Review of plant biogeographic studies in Brazil

Journal of Systematics and Evolution

Volumn 47, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 477-496

  Fiaschi, Pedro ^a   Pirani, José R ^b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Angiosperms; Biogeography; Brazil; Disjunction; Distribution patterns; Endemism

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; MAGNOLIOPHYTA;

EID: 70350328324     PISSN: 16744918     EISSN: 17596831     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00046.x     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. Acevedo-Rodríguez P. 1990. Distributional patterns in Brazilian Serjania (Sapindaceae). Acta Botanica Brasílica 4: 69-82.
2. Alonso JA, Whitney BM. 2003. New distributional records of birds from white-sand forests of the northern Peruvian Amazon, with implications for biogeography of northern South America. The Condor 105: 552-566.
3. Alves MV, Thomas WW, Wanderley MGL. 2003. Padrões de distribuição geográfica das espécies neotropicais de Hypolytrum Rich. (Cyperaceae). Boletim de Botânica da Universidade de São Paulo 21: 265-276.
4. Alves RJV, Cardin L, Kropf MS. 2007. Angiosperm disjunction "campos rupestres restingas": a re-evaluation. Acta Botanica Brasílica 21: 675-685.
5. Amorim DS. 2001. Dos Amazonias. In: Bousquets JL, Morrone JJ eds. Introducción a la biogeografía en Latinoamérica: teorías, conceptos, métodos y aplicaciones. México: UNAM. 245-255.
6. Amorim DS, Pires MRS. 1996. Neotropical biogeography and a method for maximum biodiversity estimation. In: Bicudo CEM, Menezes NA eds. Biodiversity in Brazil: a first approach. São Paulo: CNPq. 183-219.
7. Anderson AB. 1981. White-sand vegetation of Brazilian Amazonia. Biotropica 13: 199-210.
8. Andrade-Lima D. 1966. Contribuição ao estudo do paralelismo da flora Amazônico-Nordestina. Instituto de Pesquisas Agronômicas de Pernambuco, Boletim Técnico 19: 3-30.
9. Andrade-Lima D. 1982. Present-day forest refuges in Northeastern Brazil. In: Prance GT ed. Biological diversification in the tropics. New York: Columbia University Press. 247-251.
10. Azuma H, García-Franco JG, Rico-Gray V, Thien LB. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of the Magnoliaceae: the biogeography of tropical and temperate disjunctions. American Journal of Botany 88: 2275-2285.
11. Barker NP, Weston PH, Rutschmann F, Sauquet H. 2007. Molecular dating of the "Gondwanan" plant family Proteaceae is only partially congruent with the timing of the breakup of Gondwana. Journal of Biogeography 34: 2012-2027.
12. Bates JM, Hackett SJ, Cracraft J. 1998. Area relationships in the Neotropical lowlands: an hypothesis based on raw distributions of passerine birds. Journal of Biogeography 25: 783-793.
13. Behling H, Pillar VD, Orlóci L, Bauermann SG. 2004. Late Quaternary Araucaria forest, grassland (Campos), fire and climate dynamics, studied by high-resolution pollen, charcoal and multivariate analysis of the Cambará do Sul core in southern Brazil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 203: 277-297.
14. Berry PE, Riina R. 2005. Insights into the diversity of the Pantepui flora and the biogeographic complexity of the Guayana Shield. In: Friis I, Baslev H eds. Plant diversity and complexity patterns: local, regional and global dimensions. Copenhagen: The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. 145-167.
15. Berry PE, Huber O, Holst BK. 1995. Floristic analysis and phytogeography. In: Steyermark JA, Berry PE, Holst BK eds. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Portland: Timber Press. 161-191.
16. Berry PE, Hahn WJ, Sytsma KJ, Hall JC, Mast A. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of Fuchsia (Onagraceae) based on noncoding nuclear and chloroplast DNA data. American Journal of Botany 91: 601-614.
17. Boechat SC, Longhi-Wagner HM. 2000. Padrões de distribuição dos táxons brasileiros de Eragrostis (Poaceae-Chloridoideae). Revista Brasileira de Botânica 23: 177-194.
18. Brown KR. 1982. Paleoecology and regional patterns of evolution in Neotropical forest butterflies. In: Prance GT ed. Biological diversification in the tropics. New York: Columbia University Press. 255-308.
19. Bruneau A, Mercure M, Lewis GP, Herendeen PS. 2008. Phylogenetic patterns and diversification in the caesalpinioid legumes. Botany 86: 697-718.
20. Burkart A. 1975. Evolution of grasses and grasslands in South America. Taxon 24: 53-66.
21. Burnham RJ, Graham A. 1999. The history of Neotropical vegetation: new developments and status. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86: 546-589.
22. Bush MB. 1994. Amazonian speciation: a necessarily complex model. Journal of Biogeography 21: 5-17.
23. Bush MB, Oliveira PE de. 2006. The rise and fall of the refugial hypothesis of Amazonian speciation: a paleoecological perspective. Biota Neotropica 6: 1-17.
24. Cabrera AL, Willink A. 1973. Biogeografía de América Latina. Washington, D.C.: Secretariat General OEA.
25. Calió MF, Pirani JR, Struwe L. 2008. Morphology-based phylogeny and revision of Prepusa and Senaea (Gentianaceae: Helieae) rare endemics from eastern Brazil. Kew Bulletin 63: 169-191.
