimally?. J Crit Care 1987, 2:174-180.
    • (1987) J Crit Care , vol.2 , pp. 174-180
    • Connors, A.F.1    Dawson, N.V.2    McCaffree, D.R.3
  • 306
    • 9544228424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients
    • Connors AF, Speroff T, Dawson NV, et al. The effectiveness of right heart catheterization in the initial care of critically ill patients. JAMA 1996, 276:889-897.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.276 , pp. 889-897
    • Connors, A.F.1    Speroff, T.2    Dawson, N.V.3
  • 307
    • 0036121270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomised, controlled trial of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients
    • Rhodes A, Cusack RJ, Newman PJ, et al. A randomised, controlled trial of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28:256-264.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 256-264
    • Rhodes, A.1    Cusack, R.J.2    Newman, P.J.3
  • 308
    • 0037413466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients
    • Sandham JD, Hull RD, Brant RF, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:5-14.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 5-14
    • Sandham, J.D.1    Hull, R.D.2    Brant, R.F.3
  • 309
    • 0345374592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early use of the pulmonary artery catheter and outcomes in patients with shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
    • Richard C, Warszawski J, Anguel N, et al. Early use of the pulmonary artery catheter and outcomes in patients with shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003, 290:2713-2720.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 2713-2720
    • Richard, C.1    Warszawski, J.2    Anguel, N.3
  • 310
    • 26044460566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: The ESCAPE trial
    • Binanay C, Califf RM, Hasselblad V, et al. Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: The ESCAPE trial. JAMA 2005, 294:1625-1633.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.294 , pp. 1625-1633
    • Binanay, C.1    Califf, R.M.2    Hasselblad, V.3
  • 311
    • 23444461703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): A randomised controlled trial
    • Harvey S, Harrison DA, Singer M, et al. Assessment of the clinical effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheters in management of patients in intensive care (PAC-Man): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005, 366:472-477.
    • (2005) Lancet. , vol.366 , pp. 472-477
    • Harvey, S.1    Harrison, D.A.2    Singer, M.3
  • 312
    • 0025968173 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of amrinone-induced positive inotropy in rabbit papillary muscles with depressed contractile function: Effects on cyclic nucleotide levels and phosphodiesterase isoenzymes
    • Shahid M, Rodger IW Enhancement of amrinone-induced positive inotropy in rabbit papillary muscles with depressed contractile function: Effects on cyclic nucleotide levels and phosphodiesterase isoenzymes. J Pharm Pharmacol 1991, 43:88-94.
    • (1991) J Pharm Pharmacol , vol.43 , pp. 88-94
    • Shahid, M.1    Rodger, I.W.2
  • 313
    • 0034078655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The incidence of major morbidity in critically ill patients managed with pulmonary artery catheters: A meta-analysis
    • Ivanov R, Allen J, Calvin JE The incidence of major morbidity in critically ill patients managed with pulmonary artery catheters: A meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:615-619.
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 615-619
    • Ivanov, R.1    Allen, J.2    Calvin, J.E.3
  • 314
    • 33744550287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary artery catheter use is associated with reduced mortality in severely injured patients: A National Trauma Data Bank analysis of 53,312 patients
    • Friese RS, Shafi S, Gentilello LM, et al. Pulmonary artery catheter use is associated with reduced mortality in severely injured patients: A National Trauma Data Bank analysis of 53,312 patients. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:1597-1601.
    • (2006) Crit Care Med , vol.34 , pp. 1597-1601
    • Friese, R.S.1    Shafi, S.2    Gentilello, L.M.3
  • 315
    • 0014351078 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of central venous oxygen saturation in patients with myocardial infarction
    • Goldman RH, Klughaupt M, Metcalf T, et al. Measurement of central venous oxygen saturation in patients with myocardial infarction. Circulation 1968, 38:941-946.
    • (1968) Circulation , vol.38 , pp. 941-946
    • Goldman, R.H.1    Klughaupt, M.2    Metcalf, T.3
  • 317
    • 0018227204 scopus 로고
    • Hyperlactatemia due to arterial hypoxemia or reduced cardiac output or both
    • Simmons D, Alpas A, Tashkin D, et al. Hyperlactatemia due to arterial hypoxemia or reduced cardiac output or both. J Appl Physiol 1978, 45:195-202.
    • (1978) J Appl Physiol , vol.45 , pp. 195-202
    • Simmons, D.1    Alpas, A.2    Tashkin, D.3
  • 318
    • 0026100834 scopus 로고
    • Potential errors in pulse oximetry: III. Effects of interferences, dyes, dyshaemoglobins and other pigments
    • Ralston AC, Webb RK, Runciman WB Potential errors in pulse oximetry: III. Effects of interferences, dyes, dyshaemoglobins and other pigments. Anaesthesia 1991, 46:291-295.
