Flow Voltammetry

Advances in Flow Analysis

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 455-482

  Gutz, Ivano G R ^a   Angnes, Lúcio ^a   Cavicchioli, Andrea ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Cyclic voltammetry; Flow voltammetry; Mercury drop electrode; Modified electrode; Preconcentration; Stripping voltammetry

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349604607     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527623259.ch16     Document Type: Chapter

References (170)

1. Bard, A.J. and Rubinstein, I. (eds) (1966-2004) Electroanalytical Chemistry: a Series of Advances, Vols. 1-22, Marcel Dekker, New York.
2. Zoski, C.G. (2007) Handbook of Electrochemistry, Elsevier, Boston.
3. Sawyer, D.T., Sobkowiak, A. and Roberts, J.L. (1995) Electrochemistry for Chemists, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
4. Brett, C.M.A. and Brett, A.M.O. (1998) Electroanalysis, Oxford University Press, New York.
5. Bard, A.J. and Faulkner, L.R. (2001) Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley, New York.
6. Scholz, F. (2002) Electroanalytical Methods: Guide to Experiments and Applications, Springer, Berlin.
7. Bard, A.J., Stratmann, M. and Unwin, P.R. (eds) (2003) Instrumentation and Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 3, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
8. Wang, J. (2006) Analytical Electrochemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
9. Stulik, K. and Pacakova, V. (1987) Electroanalytical Measurements in Flowing Liquids, Ellis Horwood, Chichester.
10. Gunasingham, H. and Fleet, B. (1990) Hydrodynamic Voltammetry in Continuous-Flow Analysis, in Electroanalytical Chemistry: a Series of Advances, 16, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 89-180.
11. Kissinger, P.T. and Heineman, H. (1996) Laboratory Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York.
12. Trojanowicz, M. (2000) Flow Injection Analysis: Instrumentation and Applications, World Scientific, Singapore.
13. Trojanowicz, M., Szewczynska, M. and Wcislo, M. (2003) Electroanalytical flow measurements-recent advances. Electroanalysis, 15, 347-365.
14. Pérez-Olmos, R., Soto, J.C., Zarate, N., Araújo, A.N. and Montenegro, M.C.B.S.M. (2005) Sequential injection analysisusingelectrochemicaldetection:a review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 554, 1-16.
15. Quintino, M.S.M. and Angnes, L. (2004) Batch injection analysis: an almost unexplored powerful tool. Electroanalysis, 16, 513-523.
16. LaCourse, W.R. (1997) Pulsed Electrochemical Detection in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
17. Flanagan, R.J., Perrett, D. and Whelpton, R. (2005) Electrochemical Detection in HPLC, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
18. LaCourse, W.R. and Modi, S.J. (2005) Microelectrode applications of pulsed electrochemical detection. Electroanalysis, 17, 1141-1152.
19. Du, Y. and Wang, E.K. (2007) Capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection. Journal of Separation Science, 30, 875-890.
20. http://epsilon-web.com/Lc/manuals/Principles/principles.html, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
21. http://www.chem.agilent.com/scripts/LiteraturePDF.asp?iWHID1/420644, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
22. Zemann, A.J., Schnell, E., Volgger,D. and Bonn, G.K. (1998) Contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis. Analytical Chemistry, 70, 563-567.
23. Fracassi da Silva, J.A. and do Lago, C.L. (1998) An oscillometric detector for capillary electrophoresis. Analytical Chemistry, 70, 4339-4343.
24. Kubáń, P. and Hauser, P.C. (2004) Contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis: a review. Electroanalysis, 16, 2009-2021.
25. Hoherčáková, Z. and Opekar, F. (2005) A contactless conductivity detection cell for flow injection analysis: determination of total inorganic carbon. Analytica Chimica Acta, 551, 132-136.
26. Cooper, J.A. and Compton, R.G. (1998) Channel electrodes-a review. Electroanalysis, 10, 141-155.
27. Tur'yan, Y.I., Strochkova, E.M., Kuselman, I. and Shenhar, A. (1996) Microcell for anodic stripping voltammetry of trace metals. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 354, 410-413.