26. Castro AAJF, Martins FR, Tamashiro JY, Shepherd GJ. 1999. How rich is the flora of Brazilian cerrados? Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86: 192-224.
27. Cavalcanti TB. 2007. Diversidade e distribuição em Diplusodon Pohl (Lythraceae). Fontqueria 55: 397-404.
28. Chanderbali AS, Van Der Werff H, Renner SS. 2001. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Lauraceae: evidence from the chloroplast and nuclear genomes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 104-134.
29. Clark LG. 1995. Diversity and distribution of the Andean woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambuseae). In: Churchill SP, Baslev H, Forero E, Luteyn JL eds. Biodiversity and conservation of neotropical montane forests. New York: New York Botanical Garden. 501-512.
30. Colinvaux PA, Oliveira PE de, Bush MB. 2000. Amazonian and Neotropical plant communities on glacial time-scales: the failure of the aridity and refuge hypotheses. Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 141-169.
31. Colinvaux PA, Irion G, Räsänen ME, Bush MB, Mello JASN de. 2001. A paradigm to be discarded: geological and paleoecological data falsify the Haffer and Prance refuge hypothesis of Amazonian speciation. Amazoniana 16: 609-646.
32. Costa LP. 2003. The historical bridge between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest of Brazil: a study of molecular phylogeography with small mammals. Journal of Biogeography 30: 71-86.
33. Costa LP, Leite YLR, Fonseca GAB, Fonseca MT. 2000. Biogeography of South American forest mammals: endemism and diversity in the Atlantic forest. Biotropica 32: 872-881.
34. Coutinho LM. 2006. O conceito de bioma. Acta Botanica Brasílica 20: 13-23.
35. Cracraft J. 1985. Historical biogeography and patterns of differentiation within the South America avifauna: areas of endemism. Ornithological Monographs 36: 49-84.
36. Cracraft J, Prum RO. 1988. Patterns and processes of diversification: speciation and historical congruence in some neotropical birds. Evolution 42: 603-620.
37. Crayn DM, Rossetto M, Maynard DJ. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and dating reveals an Oligo-Miocene radiation of dry-adapted shrubs (former Tremandraceae) from rainforest tree progenitors (Elaeocarpaceae) in Australia. American Journal of Botany 93: 1328-1342.
38. Crisci JV, Katinas L, Posadas P. 2003. Historical biogeography: an introduction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
39. Cuenca A, Asmussen-Lange CB, Borchsenius F. 2008. A dated phylogeny of the palm tribe Chamaedoreeae supports Eocene dispersal between Africa, North and South America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 760-775.
40. Daly DC, Mitchell J. 2000. Lowland vegetation of tropical South America. In: Lentz D ed. Imperfect balance: landscape transformations in the pre-Columbian Americas. New York: Columbia University Press. 393-453.
41. Daly DC, Prance GT. 1989. Brazilian Amazon. In: Campbell DG, Hammond HD eds. Floristic inventory of tropical countries. New York: New York Botanical Garden. 401-426.
42. Davis CC, Bell CD, Mathews S, Donoghue MJ. 2002. Laurasian migration explains Gondwanan disjunctions: evidence from Malpighiaceae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99: 6833-6837.
43. Di Maio FR.1996.RevisãotaxonômicadogêneroHindsiaBenth. (Rubiaceae Hedyotideae). Arquivos do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 34: 51-92.
44. Eberhard JR, Bermingham E. 2005. Phylogeny and comparative biogeography of Pionopsitta parrots and Pteroglossus toucans. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 288-304.
45. Eiten G. 1972. The cerrado vegetation of Brazil. The Botanical Review 38: 201-341.
46. Erkens RHJ, Chatrou LW, Maas JW, Van Der Niet T, Savolainen V. 2007. A rapid diversification of rainforest trees (Guatteria; Annonaceae) following dispersal from Central into South America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 399-411.
47. Fernandes AG, Bezerra P. 1990. Estudo fitogeográfico do Brasil. Fortaleza: Stylus Comunicações.
48. Fernández-Alonso JL, Arbeláez MV. 2008. Araracuara,unnuevo género de Rhamnaceae de la Amazonía colombiana. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 65: 343-352.
49. Fiaschi P, Pirani JR. 2008. Padrões de distribuição geográfica das espécies de Schefflera J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Araliaceae) do Brasil extra-amazônico. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 31: 633-644.
50. Fine PVA, Daly DC, Muñoz GV, Mesones I, Cameron KM. 2005. The contribution of edaphic heterogeneity to the evolution and diversity of Burseraceae trees in the western Amazon. Evolution 59: 1464-1478.
51. Frasier CL, Albert VA, Struwe L. 2008. Amazonian lowland, white sand areas as ancestral regions for South American biodiversity: biogeographic and phylogenetic patterns in Potalia (Angiospermae, Gentianaceae). Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 8: 44-57.
52. Fritsch PW. 2001. Phylogeny and biogeography of the flowering plant genus Styrax (Styracaceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction sites and DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19: 387-408.
53. Fritsch PW, Almead F, Renner SS, Martins AB, Cruz BC. 2004. Phylogeny and circumscription of the near-endemic Brazilian tribe Microlicieae (Melastomataceae). American Journal of Botany 91: 1105-1114.
54. Funch LS, Rodal MJN, Funch RR. 2008. Floristic aspects of the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. In: Thomas WW ed. The Atlantic coastal forests of northeastern Brazil. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 100: 193-220.