    • (1991) Anaesthesia , vol.46 , pp. 291-295
    • Ralston, A.C.1    Webb, R.K.2    Runciman, W.B.3
  • 319
    • 0023430490 scopus 로고
    • Erroneous actuation of the pulse oximeter
    • Norley I Erroneous actuation of the pulse oximeter. Anaesthesia 1987, 42:1116.
    • (1987) Anaesthesia , vol.42 , pp. 1116
    • Norley, I.1
  • 320
    • 0024533898 scopus 로고
    • Pulse oximetry during low cardiac output and hypothermia states immediately after open heart surgery
    • Palve H, Vuori A Pulse oximetry during low cardiac output and hypothermia states immediately after open heart surgery. Crit Care Med 1989, 17:66-69.
    • (1989) Crit Care Med , vol.17 , pp. 66-69
    • Palve, H.1    Vuori, A.2
  • 321
    • 0021738760 scopus 로고
    • Continuous monitoring of critically ill patients with transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide, and conjunctival oxygen sensors
    • Abraham E, Smith M, Silver L Continuous monitoring of critically ill patients with transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide, and conjunctival oxygen sensors. Ann Emerg Med 1984, 13:1021-1026.
    • (1984) Ann Emerg Med , vol.13 , pp. 1021-1026
    • Abraham, E.1    Smith, M.2    Silver, L.3
  • 322
    • 0020213418 scopus 로고
    • 2 monitoring of high risk surgical patients during the perioperative period
    • 2 monitoring of high risk surgical patients during the perioperative period. Crit Care Med 1982, 10:762-764.
    • (1982) Crit Care Med , vol.10 , pp. 762-764
    • Nolan, L.S.1    Shoemaker, W.C.2
  • 323
    • 0019622489 scopus 로고
    • Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring of critically ill adults, with and without low flow shock
    • Tremper KK, Shoemaker WC Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring of critically ill adults, with and without low flow shock. Crit Care Med 1981, 9:706-709.
    • (1981) Crit Care Med , vol.9 , pp. 706-709
    • Tremper, K.K.1    Shoemaker, W.C.2
  • 324
    • 0021680360 scopus 로고
    • Detection of blood volume deficits through conjunctival oxygen tension monitoring
    • Abraham E, Oye R, Smith M Detection of blood volume deficits through conjunctival oxygen tension monitoring. Crit Care Med 1984, 12:931-934.
    • (1984) Crit Care Med , vol.12 , pp. 931-934
    • Abraham, E.1    Oye, R.2    Smith, M.3
  • 325
    • 0019557463 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and experimental monitoring with transcutaneous PO2 during hypoxia, shock, cardiac arrest, and CPR
    • Tremper KK, Keenan B, Applebaum R, et al. Clinical and experimental monitoring with transcutaneous PO2 during hypoxia, shock, cardiac arrest, and CPR. J Clin Invest 1981, 6:149.
    • (1981) J Clin Invest , vol.6 , pp. 149
    • Tremper, K.K.1    Keenan, B.2    Applebaum, R.3
  • 326
    • 0020569855 scopus 로고
    • Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring of emergency department patients
    • Waxman K, Sulder R, Eisner M Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring of emergency department patients. Am J Surg 1983, 146:35-38.
    • (1983) Am J Surg , vol.146 , pp. 35-38
    • Waxman, K.1    Sulder, R.2    Eisner, M.3
  • 327
    • 0021247851 scopus 로고
    • Conjunctival and transcutaneous oxygen monitoring during cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation
    • Abraham E, Smith M, Silver S Conjunctival and transcutaneous oxygen monitoring during cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 1984, 12:419-421.
    • (1984) Crit Care Med , vol.12 , pp. 419-421
    • Abraham, E.1    Smith, M.2    Silver, S.3
  • 328
    • 0024828428 scopus 로고
    • Intramucosal pH measurement with tonometers for detecting gastrointestinal ischemia in porcine hemorrhagic shock
    • Montgomery A, Hartmann M, Jonsson K, et al. Intramucosal pH measurement with tonometers for detecting gastrointestinal ischemia in porcine hemorrhagic shock. Circ Shock 1989, 29:319-327.
    • (1989) Circ Shock , vol.29 , pp. 319-327
    • Montgomery, A.1    Hartmann, M.2    Jonsson, K.3
  • 329
    • 0023938604 scopus 로고
    • Pathological supply dependency of systemic and intestinal O2 uptake during endotoxemia
    • Nelson DP, Samsel RW, Wood LD, et al. Pathological supply dependency of systemic and intestinal O2 uptake during endotoxemia. J Appl Physiol 1988, 64:2410-2419.