28. Macpherson, J.V., Simjee, N. and Unwin, P.R. (2001) Hydrodynamic ultramicroelectrodes: kinetic and analytical applications. Electrochimica Acta, 47, 29-45.
29. Nascimento, V.B., Augelli, M.A., Pedrotti, J.J., Gutz, I.G.R. and Angnes, L. (1997) Arrays of gold microelectrodes made from split integrated circuit chips. Electroanalysis, 9, 335-339.
30. Brainina, K.Z., Malakhova, N.A. and Stojko, N.Y. (2000) Stripping voltammetry in environmental and food analysis. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 368, 307-325.
31. Matos, R.C., Gutz, I.G.R., Angnes, L., Fontenele, R.S. and Pedrotti, J.J. (2001) A versatile and pulsation-free pneumatic impeller for flow analysis systems. Quimica Nova, 24, 795-798.
32. Fujishima, A., Einaga, Y., Rao, T.N. and Tryk, D.A. (2005) Diamond Electrochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
33. Fujishima, A. (2007) Electrochemistry of Diamond, BKS, Tokyo.
34. Hidalgo, P. and Gutz, I.G.R. (2001) Determination of low concentrations of the flotation reagent ethyl xanthate by sampled DC polarography and flow injection with amperometric detection. Talanta, 54, 403-409.
35. Wang, J., Lu, J.M., Kirgöz, U.A., Hocevar, S.B. and Ogorevc, B. (2001) Insights into the anodic stripping voltammetric behavior of bismuth film electrodes. Analytica Chimica Acta, 434, 29-34.
36. Kefala, G. and Economou, A. (2006) Polymer-coated bismuth film electrodes for the determination of trace metals by sequential-injection analysis/anodic stripping voltammetry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 576, 283-289.
37. Economou, A. and Voulgaropoulos, A. (2007) On-line stripping voltammetry of trace metals at a flow-through bismuthfilm electrode by means of a hybrid flow injection/sequential-injection system. Talanta, 71, 758-765.
38. http://www.bioanalytical.com/products/lc/flowcells.html, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
39. http://www.waters.com/WatersDivision/ContentD.asp?watersit1/4JDRS-5LWJX8, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
40. http://www.antecleyden.com/products/vt03cell.shtml, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
41. http://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/products/product.cfm?product1/4l-ecd-6a, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
42. www1.dionex.com/en-us/ins_dxprn29100.html, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
43. http://www.cypresssystems.com/Cells/FIA.html, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
44. http://www.trace.de/en/onlinemessung/fliesszelle-bild.htm, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
45. http://www.esainc.com/products/type/instruments/HPLC/specialty_detectors/coularray, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
46. http://www.ijcambria.com/ALS_printed_electrodes.htm, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
47. http://www.abtechsci.com/labproducts. html, last accessed on 10/Aug/2007.
48. Pedrotti, J.J., Angnes, L. and Gutz, I.G.R. (1996) Miniaturized reference electrodes with microporous polymer junctions. Electroanalysis, 8, 673-675.
49. Keller, O.C. and Buffle, J. (2000) Voltammetric and reference microelectrodes with integrated microchannels for flow through microvoltammetry. 1. The microcell. Analytical Chemistry, 72, 936-942.
50. Hashimoto, M., Upadhyay, S., Kojima, S., Suzuki, H.,Hayashi, K. and Sunagawa, K. (2006) Needle-type Ag/AgI reference electrode with a stagnant electrolyte layer and an active liquid junction. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 153, 155-160.
51. Polk, B.J., Stelzenmuller, A., Mijares, G., MacCrehan,W. andGaitan, M. (2006) Ag/AgCl microelectrodes with improved stability for microfluidics. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 114, 239-247.
52. Cavicchioli, A., Daniel, D. and Gutz, I.G.R. (2004) Critical comparison of four simple adaptors for flow amperometric and stripping voltammetry with mercury drop electrodes in batch cells. Electroanalysis, 16, 391-398.
53. Colombo, C., van den Berg, C.M.G. and Daniel, A. (1997) A flow cell for on-line monitoring of metals in natural waters by voltammetry with a mercury drop electrode. Analytica Chimica Acta, 346, 101-111.