55. Galindo-Leal C, Câmara IG. 2003. Atlantic Forest hotspot status: an overview. In: Galindo-Leal C, Câmara IG eds. The Atlantic Forest of South America. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Biodiversity Science and Island Press. 3-11.
56. Garzón-Orduña IJ, Miranda-Esquivel DR. 2007. Amazonian relationships: an example of a complex area and a complex problem. Biogeografía 1: 17-20.
57. Gentry AH. 1982. Neotropical floristic diversity: phytogeographical connections between Central and South America, Pleistocene climatic fluctuations, or an accident of the Andean orogeny? Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 69: 557-593.
58. Gentry AH. 1988a. Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 85: 156-159.
59. Gentry AH. 1988b. Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographical gradients. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 1-34.
60. Gentry AH. 1989. Speciation in tropical forests. In: Holm-Nielsen L, Nielsen I, Balslev H eds. Tropical forests. London: Academic Press. 113-134.
61. Gentry AH. 1993. Diversity and floristic composition of lowland tropical forest in Africa and South America. In: Goldblatt P ed. Biological relationships between Africa and South America. New Heaven: Yale University Press. 500-547.
62. Gentry AH. 1995. Diversity and floristic composition of neotropical dry forests. In: Bullock SH, Mooney HA, Medina E eds. Seasonally dry tropical forests. New York: Cambridge University Press. 146-194.
63. Giulietti AM, Pirani JR. 1988. Patterns of geographic distribution of some plant species from the Espinhaço Range, Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. In: Vanzolini PE, Heyer WR eds. Proceedings of a workshop on neotropical distribution patterns. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 39-69.
64. Giulietti AM, Harley RM, Queiroz LP de, Barbosa MRV, Neta ALB, Figueiredo MA. 2002. Espécies endêmicas da caatinga. In: Sampaio EVSB, Giulietti AM, Virginio J, Gamarra-Rojas CFL eds. Vegetação e Flora da Caatinga. Recife: Associação Plantas do Nordeste. 103-118.
65. Giulietti AM, Harley RM, Queiroz LP de, Wanderley MGL, Van Den Berg C. 2005. Biodiversity and conservation of plants in Brazil. Conservation Biology 19: 632-639.
66. Givnish TJ, Renner SR. 2004. Tropical intercontinental disjunctions: Gondwana breakup, immigration from the Boreotropics, and transoceanic dispersal. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165: S1-S6.
67. Givnish TJ, Evans TM, Zjhra ML, Patterson TB, Berry PE, Sytsma KJ. 2000. Molecular evolution, adaptive radiation, and geographic diversification in the amphiatlantic family Rapateaceae: evidence from ndhF sequences and morphology. Evolution 54: 1915-1937.
68. Gonçalves EG. 2004. Araceae from Central Brazil: comments on their diversity and biogeography. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 91: 457-463.
69. Gonçalves EG, Mayo SJ, VanSluys M-A, Salatino A. 2007. Combined genotypic-phenotypic phylogeny of the tribe Spathicarpeae (Araceae) with reference to independent events of invasion to Andean regions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 1023-1039.
70. Good R. 1974. The geography of the flowering plants, 4th ed. London: Longman.
71. Goulding M, Barthem R, Ferreira E. 2003. The Smithsonian Atlas of the Amazon. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books.
72. Graham A. 1997. Neotropical plant dynamics during the Cenozoic diversification and the ordering of evolutionary and speciation processes. Systematic Botany 22: 139-150.
73. Grant JR, Maas PJM, Struwe L. 2006. Yanomamua araca (Gentianaceae), a new genus and species from Serra do Aracá, an outlier of the Guayana region in Amazonas state, Brazil. Harvard Papers in Botany 11: 29-37.
74. Granville JJ de. 1988. Phytogeographical characteristics of the Guianan forests. Taxon 37: 578-594.
75. Granville JJ de. 1992. Un cas de distribution particulier: les espèces forestières peri-amazoniennes. Compte-Rendu des Séances de la Societé de Biogéographie 68: 1-33.
76. Haffer J. 1969. Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165: 131-137.
77. Haffer J. 1997. Alternative models of vertebrate speciation in Amazonia: an overview. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 451-476.
78. Haffer J. 2008. Hypotheses to explain the origin of species in Amazonia. Brazilian Journal of Biology 68: 917-947. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842008000500003&lng=en&nrm=iso
79. Hall JPW, Harvey DJ. 2002. The phylogeography of Amazonia revisited: new evidence from Riodinid butterflies. Evolution 56: 1489-1497.
80. Hallam A. 1994. An outline of phanerozoic biogeography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
81. Harley RM. 1988. Evolution and distribution of Eriope (Labiatae) and its relatives in Brazil. In: Vanzolini PE, Heyer WR eds. Proceedings of a workshop on neotropical distribution patterns. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 71-120.
82. Harley RM. 1995. Introdução. In: Stannard BL ed. Flora of the Pico das Almas-Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. 43-78.
83. Hofreiter A. 2007. Biogeography and ecology of the Alstroemeriaceae-Luzuriagaceae clade in the high-mountain regions of Central and South America. Harvard Papers in Botany 12: 259-284.
84. Hoorn C. 1993. Marine incursions and the influence of Andean tectonics on the Miocene depositional history of northwestern Amazonia: results of a palynostratigraphic study. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 105: 267-309.
85. Hopkins MJG. 2007. Modeling the known and unknown plant biodiversity of the Amazon Basin. Journal of Biogeography 34: 1400-1411.