    • (1988) J Appl Physiol , vol.64 , pp. 2410-2419
    • Nelson, D.P.1    Samsel, R.W.2    Wood, L.D.3
  • 330
    • 0026689656 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of gastric intramucosal pH with measures of oxygen transport and consumption in critically ill patients
    • Gutierrez G, Bismar H, Dantzker D, et al. Comparison of gastric intramucosal pH with measures of oxygen transport and consumption in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1992, 20:451-457.
    • (1992) Crit Care Med , vol.20 , pp. 451-457
    • Gutierrez, G.1    Bismar, H.2    Dantzker, D.3
  • 331
    • 0027242288 scopus 로고
    • Assessment of splanchnic oxygenation by gastric tonometry in patients with acute circulatory failure
    • Maynard N, Bihari D, Beal R, et al. Assessment of splanchnic oxygenation by gastric tonometry in patients with acute circulatory failure. JAMA 1993, 270:1203-1210.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.270 , pp. 1203-1210
    • Maynard, N.1    Bihari, D.2    Beal, R.3
  • 333
    • 0026518402 scopus 로고
    • Gastric intramucosal pH as a therapeutic index of tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients
    • Gutierrez G, Palizas F, Poglia G, et al. Gastric intramucosal pH as a therapeutic index of tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients. Lancet 1992, 339:195-199.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 195-199
    • Gutierrez, G.1    Palizas, F.2    Poglia, G.3
  • 334
    • 0035059734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Splanchnic perfusion evaluation during hemorrhage and resuscitation with gastric near-infrared spectroscopy
    • Cohn SM, Varela JE, Giannotti G, et al. Splanchnic perfusion evaluation during hemorrhage and resuscitation with gastric near-infrared spectroscopy. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 2001, 50:629-634.
    • (2001) J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care , vol.50 , pp. 629-634
    • Cohn, S.M.1    Varela, J.E.2    Giannotti, G.3
  • 335
    • 0033194919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Near-infrared spectroscopy measurement of regional tissue oxyhemoglobin saturation during hemorrhagic shock
    • Beilman GJ, Groehler KE, Lazaron V, et al. Near-infrared spectroscopy measurement of regional tissue oxyhemoglobin saturation during hemorrhagic shock. Shock 1999, 12:196-200.
    • (1999) Shock , vol.12 , pp. 196-200
    • Beilman, G.J.1    Groehler, K.E.2    Lazaron, V.3
  • 336
    • 0034169220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 saturation during resuscitation of traumatic shock monitored using near infrared spectrometry
    • 2 saturation during resuscitation of traumatic shock monitored using near infrared spectrometry. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 2000, 48:637-642.
    • (2000) J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care , vol.48 , pp. 637-642
    • McKinley, B.A.1    Marvin, R.G.2    Cocanour, C.S.3
  • 337
    • 0031023095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Near-infrared spectroscopy: Continuous measurement of cytochrome oxidation during hemorrhagic shock
    • Rhee P, Langdale L, Mock C, et al. Near-infrared spectroscopy: Continuous measurement of cytochrome oxidation during hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med 1997, 25:166-170.
    • (1997) Crit Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 166-170
    • Rhee, P.1    Langdale, L.2    Mock, C.3
  • 338
    • 0030989547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for early supply independent mitochondrial dysfunction in patients developing multiple organ failure after trauma
    • Cairns CB, Moore FA, Haenel JB, et al. Evidence for early supply independent mitochondrial dysfunction in patients developing multiple organ failure after trauma. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 1997, 42:532-536.
    • (1997) J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care , vol.42 , pp. 532-536
    • Cairns, C.B.1    Moore, F.A.2    Haenel, J.B.3
  • 339
    • 0032944931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous measurement of gut pH with near-infrared spectroscopy during hemorrhagic shock
    • Puyana JC, Soller BR, Zhang S, et al. Continuous measurement of gut pH with near-infrared spectroscopy during hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 1999, 46:9-15.
    • (1999) J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care , vol.46 , pp. 9-15
    • Puyana, J.C.1    Soller, B.R.2    Zhang, S.3
  • 340
    • 0025272830 scopus 로고
    • In-vivo responses of mitochondrial redox levels to Escherichia coli bacteremia in primates
    • Griebel JA, Moore FA, Piantadosi CA In-vivo responses of mitochondrial redox levels to Escherichia coli bacteremia in primates. J Crit Care 1990, 5:1-9.