54. Colombo, C. and van den Berg, C.M.G. (1998) Determination of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni) in soil extracts by flow analysis with voltammetric detection. International Journal of Environmental Analytical, Chemistry, 71, 1-17.
55. Al-Farawati, R. and van den Berg, C.M.G. (1999) Metal-sulfide complexation in seawater. Marine Chemistry, 63, 331-352.
56. Al-Farawati, R. and van den Berg, C.M.G. (2001) Thiols in coastal waters of the western North Sea and English Channel. Environmental Science & Technology, 35, 1902-1911.
57. Achterberg, E.P., van den Berg, C.M.G. and Colombo, C. (2003) High resolution monitoring of dissolved Cu and Co in coastal surface waters of the Western North Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 23, 611-623.
58. Aguiar, M.A.S., Marquez, K.S.G. and Gutz, I.G.R. (2000) Determination of traces of uranium in environmental samples using a flow injection system with amperometric catalytic detection. Electroanalysis, 12, 742-746.
59. Abate, G., Lichtig, J. and Masini, J.C. (2002) Construction and evaluation of a flow-through cell adapted to a commercial static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) to study the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) on vermiculite. Talanta, 58, 433-443.
60. dos Santos, L.B.O., Abate, G. and Masini, J.C. (2005) Application of sequential injection-square wave voltammetry (SI-SWV) to study the adsorption of atrazine onto a tropical soil sample. Talanta, 68, 165-170.
61. dos Santos, L.B.O., Abate, G. and Masini, J.C. (2006) Developing a continuous flow-square wave voltammetry method for determination of atrazine in soil solutions using the hanging mercury drop electrode. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 17, 36-42.
62. Pedrotti, J.J. and Gutz, I.G.R. (2003) Ultrasimple adaptor to convert batch cells with mercury drop electrodes in voltammetric detectors for flow analysis. Talanta, 60, 695-705.
63. Korolczuk, M. and Grabarczyk, M. (1999) Voltammetric determination of Cr(VI) in a flow system in the presence of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) following its deposition in the metallic state. Analytica Chimica Acta, 387, 97-102.
64. Korolczuk, M. (1999) Voltammetric determination of Cr(VI) in natural water in the presence of bipyridine following its deposition to the metallic state. Electroanalysis, 11, 1218-1221.
65. Macpherson, J.V. and Unwin, P.R. (1997) Characterization and application of a mercury hemisphere microjet electrode. Analytical Chemistry, 69, 5045-5051.
66. Walcarius, A.,Mariaulle, P., Louis, C. and Lamberts, L. (1999) Amperometric detection of nonelectroactive cations in electrolyte-free flow systems at zeolite modified electrodes. Electroanalysis, 11, 393-400.
67. Walcarius, A., Vromman, V. and Bessiere, J. (1999) Flow injection indirect amperometric detection of ammonium ions using a clinoptilolite-modified electrode. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 56, 136-143.
68. Bergelin, M. and Wasberg, M. (1998) The impinging jet flow method in interfacial electrochemistry: an application to beadtype electrodes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 449, 181-191.
69. Tur'yan, Y.I. (1997) Microcells for voltammetry and stripping voltammetry. Talanta, 44, 1-13.
70. Hua, C., Jagner,D. and Renman, L. (1987) Automated-determination of total arsenic in sea-water by flow constant-current stripping analysis with gold fiber electrodes. Analytica Chimica Acta, 201, 263-268.
71. Gun, J., Salaun, P. and van den Berg, C.M.G. (2006) Advantages of using a mercury coated, micro-wire, electrode in adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry. Analytica ChimicaActa, 571, 86-92.
72. Angnes, L., Richter, E.M., Augelli, M.A. and Kume, G.H. (2000) Gold electrodes from recordable CDs. Analytical Chemistry, 72, 5503-5506.
73. Munoz, R.A.A., Matos, R.C. and Angnes, L. (2001) Amperometric determination of dipyrone in pharmaceutical formulations with a flow cell containing gold electrodes from recordable compact discs. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 90, 1972-1977.