86. Huber O. 1995. Vegetation. In: Berry PE, Holst BA, Yatskievych K eds. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Vol. 1: Introduction. Portland: Timber Press. 97-160.
87. Iturralde-Vinent MA, MacPhee RDE. 1999. Paleogeography of the Carribean region: implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 238: 1-95.
88. Ivanauskas NM, Monteiro R, Rodrigues RR. 2008. Classificação fitogeográfica das florestas do Alto Rio Xingu. Acta Amazonica 38: 387-402.
89. Joly AB. 1970. Conheça a vegetação brasileira. São Paulo: EDUSP e Polígono.
90. Joly CA, Aidar MPM, Klink CA, Mcgrath DG, Moreira AG, Moutinho P, Nepstad DC, Oliveira AA, Pott A, Rodal MJN, Sampaio EVSB. 1999. Evolution of the Brazilian phytogeography classification systems: implications for biodiversity conservation. Ciência & Cultura 51: 331-348.
91. Judziewicz EJ, Clark LG. 2007. Classification and biogeography of new world grasses: Anomochlooideae, Pharoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Bambusoideae. Aliso 23: 303-314.
92. Katinas L, Crisci JV. 2008. Reconstructing the biogeographical history of two plant genera with different dispersion capabilities. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1374-1384.
93. Katinas L, Pruski J, Sancho G, Tellería MC. 2008. The subfamily Mutisioideae (Asteraceae). Botanical Review 74: 469-716.
94. Kay KM, Reeves P, Olmstead R, Schemske DW. 2005. Rapid speciation and the evolution of hummingbird pollination in Neotropical Costus subgenus Costus (Costaceae): evidence from nrDNA ITS and ETS sequences. American Journal of Botany 92: 1899-1910.
95. Kelloff CL, Funk VA. 2004. Phytogeography of the Kaieteur Falls, Potaro Plateau, Guyana: floral distributions and affinities. Journal of Biogeography 31: 501-513.
96. Klein RM. 1960. O aspecto dinâmico do pinheiro brasileiro. Sellowia 12: 17-44.
97. Lavin M. 2006. Floristic and geographical stability of discontinuous seasonally dry tropical forests explains patterns of plant phylogeny and endemism. In: Pennington RT, Lewis GP, Ratter JA eds. Neotropical savannas and seasonally dry forests: plant diversity, biogeography and conservation. The Systematics Association Special Volume, Series 69. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 433-448.
98. Lavin M, Luckow M. 1993. Origins and relationships of tropical North America in the context of the boreotropics hypothesis. American Journal of Botany 80: 1-14.
99. Lavin M, Thulin M, Labat J-N, Pennington RT. 2000. Africa, the odd man out: molecular biogeography of Dalbergioid legumes (Fabaceae) suggests otherwise. Systematic Botany 25: 449-467.
100. Leite PF. 2002. Contribuição ao conhecimento fitoecológico do sul do Brasil. Ciência e Ambiente 24: 51-73.
101. Londoño AC, Alvarez E, Forero E, Morton CM. 1995. A new genus and species of Dipterocarpaceae from the Neotropics. I. Introduction, taxonomy, ecology, and distribution. Brittonia 47: 225-236.
102. Longhi-Wagner HM, Zanin A. 1998. Padrões de distribuição geográfica de Stipa. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 21: 167-175.
103. Mabberley DJ. 2008. Mabberley's plant-book a portable dictionary of plants, their classifications, and uses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
104. Marks BD, Hackett SJ, Capparella AP. 2002. Historical relationships among Neotropical lowland forest areas of endemism as determined by mitochondrial DNA sequence variation within the wedge-billed woodcreeper (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae: Glyphorynchus spirurus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24: 153-167.
105. Marroig G, Cerqueira R. 1997. Plio-Pleistocene South American history and the Amazon lagoon hypothesis: a piece in the puzzle of Amazonian diversification. Journal of Comparative Biology 2: 103-119.
106. Martinelli G, Vieira CM, Gonzalez M, Leitman P, Piratininga A, Costa AF da, Forzza, RC. 2008. Bromeliaceae da Mata Atlântica Brasileira: lista de espécies, distribuição e conservação. Rodriguésia 59: 209-258.
107. Martini AMZ, Fiaschi P, Amorim AMA, Paixão JL. 2007. A hot-point within a hot-spot: a high diversity site in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Biodiversity and Conservation 16: 3111-3128.
108. Martius CPF von. 1824. Tabula geographica Brasilie et terrarum adjacentium. Tabula geographica quinque provicias florae Brasiliensis illustrans. In: Martius CPF von ed. Flora Brasiliensis, Vol. 1, Part 1, Fasc. 21. Monacchi et Lipsiae.
109. McLoughlin S. 2001. The breakup history of Gondwana and its impact on pre-Cenozoic floristic provincialism. Australian Journal of Botany 49: 271-300.
110. Méio BB, Freitas CV, Jatobá I, Silva MEF, Ribeiro JF, Henriques RPB. 2003. Influência da flora das florestas Amazônica e Atlântica na vegetação do cerrado sensu stricto. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 26: 437-444.
111. Mendonça RC, Felfili JM, Water BMT, Silva Junior MC, Rezende AV, Filgueiras TS, Nogueira PE. 1998. Flora vascular do cerrado. In: Sano SM, Almeida SP eds. Cerrado: Ambiente e flora. Planaltina: Embrapa. 289-556.