    • (1990) J Crit Care , vol.5 , pp. 1-9
    • Griebel, J.A.1    Moore, F.A.2    Piantadosi, C.A.3
  • 341
    • 0030296284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significance of elevated cytochrome aa3 in a state of endotoxemia in dogs
    • Ogata H, Mishio M, Luo XX, et al. Significance of elevated cytochrome aa3 in a state of endotoxemia in dogs. Resuscitation 1996, 33:63-68.
    • (1996) Resuscitation , vol.33 , pp. 63-68
    • Ogata, H.1    Mishio, M.2    Luo, X.X.3
  • 342
    • 0029806804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transesophageal echocardiography
    • Porembka DT Transesophageal echocardiography. Crit Care Clin 1996, 12:875-918.
    • (1996) Crit Care Clin , vol.12 , pp. 875-918
    • Porembka, D.T.1
  • 343
    • 3843083957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of echocardiographically assessed right ventricular dysfunction in patients with pulmonary embolism
    • ten Wolde M, Sohne M, Quak E, et al. Prognostic value of echocardiographically assessed right ventricular dysfunction in patients with pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:1685-1689.
    • (2004) Arch Intern Med , vol.164 , pp. 1685-1689
    • ten Wolde, M.1    Sohne, M.2    Quak, E.3
  • 344
    • 0028872009 scopus 로고
    • A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients
    • 2 Collaborative Group
    • 2 Collaborative Group.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1025-1032
    • Gattinoni, L.1
  • 345
    • 0028275095 scopus 로고
    • Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients
    • Hayes MA, Timmins AC, Yau EHS, et al. Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 1994, 330:1717-1722.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.330 , pp. 1717-1722
    • Hayes, M.A.1    Timmins, A.C.2    Yau, E.H.S.3
  • 346
    • 0029941330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of oxygen consumption and delivery as endpoints for resuscitation in critically ill patients
    • Durham RM, Neunaber K, Mazuski JE, et al. The use of oxygen consumption and delivery as endpoints for resuscitation in critically ill patients. J Trauma 1996, 41:32-40.
    • (1996) J Trauma , vol.41 , pp. 32-40
    • Durham, R.M.1    Neunaber, K.2    Mazuski, J.E.3
  • 347
    • 0029037394 scopus 로고
    • Frequency of mortality and myocardial infarction during maximizing oxygen delivery: A prospective, randomized trial
    • Yu M, Takanishi D, Myers SA, et al. Frequency of mortality and myocardial infarction during maximizing oxygen delivery: A prospective, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 1995, 23:1025-1032.
    • (1995) Crit Care Med , vol.23 , pp. 1025-1032
    • Yu, M.1    Takanishi, D.2    Myers, S.A.3
  • 348
    • 0032756610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The golden hour and the silver day: Detection and correction of occult hypoperfusion within 24 hours improves outcome from major trauma
    • Blow O, Magliore L, Claridge JA, et al. The golden hour and the silver day: Detection and correction of occult hypoperfusion within 24 hours improves outcome from major trauma. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 1999, 47:964-969.
    • (1999) J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care , vol.47 , pp. 964-969
    • Blow, O.1    Magliore, L.2    Claridge, J.A.3
  • 349
    • 0030596903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: Reappraisal of the golden hour
    • Boersma E, Maas AC, Deckers JW, et al. Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: Reappraisal of the golden hour. Lancet 1996, 348:771-775.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 771-775
    • Boersma, E.1    Maas, A.C.2    Deckers, J.W.3
  • 350
    • 26444604781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drotrecogin alfa (activated) treatment in severe sepsis from the global open-label trial ENHANCE: Further evidence for survival and safety and implications for early treatment
    • Vincent JL, Bernard GR, Beale R, et al. Drotrecogin alfa (activated) treatment in severe sepsis from the global open-label trial ENHANCE: Further evidence for survival and safety and implications for early treatment. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:2266-2277.
    • (2005) Crit Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 2266-2277
    • Vincent, J.L.1    Bernard, G.R.2    Beale, R.3
  • 351
    • 0025265865 scopus 로고
    • Bicarbonate does not improve hemodynamics in critically ill patients who have lactic acidosis: A prospective, controlled clinical study
    • Cooper DJ, Walley KR, Wiggs BR, et al. Bicarbonate does not improve hemodynamics in critically ill patients who have lactic acidosis: A prospective, controlled clinical study. Ann Intern Med 1990, 112:492-498.
    • (1990) Ann Intern Med , vol.112 , pp. 492-498
    • Cooper, D.J.1    Walley, K.R.2    Wiggs, B.R.3
  • 352
    • 0025284553 scopus 로고
    • Improved survival in ARDS patients associated with a reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
    • Humphrey H, Hall J, Sznajder I, et al. Improved survival in ARDS patients associated with a reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Chest 1990, 97:1176-1180.
