The heterogeneity of causes and courses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

Volumn 120, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 392-399

  Steinhausen, H C ^a,b,c  

^a AALBORG UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Aetiology; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Brain functions; Brain structure; Co morbidity; Gender; Genes; Psychosocial functioning

Indexed keywords

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CAUDATE NUCLEUS; CEREBELLUM VERMIS; CHROMOSOME 16; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE COURSE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GENDER; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE INTERACTION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HETEROZYGOSITY; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROBIOLOGY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BRAIN; CHILD; COGNITION; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SEX FACTORS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 70349656767     PISSN: 0001690X     EISSN: 16000447     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01446.x     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Waldman ID, Gizer IR. The genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 2006 26 : 396 432.
2. Mick E, Faraone SV. Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2008 17 : 261 284.
3. Zhou K, Dempfle A, Arcos-Burgos M et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide linkage scans of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008 147B : 1392 1398.
4. Neale BM, Lasky-Su J, Anney R et al. Genome-wide association scan of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008 147B : 1337 1344.
5. Lasky-Su J, Biederman J, Laird N et al. Evidence for an association of the dopamine D5 receptor gene on age at onset of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ann Hum Genet 2007 71 (Pt 5 648 659.
6. Asherson P, Brookes K, Franke B et al. Confirmation that a specific haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene is associated with combined-type ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 2007 164 : 674 677.
7. Laucht M, Skowronek MH, Becker K et al. Interacting effects of the dopamine transporter gene and psychosocial adversity on attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder symptoms among 15-year-olds from a high-risk community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007 64 : 585 590.
8. Brookes KJ, Mill J, Guindalini C et al. A common haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and interacting with maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006 63 : 74 81.
9. Steinhausen HC, Willms J, Spohr HL. Long-term psychopathological and cognitive outcome of children with fetal alcohol syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993 32 : 990 994.
10. Todd RD. Genetics of childhood disorders: XXI. ADHD, part 5: a behavioral genetic perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000 39 : 1571 1573.
11. Nadder TS, Rutter M, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Eaves LJ. Genetic effects on the variation and covariation of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional-defiant disorder/conduct disorder (Odd/CD) symptomatologies across informant and occasion of measurement. Psychol Med 2002 32 : 39 53.
12. Coolidge FL, Thede LL, Young SE. Heritability and the comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with behavioral disorders and executive function deficits: a preliminary investigation. Dev Neuropsychol 2000 17 : 273 287.
13. Willcutt EG, Pennington BF. Comorbidity of reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: differences by gender and subtype. J Learn Disabil 2000 33 : 179 191.
14. Martin NC, Piek JP, Hay D. DCD and ADHD: a genetic study of their shared aetiology. Hum Mov Sci 2006 25 : 110 124.
15. Willcutt EG, Pennington BF, Smith SD et al. Quantitative trait locus for reading disability on chromosome 6p is pleiotropic for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet 2002 114 : 260 268.
16. Smalley SL, Kustanovich V, Minassian SL et al. Genetic linkage of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on chromosome 16p13, in a region implicated in autism. Am J Hum Genet 2002 71 : 959 963.
17. Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W et al. Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 2002 288 : 1740 1748.
18. Shaw P, Lerch J, Greenstein D et al. Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006 63 : 540 549.
19. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW, Peterson BS. Cortical abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2003 362 : 1699 1707.
20. Durston S. Converging methods in studying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: what can we learn from neuroimaging and genetics? Dev Psychopathol 2008 20 : 1133 1143.
21. Shaw P, Eckstrand K, Sharp W et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a delay in cortical maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 104 : 19649 19654.
22. Döhnert M, Brandeis D, Imhof K, Drechsler R, Steinhausen HC. Mapping attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from childhood to adolescence - no neurophysiological evidence for a developmental lag of attention but some for inhibition. Biol Psychiatry (in press).
23. Sonuga-Barke EJS. Pathogenesis. In : Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Döpfner M, Rohde L, Sergeant JA, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Taylor E, Zuddas A, eds. ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder. Oxford and London : Oxford University Press, 2009 : 19 32.
24. Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A. Comorbidity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999 40 : 57 87.
25. Steinhausen HC, Metzke CW, Meier M, Kannenberg R. Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: the Zurich Epidemiological Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998 98 : 262 271. (Pubitemid 28481420)
26. Spencer TJ. ADHD and comorbidity in childhood. J Clin Psychiatry 2006 67 (Suppl. 8 27 31.
27. Group TMC. Multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999 56 : 1073 1086.
28. Steinhausen H-C, Novik TS, Baldussson G et al. Co-existing psychiatric problems in ADHD in the ADORE cohort. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006 15 (Suppl. I/25 I/29.
29. Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2005 366 : 237 248.
30. Kuntsi J, Eley TC, Taylor A et al. Co-occurrence of ADHD and low IQ has genetic origins. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004 124B : 41 47.
31. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: antisocial activities and drug use. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004 45 : 195 211.
32. Fischer M, Barkley RA, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: self-reported psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, and the role of childhood conduct problems and teen CD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2002 30 : 463 475.
33. Nøvik TS, Hervas A, Ralston SJ et al. Influence of gender on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Europe-ADORE. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006 15 (Suppl. I/15 I/24.
34. Gaub M, Carlson CL. Gender differences in ADHD: a meta-analysis and critical review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 36 : 1036 1045.
35. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 2006 36 : 159 165. (Pubitemid 43126140)
36. Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Loney J et al. Three-year predictive validity of DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children diagnosed at 4-6 years of age. Am J Psychiatry 2004 161 : 2014 2020.
37. Steinhausen HC, Drechsler R, Foldenyi M, Imhof K, Brandeis D. Clinical course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from childhood toward early adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003 42 : 1085 1092.
38. Barkley RA. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York : Guilford, 2006.
39. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: adaptive functioning in major life activities. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006 45 : 192 202.
40. Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Mick E et al. Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study. Psychol Med 2006 36 : 167 179.
41. Hervey AS, Epstein JN, Curry JF. Neuropsychology of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology 2004 18 : 485 503.