112. Mittermeier RA, Gil PR, Hoffman M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermeier CG, Lamoreux J, Fonseca GAB. 2005. Hotspots revisited: earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions. Washington: Conservation International.
113. Mori SA. 1988. Diversificação e conservação das Lecythidaceae neotropicais. Acta Botanica Brasilica 4: 45-68.
114. Mori SA. 1991. The Guyana lowland floristic province. Compte Rendu des Séances de la Société de Biogéographie 67: 67-75.
115. Mori SA, Boom BA, Prance GT. 1981. Distribution patterns and conservation of eastern Brazilian coastal forest tree species. Brittonia 33: 233-245.
116. Moritz C, Patton JL, Schneider CJ, Smith TB. 2000. Diversification of rainforest faunas: an integrated molecular approach. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31: 533-563.
117. Morley RJ. 2003. Interplate dispersal paths for megathermal angiosperms. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6: 5-20.
118. Morrone JJ. 2001. Biogeografía de America Latina y el Caribe. Zaragoza: M & T Manuales y Thesis SEA. vol. 3.
119. Morrone JJ. 2006. Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean Islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the Entomofauna. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 467-494.
120. Muellner AN, Savolainen V, Samuel R, Chase MW. 2006. The mahogany family "out-of-Africa": divergence time estimation, global biogeographic patterns inferred from plastid rbcL DNA sequences, extant, and fossil distribution of diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40: 236-250.
121. Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB da, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.
122. Nelson BW, Ferreira CAC, Silva MF da, Kawasaki ML. 1990. Endemism centers, refugia and botanical collection density in Brazilian Amazonia. Nature 345: 714-716.
123. Nihei SS, Carvalho CJB. 2007. Systematics and biogeography of Polietina Schnabl & Dziedzicki (Diptera, Muscidae): Neotropical area relationships and Amazonia as a composite area. Systematic Entomology 32: 477-501.
124. Nores M. 1999. An alternative hypothesis for the origin of Amazonian bird diversity. Journal of Biogeography 26: 475-485.
125. Oliveira AA de, Daly DC. 1999. Geographic distribution of tree species occurring in the region of Manaus, Brazil: implications for regional diversity and conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 1245-1259.
126. Oliveira PE de, Barreto AMF, Suguio K. 1999. Late Pleistocene/Holocene climatic and vegetational history of the Brazilian caatinga: the fossil dunes of the middle São Francisco River. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 152: 319-337.
127. Oliveira-Filho AT, Fontes MAL. 2000. Patterns of floristic differentiation among Atlantic forests in southeastern Brazil and the influence of climate. Biotropica 32: 793-810.
128. Oliveira-Filho AT, Ratter JA. 1995. A study of the origin of central Brazilian forests by the analysis of plant species distribution patterns. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 52: 141-194.
129. Oliveira-Filho AT, Tameirão-Neto E, Carvalho WAC, Werneck C, Brina AE, Vidal CV, Rezende SC, Pereira JAA. 2005. Análise florística do compartimento arbóreo de áreas de Floresta Atlântica sensu lato na região das bacias do Leste (Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro). Rodriguésia 56: 185-235.
130. Oliveira-Filho AT, Jarenkow JA, Rodal MJN. 2006. Floristic relationships of seasonally dry forests of eastern South America based on tree species distribution patterns. In: Pennington RT, Lewis GP, Ratter JA eds. Neotropical savannas and seasonally dry forests: plantdiversity, biogeography and conservation. The Systematics Association Special Volume, Series 69. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 159-192.
131. Ortiz-Jaureguizar E, Cladera GA. 2006. Paleoenvironmental evolution of southern South America during the Cenozoic. Journal of Arid Environments 66: 498-532.
132. Overbeck GE, Müller SC, Pillar VD, Pfadenhauer J. 2006. Floristic composition, environmental variation and species distribution patterns in burned grassland in southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 66: 29-41.
133. Overbeck GE, Müller SC, Fidelis A, Pfadenhauer J, Pillar VD, Blanco CC, Boldrini II, Both R, Forneck ED. 2007. Brazil's neglected biome: the south Brazilian Campos. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 9: 101-116.
134. Patton JL, Silva MF da. 2005. The history of Amazonian mammals: mechanisms and timing of diversification. In: Bermingham E, Dick CW, Moritz C eds. Tropical rainforests: past, present and future. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 107-126.
135. Pennington RT, Dick CW. 2004. The role of immigrants in the assembly of the South American rainforest tree flora. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series B: Biological Sciences 359: 1611-1622.
136. Pennington RT, Dick CW. In press. Diversification of the Amazonian flora and its relation to key geological and environmental events: a molecular perspective. In: Hoorn C, Wesselingh F eds. Amazonia, landscape and species evolution: a look into the past. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
137. Pennington RT, Prado DE, Pendry CA.2000. Neotropical seasonally dry forests and Quaternary vegetation changes. Journal of Biogeography 27: 261-273.
138. Pennington RT, Lavin M, Prado DE, Pendry CA, Pell SK, Butterworth CA. 2004. Historical climate change and speciation: Neotropical seasonally dry forest plants show patterns of both Tertiary and Quaternary diversification. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series B: Biological Sciences 359: 515-537.