    • (1990) Chest , vol.97 , pp. 1176-1180
    • Humphrey, H.1    Hall, J.2    Sznajder, I.3
  • 353
    • 0000378803 scopus 로고
    • The intestinal factor in irreversible hemorrhagic shock
    • Lillehei RC, MacLean LD The intestinal factor in irreversible hemorrhagic shock. Surgery 1958, 42:1043-1054.
    • (1958) Surgery , vol.42 , pp. 1043-1054
    • Lillehei, R.C.1    MacLean, L.D.2
  • 354
    • 0026581573 scopus 로고
    • Fluid resuscitation in patients with increased vascular permeability
    • Haupt MT, Kaufman BS, Carlson RW Fluid resuscitation in patients with increased vascular permeability. Crit Care Clin 1992, 8:341-353.
    • (1992) Crit Care Clin , vol.8 , pp. 341-353
    • Haupt, M.T.1    Kaufman, B.S.2    Carlson, R.W.3
  • 355
    • 0025735227 scopus 로고
    • Colloids versus crystalloids in fluid resuscitation: An analysis of randomized control trials
    • Bissoni RS, Holtgrave DR, Lawler R, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids in fluid resuscitation: An analysis of randomized control trials. J Fam Pract 1991, 32:387-393.
    • (1991) J Fam Pract , vol.32 , pp. 387-393
    • Bissoni, R.S.1    Holtgrave, D.R.2    Lawler, R.3
  • 356
    • 0024569744 scopus 로고
    • Crystalloid versus colloid fluid resuscitation: A meta-analysis of mortality
    • Velanovich V Crystalloid versus colloid fluid resuscitation: A meta-analysis of mortality. Surgery 1989, 105:65-71.
    • (1989) Surgery , vol.105 , pp. 65-71
    • Velanovich, V.1
  • 357
    • 0032566220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Cochrane Injuries Group Albumin Reviewers
    • Human albumin administration in critically ill patients
    • Human albumin administration in critically ill patients Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Cochrane Injuries Group Albumin Reviewers. BMJ 1998, 317:235-240.
    • (1998) BMJ , vol.317 , pp. 235-240
  • 358
    • 84926232888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit
    • Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:2247-2256.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 2247-2256
    • Finfer, S.1    Bellomo, R.2    Boyce, N.3
  • 359
    • 0343360868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group
    • Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:409-417.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 409-417
    • Hebert, P.C.1    Wells, G.2    Blajchman, M.A.3
  • 360
    • 0035118207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is a low transfusion threshold safe in critically ill patients with cardiovascular diseases?
    • Hebert PC, Yetisir E, Martin C, et al. Is a low transfusion threshold safe in critically ill patients with cardiovascular diseases?. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:227-234.
    • (2001) Crit Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 227-234
    • Hebert, P.C.1    Yetisir, E.2    Martin, C.3
  • 361
    • 0242578548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian universal leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions
    • Hebert PC, Fergusson D, Blajchman MA, et al. Clinical outcomes following institution of the Canadian universal leukoreduction program for red blood cell transfusions. JAMA. 2003, 289:1941-1949.
    • (2003) JAMA. , vol.289 , pp. 1941-1949
    • Hebert, P.C.1    Fergusson, D.2    Blajchman, M.A.3
  • 362
    • 1542405054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Red blood cell transfusion and ventilator-associated pneumonia: A potential link?
    • Shorr AF, Duh MS, Kelly KM, et al. Red blood cell transfusion and ventilator-associated pneumonia: A potential link?. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:666-674.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 666-674
    • Shorr, A.F.1    Duh, M.S.2    Kelly, K.M.3
  • 363
    • 19844370326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transfusion practice and blood stream infections in critically ill patients
    • Shorr AF, Jackson WL, Kelly KM, et al. Transfusion practice and blood stream infections in critically ill patients. Chest 2005, 127:1722-1728.
    • (2005) Chest , vol.127 , pp. 1722-1728
    • Shorr, A.F.1    Jackson, W.L.2    Kelly, K.M.3
  • 364
    • 20444491597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood transfusion and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome: More evidence that blood transfusion in the intensive care unit may not be benign
    • Jackson WL, Shorr AF, Jackson WLJ, et al. Blood transfusion and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome: More evidence that blood transfusion in the intensive care unit may not be benign. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:1420-1421.
    • (2005) Crit Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 1420-1421
    • Jackson, W.L.1    Shorr, A.F.2    Jackson, W.L.J.3
  • 365
    • 0023769896 scopus 로고
    • From epinephrine to cyclic AMP
    • Levitski A From epinephrine to cyclic AMP. Science 1988, 241:800-806.