139. Pennington RT, Lewis GP, Ratter JA. 2006a. An overview of the plant diversity, biogeography and conservation of Neotropical savannas and seasonally dry forests. In: Pennington RT, Lewis GP, Ratter JA eds. Neotropical savannas and seasonally dry forests: plant diversity, biogeography and conservation. The Systematics Association Special Volume, Series 69. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 1-29.
140. Pennington RT, Richardson JE, Lavin M. 2006b. Insights into the historical construction of species-rich biomes from dated plant phylogenies, neutral ecological theory and phylogenetic community structure. New Phytologist 172: 605-616.
141. Perret M, Chautems A, Spichiger R. 2006. Dispersal-vicariance analysis in the tribe Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae): a clue to understanding biogeographical history of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 93: 340-358.
142. Perret M, Chautems A, Spichiger R, Barraclough TG, Savolainen V. 2007. The geographical pattern of speciation and floral diversification in the Neotropics: the tribe Sinningieae (Gesneriaceae) as a case study. Evolution 61: 1641-1660.
143. Pinto-da-Rocha R, Silva MB da, Bragagnolo C. 2005. Faunistic similarity and historic biogeography of the harvestmen of southern and southeastern Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. The Journal of Arachnology 33: 290-299.
144. Pirani JR. 1990. Diversidade taxonômica e padrões de distribuição geográfica em Picramnia (Simaroubaceae) no Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 4: 19-44.
145. Prado DE. 2000. Seasonally dry forests of tropical South America: from forgotten ecosystems to a new phytogeographical unit. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 57: 437-461.
146. Prado DE, Gibbs PE. 1993. Patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of South America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 902-927.
147. Prance GT. 1979. The taxonomy and phytogeography of the Chrysobalanaceae of the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica 2: 19-39.
148. Prance GT. 1982. A review of the phytogeographic evidences for Pleistocene climate changes in the Neotropics. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 69: 594-624.
149. Prance GT. 1988. Padrões de distribuição e especiação em Chrysobalanaceae e outras famílias de plantas amazônicas. Acta Botanica Brasilica 1: 1-25.
150. Prance GT. 1994. A comparison of the efficacy of higher taxa and species numbers in the assessment of biodiversity in the Neotropics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series B: Biological Sciences 345: 89-99.
151. Prance GT. 1996. Islands in Amazonia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series B: Biological Sciences 351: 823-833.
152. Queiroz LP. 2006. The Brazilian Caatinga: phytogeographical patterns inferred from distribution data of the Leguminosae. In: Pennington RT, Lewis GP, Ratter JA eds. Neotropical savannas and seasonally dry forests: plant diversity, biogeography and conservation. The Systematics Association Special Volume, Series 69. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 121-157.
153. Racheli L, Racheli T. 2004. Patterns of Amazonian area relationships based on raw distributions of papilionid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilioninae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 82: 345-357.
154. Rambo B. 1956. A flora fanerogâmica dos Aparados Riograndenses. Sellowia 7: 235-298.
155. Ramos ACS, Lemos-Filho JP, Ribeiro RA, Santos FR, Lovato MB. 2007. Phylogeography of the tree Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae) and the influence of Quaternary climate changes in the Brazilian Cerrado. Annals of Botany 100: 1219-1228.
156. Rapini A, Mello-Silva R, Kawasaki ML. 2002. Richness and endemism in Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) from the Espinhaço Range of Minas Gerais, Brazil-aconservationist view. Biodiversity and Conservation 11: 1733-1746.
157. Rapini A, Van Den Berg C, Liede-Schumann S. 2007. Diversification of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) inthe New World. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 94: 407-422.
158. Räsänen ME, Linna AM, Santos JCR, Negri FR. 1995. Late Miocene tidal deposits in the Amazonian foreland basin. Science 269: 386-390.
159. Ratter JA, Bridgewater S, Atkinson R, Ribeiro JF. 1996. Analysis of the floristic composition of the Brazilian Cerrado vegetation II: comparison of the woody vegetation of 98 areas. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 53: 153-180.
160. Ratter JA, Ribeiro JF, Bridgewater S. 1997. The Brazilian cerrado vegetation and threats to its biodiversity. Annals of Botany 80: 223-230.
161. Ratter JA, Bridgewater S, Ribeiro JF. 2003. Analysis of the floristic composition of the Brazilian Cerrado vegetation III: comparison of the woody vegetation of 376 areas. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60: 57-109.
162. Ratter JA, Bridgewater S, Ribeiro JF. 2006. Biodiversity patterns of the woody vegetation of the Brazilian Cerrado. In: Pennington RT, Lewis GP, Ratter JA eds. Neotropical savannas and seasonally dry forests: plant diversity, biogeography and conservation. The Systematics Association Special Volume, Series 69. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 31-66.
163. Raven PH, Axelrod DI. 1974. Angiosperm biogeography and past continental movements. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61: 539-673.
164. Renner SS. 2004. Plant dispersal across the Tropical Atlantic by wind and sea currents. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165: S23-S33.
165. Renner SS, Clausing G, Meyer K. 2001. Historical biogeography of Melastomataceae: the roles of Tertiary migration and long-distance dispersal. American Journal of Botany 88: 1290-1300.
166. Ribas CC, Miyaki CY. 2004. Molecular systematics in Aratinga parakeets: species limits and historical biogeography in the "solstitialis"group, and the systematic position of Nandayus nenday. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 663-675.
167. Ribas CC, Gaban-Lima R, Miyaki CY, Cracraft J. 2005. Historical biogeography and diversification within the Neotropical parrot genus Pionopsitta (Aves: Psittacidae). Journal of Biogeography 32: 1409-1427.
168. Richardson JE, Pennington RT, Pennington TD, Hollingsworth PM. 2001. Recent and rapid diversification of a species-rich genus of Neotropical trees. Science 293: 2242-2245.
169. Richardson JE, Chatrou LW, Mols JB, Erkens RHJ, Pirie MD. 2004. Historical biogeography of two cosmopolitan families of flowering plants: Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, Series B: Biological Sciences 359: 1495-1508.
170. Ritter MR, Waechter JL. 2004. Biogeografia do gênero Mikania Willd. (Asteraceae) no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 18: 643-652.
171. Ritz CM, Martins L, Mecklenburg R, Goremykin V, Hellwig FH. 2007. The molecular phylogeny of Rebutia (Cactaceae) and its allies demonstrates the influence of paleogeography on the evolution of South American mountain cacti. American Journal of Botany 94: 1321-1332.
172. Rizzini CT. 1963. Nota prévia sobre a divisão fitogeográfica do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Geografia 25: 1-64.
173. Rodal MJN, Sales MF. 2008. Panorama of the montane forests of Pernambuco, Brazil. In: Thomas WW ed. The Atlantic coastal forests of northeastern Brazil. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 100: 541-559.
174. Ron SR. 2000. Biogeographic area relationships of lowland Neotropical rainforest based on raw distributions of vertebrate groups. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71: 379-402.
175. Rossetti D de F, Toledo PM de, Góes AM. 2005. New geological framework for western Amazonia (Brazil) and implications for biogeography and evolution. Quaternary Research 63: 78-89.
176. Safford HD. 1999. Brazilian páramos I. Introduction to the physical environment and vegetation of the campos de altitude. Journal of Biogeography 26: 693-712.
177. Safford HD. 2007. Brazilian páramos IV. Phytogeography of the campos de altitude. Journal of Biogeography 34: 1701-1722.
178. Safford HD, Martinelli G. 2000. Southeast Brazil. In: Porembski S, Barthlott W eds. Inselbergs: Biotic diversity of isolated rock outcrops in tropical and temperate regions. Ecological Studies 146. Berlin: Springer. 339-389.
179. Sampaio AJ. 1940. Fitogeografia. Revistra Brasileira de Geografia 2: 59-78.
180. Sampaio EVSB. 1995. Overview of the Brazilian caatinga. In: Bullock SH, Mooney HA, Medina E eds. Seasonally dry tropical forests. New York: Cambridge University Press. 35-63.
181. Sanmartín I, Ronquist F. 2004. Southern Hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology 53: 216-243.
182. Santos AMM, Cavalcanti DR, Silva JMC da, Tabarelli M. 2007. Biogeographical relationships in north-eastern Brazil. Journal of Biogeography 34: 437-446.
183. Santos CMD, Amorim DS. 2007. Why biogeographical hypotheses need a well supported phylogenetic framework: a conceptual evaluation. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 47: 63-73.
184. Saslis-Lagoudakis C, Chase MW, Robinson DN, Russell SJ, Klitgaard BB. 2008. Phylogenetics of Neotropical Platymiscium (Leguminosae:Dalbergieae): systematics, divergencetimes, and biogeography inferred from nuclear ribosomal and plastid DNA sequence data. American Journal of Botany 95: 1270-1286.
185. Scarano FR. 2002. Structure, function and floristic relationships of plant communities in stressful habitats marginal to the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. Annals of Botany 90: 517-524.
186. Schilling EE, Costa FB, Lopes NP, Heise PJ. 2000. Brazilian species of Viguiera (Asteraceae) exhibit low levels of its sequence variation. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 57: 323-332.
187. Silva JMC da, Bates JM. 2002. Biogeographic patterns and conservation in the South American Cerrado: a tropical savanna hotspot. BioScience 52(3): 225-233.
188. Silva JMC da, Castelletti CHM. 2003. Status of the biodiversity of the Atlantic forest of Brazil. In: Galindo-Leal C, Câmara IG eds. The Atlantic forest of South America. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Biodiversity Science and Island Press. 43-59.
189. Silva JMC da, Oren DC. 1996. Application of parsimony analysis of endemicity in Amazonian biogeography: an example with primates. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 59: 427-437.
190. Silva JMC da, Sousa MC de, Castelletti CHM. 2004. Areas of endemism for passerine birds in the Atlantic forest, South America. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13: 85-92.
191. Simon MF, Proença C. 2000. Phytogeographic patterns of Mimosa (Mimosoideae, Leguminosae) in the Cerrado biome of Brazil: an indicator genus of high-altitude centers of endemism? Biological Conservation 96: 279-296.
192. Smedmark JEE, Anderberg AA. 2007. Boreotropical migration explains hybridization between geographically distant lineages in the pantropical clade Sideroxyleae (Sapotaceae). American Journal of Botany 94: 1491-1505.
193. Smith JF, Stevens AC, Tepe EJ, Davidson C. 2008. Placing the origin of two species-rich genera in the late Cretaceous with later species divergence in the Tertiary: a phylogenetic, biogeographic and molecular dating analysis of Piper and Peperomia (Piperaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 275: 9-30.
194. Smith LB. 1962. Origins of the flora of southern Brazil. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 35: 215-249.