    • (1988) Science , vol.241 , pp. 800-806
    • Levitski, A.1
  • 366
    • 0027466667 scopus 로고
    • Alpha-1 adrenoreceptors in myocardium: Functional aspects and transmembrane signalling mechanisms
    • Fedida D, Braun AP, Giles WR Alpha-1 adrenoreceptors in myocardium: Functional aspects and transmembrane signalling mechanisms. Physiol Rev 1993, 73:469-487.
    • (1993) Physiol Rev , vol.73 , pp. 469-487
    • Fedida, D.1    Braun, A.P.2    Giles, W.R.3
  • 367
    • 0026343828 scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of alpha-adrenoreceptors
    • Ruffolo RR, Nichols AJ, Stadel JM, et al. Structure and function of alpha-adrenoreceptors. Pharmacol Rev 1991, 43:475-505.
    • (1991) Pharmacol Rev , vol.43 , pp. 475-505
    • Ruffolo, R.R.1    Nichols, A.J.2    Stadel, J.M.3
  • 368
    • 0025998730 scopus 로고
    • Effects of myocardial alpha-1 adrenergic receptor stimulation and blockade on contractility in humans
    • Landzberg JS, Parker JD, Gauthier DF, et al. Effects of myocardial alpha-1 adrenergic receptor stimulation and blockade on contractility in humans. Circulation 1991, 84:1608-1614.
    • (1991) Circulation , vol.84 , pp. 1608-1614
    • Landzberg, J.S.1    Parker, J.D.2    Gauthier, D.F.3
  • 369
    • 0016383891 scopus 로고
    • Dopamine: Clinical uses of an endogenous catecholamine
    • Goldberg LI Dopamine: Clinical uses of an endogenous catecholamine. N Engl J Med 1974, 291:707.
    • (1974) N Engl J Med , vol.291 , pp. 707
    • Goldberg, L.I.1
  • 370
    • 0022628578 scopus 로고
    • New positive inotropic agents in the treatment of heart failure: Mechanisms of action and recent clinical developments, II
    • Colucci WS, Wright RF, Braunwald E New positive inotropic agents in the treatment of heart failure: Mechanisms of action and recent clinical developments, II. N Engl J Med 1986, 314:349-358.
    • (1986) N Engl J Med , vol.314 , pp. 349-358
    • Colucci, W.S.1    Wright, R.F.2    Braunwald, E.3
  • 371
    • 0024511156 scopus 로고
    • Inotropic response to digoxin and dopamine in patients with severe sepsis, cardiac failure, and systemic hypoperfusion
    • Nasraway SA, Rackow EC, Astiz ME, et al. Inotropic response to digoxin and dopamine in patients with severe sepsis, cardiac failure, and systemic hypoperfusion. Chest 1989, 95:612-615.
    • (1989) Chest , vol.95 , pp. 612-615
    • Nasraway, S.A.1    Rackow, E.C.2    Astiz, M.E.3
  • 372
    • 0031026648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vasopressin deficiency contributes to the vasodilatation of septic shock
    • Landry DW, Levin HR, Gallant EM, et al. Vasopressin deficiency contributes to the vasodilatation of septic shock. Circulation 1997, 95:1122-1125.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.95 , pp. 1122-1125
    • Landry, D.W.1    Levin, H.R.2    Gallant, E.M.3
  • 373
    • 0030802160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vasopressin pressor sensitivity in vasodilatory septic shock
    • Landry DW, Levin HR, Gallant EM, et al. Vasopressin pressor sensitivity in vasodilatory septic shock. Crit Care Med 1997, 25:1279-1282.
    • (1997) Crit Care Med , vol.25 , pp. 1279-1282
    • Landry, D.W.1    Levin, H.R.2    Gallant, E.M.3
  • 374
    • 0032851311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock
    • Malay MB, Ashton RC, Landry DW, et al. Low-dose vasopressin in the treatment of vasodilatory septic shock. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 1999, 47:699-703.
    • (1999) J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care , vol.47 , pp. 699-703
    • Malay, M.B.1    Ashton, R.C.2    Landry, D.W.3
  • 375
    • 0033587593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversal by vasopressin of intractable hypotension in the late phase of hemorrhagic shock
    • Morales D, Madigan J, Cullinane S, et al. Reversal by vasopressin of intractable hypotension in the late phase of hemorrhagic shock. Circulation 1999, 100:226-229.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , pp. 226-229
    • Morales, D.1    Madigan, J.2    Cullinane, S.3
  • 376
    • 0021739727 scopus 로고
    • The diuretic properties of dopamine in patients after open-heart operations
    • Hilberman M, Maseda J, Stinson EB, et al. The diuretic properties of dopamine in patients after open-heart operations. Anesthesiology 1984, 61:489-494.