195. Soderstrom TR, Judziewicz EJ, Clark LG. 1988. Distribution patterns of Neotropical bamboos. In: Vanzolini PE, Heyer WR eds. Proceedings of a workshop on Neotropical distribution patterns. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 121-157.
196. Soriano A, Leon RJC, Sala OE, Lavado RS, Deregibus VA, Cauhepe MA, Scaglia OA, Velazquez CA, Lemcoff JH. 1992. Río de la Plata grasslands. In: Coupland RT ed. Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 8A: natural grasslands. Introduction and Western Hemisphere. Amsterdan: Elsevier. 367-407.
197. Stehmann JR, Forzza RC, Sobral M, Salino A, Kamino LHY eds. In press. Plantas de Floresta Atlântica. Rio de Janeiro: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available from www.icb.ufmg.br/bot/mataatlantica/projeto.htm [accessed 25 October, 2008].
198. Steyermark JA. 1982. Relationships of some Venezuelan forest refuges with lowland tropical floras. In: Prance GT ed. Biological diversification in the tropics. New York: Columbia University Press. 182-220.
199. Steyermark JA. 1986. Speciation and endemism in the flora of the Venezuelan tepuis. In: Vuilleumier F, Monasterio M eds. High altitude tropical biogeography. New York: Oxford University Press. 317-373.
200. Struwe L, Thiv M, Kadereit J, Motley TJ, Pepper AS-R, Rova J, Potgeiter K, White P, Albert VA. 1998. Saccifolium (Saccifoliaceae), an endemic of Sierra de la Neblina on the Brazilian-Venezuelan frontier, is related to a temperatealpine lineage of Gentianaceae. Harvard Papers in Botany 3: 199-214.
201. Sytsma KJ, Litt A, Zjhra ML, Pires JC, Nepokroeff M, Conti E, Walker J, Wilson PG. 2004. Clades, clocks, and continents: historical and biogeographical analysis of Myrtaceae, Vochysiaceae, and relatives in the Southern Hemisphere. International Journal of Plant Sciences 165: S85-S105.
202. ter Steege H, Sabatier D, Castellanos H, van Andel T, Duivenvoorden J, Oliveira AA de, Renske E, Ramesh L, Maas P, Mori S. 2000. An analysis of the floristic composition and diversity of Amazonian forests including those of the Guiana Shield. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 801-828.
203. Thomas WW, Barbosa MR de V. 2008. Natural vegetation types in the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil. In: ThomasWWed.TheAtlanticcoastalforestsofnortheastern Brazil. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 100: 6-20.
204. Thomas WW, Carvalho AMV, Amorim AMA, Garrison J, Arbeláez AL. 1998. Plant endemism in two forests in southern Bahia, Brazil. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 311-322.
205. Thorne R. 1973. Floristic relationships between tropical Africa and tropical America. In: Meggers BJ, Duckworth WD eds. Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 27-47.
206. Tiffney BH. 1985a. The Eocene North Atlantic land bridge: its importance in Tertiary and modern phytogeography of the Northern Hemisphere. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 66: 243-273.
207. Tiffney BH. 1985b. Perspectives on the origin of the floristic similarity between eastern Asia and eastern North America. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 66: 73-94.
208. Trénel P, Gustafsson MHG, Baker WJ, Asmussen-Lange CB, Dransfield J, Borchsenius F. 2007. Mid-Tertiary dispersal, not Gondwanan vicariance explains distribution patterns in the wax palm subfamily (Ceroxyloideae: Arecaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45: 272-288.
209. Tuomisto H, Ruokolainen K, Kalliola R, Linna A, Danjoy W, Rodriguez Z. 1995. Dissecting Amazonian biodiversity. Science 269: 63-66.
210. Valencia R, Balslev H, Pazy Miño G. 1994. High tree alphadiversity in Amazonian Ecuador. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 21-28.
211. Vanzolini PE. 1970. Zoologia sistemética, geografia e a origem das espécies. Instituto Geográfico São Paulo. Série Teses e Monografias 3: 1-56.
212. Veloso HP, Filho ALRR, Lima JCA. 1991. Classificação da vegetação brasileira, adaptada a um sistema universal. IBGE, Departamento de Recursos Naturais e Estudos Ambientais, Rio de Janeiro.
213. Vicentini A. 2007. Pagamea Aubl. (Rubiaceae), from species to processes, building the bridge. PhD. Dissertation. University of Missouri Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
214. Waechter JL. 2002. Padrões geográficos na flora atual do Rio Grande do Sul. Ciência e Ambiente 24: 93-108.
215. Webb SD. 1995. Biological implications of the middle Miocene Amazon seaway. Science 269: 361-362.
216. Weeks A, Daly DC, Simpson BB. 2005. The phylogenetic history and biogeography of the frankincense and myrrh family (Burseraceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35: 85-101.
217. Wolfe JA. 1975. Some aspects of plant geography of the Northern Hemisphere during the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 62: 264-279.
218. Woodward CL, Berry PE, Kamer HM-V de, Swing K. 2007. Tiputinia foetida, a new mycoheterotrophic genus of Thismiaceae from Amazonian Ecuador, and a likely case of deceit pollination. Taxon 56: 157-162.
219. Zerega NJC, Clement WL, Datwyler SH, Weiblen GD. 2005. Biogeography and divergence times in the mulberry family (Moraceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37: 402-416.
220. Zuloaga FO, Judziewicz EJ. 1993. Agnesia, a new genus of Amazonian herbaceous bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Olyreae). Novon 3: 306-309.