    • (1984) Anesthesiology , vol.61 , pp. 489-494
    • Hilberman, M.1    Maseda, J.2    Stinson, E.B.3
  • 377
    • 0021885417 scopus 로고
    • Norepinephrine alone versus norepinephrine plus low-dose dopamine: Enhanced renal blood flow with combination pressor therapy
    • Schaer GL, Fink MP, Parrillo JE Norepinephrine alone versus norepinephrine plus low-dose dopamine: Enhanced renal blood flow with combination pressor therapy. Crit Care Med 1985, 13:492-496.
    • (1985) Crit Care Med , vol.13 , pp. 492-496
    • Schaer, G.L.1    Fink, M.P.2    Parrillo, J.E.3
  • 378
  • 379
    • 0019500385 scopus 로고
    • An in-vitro quantitative analysis of the alpha-adrenoreceptor partial agonist activity of dobutamine and its relevance to inotropic selectivity
    • Kenakin TP An in-vitro quantitative analysis of the alpha-adrenoreceptor partial agonist activity of dobutamine and its relevance to inotropic selectivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1981, 216:210-219.
    • (1981) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.216 , pp. 210-219
    • Kenakin, T.P.1
  • 380
    • 0023432807 scopus 로고
    • The pharmacology of dobutamine
    • Ruffolo RR The pharmacology of dobutamine. Am J Med Sci 1987, 294:244-248.
    • (1987) Am J Med Sci , vol.294 , pp. 244-248
    • Ruffolo, R.R.1
  • 381
    • 0016699374 scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in patients with severe heart failure
    • Akhtar N, Mikulic E, Cohn JN, et al. Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in patients with severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1975, 36:202-205.
    • (1975) Am J Cardiol , vol.36 , pp. 202-205
    • Akhtar, N.1    Mikulic, E.2    Cohn, J.N.3
  • 382
    • 0026647015 scopus 로고
    • Dobutamine increases heart rate more than epinephrine in patients recovering from aortocoronary bypass surgery
    • Butterworth JF, Strickland RA, Mark LJ, et al. Dobutamine increases heart rate more than epinephrine in patients recovering from aortocoronary bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1992, 6:535-541.
    • (1992) J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth , vol.6 , pp. 535-541
    • Butterworth, J.F.1    Strickland, R.A.2    Mark, L.J.3
  • 383
    • 0025834814 scopus 로고
    • Desensitization of the beta-adrenergic receptor: Distinct molecular determinants of phosphorylation by specific kinases
    • Ligget SB Desensitization of the beta-adrenergic receptor: Distinct molecular determinants of phosphorylation by specific kinases. Pharmacol Res 1991, 24:29-41.
    • (1991) Pharmacol Res , vol.24 , pp. 29-41
    • Ligget, S.B.1
  • 384
    • 0024333555 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of hemodynamic and oxygen transport effects of dopamine and dobutamine in critically ill surgical patients
    • Shoemaker WC, Appel PL, Kram HB, et al. Comparison of hemodynamic and oxygen transport effects of dopamine and dobutamine in critically ill surgical patients. Chest 1989, 96:120-126.
    • (1989) Chest , vol.96 , pp. 120-126
    • Shoemaker, W.C.1    Appel, P.L.2    Kram, H.B.3
  • 385
    • 0020035505 scopus 로고
    • Hemodynamic comparison of dopamine and dobutamine in the postoperative volume-loaded, pressure-loaded, and normal ventricle
    • DiSesa VJ, Brown D, Mudge GH, et al. Hemodynamic comparison of dopamine and dobutamine in the postoperative volume-loaded, pressure-loaded, and normal ventricle. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982, 83:256-263.
    • (1982) J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg , vol.83 , pp. 256-263
    • DiSesa, V.J.1    Brown, D.2    Mudge, G.H.3
  • 386
    • 0021255987 scopus 로고
    • Dobutamine and dopamine after cardiac surgery: Greater augmentation of myocardial blood flow with dopamine
    • I-103-I-111
    • Fowler MB, Alderman EL, Oesterle SN, et al. Dobutamine and dopamine after cardiac surgery: Greater augmentation of myocardial blood flow with dopamine. Circulation 1984, 70(Suppl I):I-103-I-111.
    • (1984) Circulation , vol.70 , Issue.SUPPL.I
    • Fowler, M.B.1    Alderman, E.L.2    Oesterle, S.N.3
  • 387
    • 0026652861 scopus 로고
    • Elevation of cardiac output and oxygen delivery improves outcome in septic shock
    • Tuchschmidt J, Fried J, Astiz M, et al. Elevation of cardiac output and oxygen delivery improves outcome in septic shock. Chest 1992, 102:216-220.
    • (1992) Chest , vol.102 , pp. 216-220
    • Tuchschmidt, J.1    Fried, J.2    Astiz, M.3
  • 388
    • 0024414594 scopus 로고
    • Use of survivors cardiorespiratory values as therapeutic goals in septic shock
    • Edwards JD, Brown GCS, Nightingale P, et al. Use of survivors cardiorespiratory values as therapeutic goals in septic shock. Crit Care Med 1989, 17:1098-1103.
    • (1989) Crit Care Med , vol.17 , pp. 1098-1103
    • Edwards, J.D.1    Brown, G.C.S.2    Nightingale, P.3
  • 389
    • 0026595806 scopus 로고
    • A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled evaluation of calcium chloride and epinephrine for inotropic support after emergence from cardiopulmonary bypass
    • Royster RL, Butterworth JF, Prielipp RC, et al. A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled evaluation of calcium chloride and epinephrine for inotropic support after emergence from cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg 1992, 74:3-13.
    • (1992) Anesth Analg , vol.74 , pp. 3-13
    • Royster, R.L.1    Butterworth, J.F.2    Prielipp, R.C.3
  • 390
    • 0023818917 scopus 로고
    • Effects of 1-epinephrine on hemodynamics and cardiac function in coronary disease: Dose response studies
    • Sung BH, Robinson C, Thadani U, et al. Effects of 1-epinephrine on hemodynamics and cardiac function in coronary disease: Dose response studies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988, 43:308-316.
    • (1988) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.43 , pp. 308-316
    • Sung, B.H.1    Robinson, C.2    Thadani, U.3
  • 391
    • 0022610534 scopus 로고
    • Relative contribution of inotropic and vasodilator effects to amrinone-induced hemodynamic improvement in congestive heart failure
    • Konstram MA, Cohen SR, Weiland DS, et al. Relative contribution of inotropic and vasodilator effects to amrinone-induced hemodynamic improvement in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1986, 57:242-248.
    • (1986) Am J Cardiol , vol.57 , pp. 242-248
    • Konstram, M.A.1    Cohen, S.R.2    Weiland, D.S.3
  • 392
    • 0025796942 scopus 로고
    • Amrinone during porcine intraperitoneal sepsis
    • Hermiller JB, Mehegan JP, Nadkarni VM, et al. Amrinone during porcine intraperitoneal sepsis. Circ Shock 1991, 34:247-251.
    • (1991) Circ Shock , vol.34 , pp. 247-251
    • Hermiller, J.B.1    Mehegan, J.P.2    Nadkarni, V.M.3
  • 393
    • 0022399875 scopus 로고
    • Amrinone in catecholamine-refractory cardiac failure in septic shock
    • Hoffman P, Schockenhoff B Amrinone in catecholamine-refractory cardiac failure in septic shock. Anaesthetist 1985, 34:663-669.
    • (1985) Anaesthetist , vol.34 , pp. 663-669
    • Hoffman, P.1    Schockenhoff, B.2
  • 394
    • 0033960832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vasopressin in the treatment of milrinone-induced hypotension in severe heart failure
    • Gold J, Cullinane S, Chen J, et al. Vasopressin in the treatment of milrinone-induced hypotension in severe heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2000, 85:506-508.
    • (2000) Am J Cardiol , vol.85 , pp. 506-508
    • Gold, J.1    Cullinane, S.2    Chen, J.3
  • 395
    • 0033973431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arginine vasopressin in the treatment of 50 patients with postcardiotomy vasodilatory shock
    • Morales DL, Gregg D, Helman DN, et al. Arginine vasopressin in the treatment of 50 patients with postcardiotomy vasodilatory shock. Ann Thorac Surg 2000, 69:102-106.
    • (2000) Ann Thorac Surg , vol.69 , pp. 102-106
    • Morales, D.L.1    Gregg, D.2    Helman, D.N.3
  • 396
    • 17144435506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vasopressin deficiency and pressor hypersensitivity in hemodynamically unstable organ donors
    • Chen JM, Cullinane S, Spanier TB, et al. Vasopressin deficiency and pressor hypersensitivity in hemodynamically unstable organ donors. Circulation 1999, 100(19 Suppl):II-244-II-246.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.100 , Issue.19 SUPPL.
    • Chen, J.M.1    Cullinane, S.2    Spanier, T.B.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.