74. Nascimento, V.B. and Angnes, L. (1998) Screen-printed electrodes. Quimica Nova, 21, 614-629.
75. Neufeld, T., Eshkenazi, I., Cohen, E. and Rishpon, J. (2000) A micro flow injection electrochemical biosensor for organophosphorus pesticides. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 15, 323-329.
76. Hsu, C.T., Chung, H.H., Lyuu, H.J., Tsai, D.M., Kumar, A.S. and Zen, J.M. (2006) An electrochemical cell coupled with disposable screen-printed electrodes for use in flow injection analysis. Analytical Sciences, 22, 35-38.
77. Okawa, Y., Kobayashi, H. and Ohno, T. (1995) Direct and simultaneous determination of uric-acid and glucose in serum with electrochemical filter/biosensor flow injection analysis system. Analytica Chimica Acta, 315, 137-143.
78. Kilbey, G., Karousos, N.G., Eglin, D. and Davis, J. (2006) Laser etched carbon fibre composites: disposable detectors for flow analysis applications. Electrochemistry Communication, 8, 1315-1320.
79. Rippeth, J.J., Gibson, T.D., Hart, J.P., Hartley, I.C. and Nelson, G. (1997) Flowinjection detector incorporating a screen-printed disposable amperometric biosensor for monitoring organophosphate pesticides. The Analyst, 122, 1425-1429.
80. Shi, M.H., Xu, J.J., Zhang, S., Liu, B.H. and Kong, J.L. (2006) A mediator-free screen-printed amperometric biosensor for screening of organophosphorus pesticides with flow injection analysis (FIA) system. Talanta, 68, 1089-1095.
81. Law, K.A. and Higson, S.P.J. (2005) Sonochemically fabricated acetylcholinesterase micro-electrode arrays within a flow injection analyser for the determination of organophosphate pesticides. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 20, 1914-1924.
82. Gao, Q., Ma, Y., Cheng, Z.L.,Wang,W.D. and Yang, X.R. (2003) Flow injection electrochemical enzyme immunoassay based on the use of an immunoelectrode strip integrate immunosorbent layer and a screen-printed carbon electrode. Analytica Chimica Acta, 488, 61-70.
83. Pernaut, J.M. and Matencio, T. (1999) Thin layer electrochemical cells, principle and application. Quimica Nova, 22, 899-902.
84. Toda, K. (2004) Development of miniature key devices for flow analysis and their applications. Bunseki Kagaku, 53, 207-219.
85. Bratten, C.D.T., Cobbold, P.H. and Cooper, J.M. (1997) Micromachining sensors for electrochemical measurement in subnanoliter volumes. Analytical Chemistry, 69, 253-258.
86. Muck, A., Jr,Wang, J. and Barek, J. (2003) Microfluidic platform for FIA with electrochemical detection. Chemicke Listy, 97, 957-960.
87. Toda, K., Oguni, S., Takamatsu, Y. and Sanemasa, I. (1999) A wall-jet ring disk electrode fabricated within a thin-layered micromachined cell. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 479, 57-63.
88. Liao, C.Y., Chang, C.C., Ay, C. and Zena, J.M. (2007) Flow injection analysis of chloramphenicol by using a disposable wall-jet ring disk carbon electrode. Electroanalysis, 19, 65-70.
89. Kovalcik, K.D., Kirchhoff, J.R., Giolando, D.M. and Bozon, J.P. (2004) Copper ringdisk microelectrodes: fabrication, characterization, and application as an amperometric detector for capillary columns. Analytica Chimica Acta, 507, 237-245.
90. Jusys, Z., Kaiser, J. and Behm, R.J. (2004) A novel dual thin-layer flow cell doubledisk electrode design for kinetic studies on supported catalysts under controlled mass-transport conditions. Electrochimica Acta, 49, 1297-1305.
91. Paixao, T.R.L.C., Matos, R.C. and Bertotti, M. (2003) Design and characterisation of a thin-layered dualband electrochemical cell. Electrochimica Acta, 48, 691-698.
92. Daniel, D. and Gutz, I.G.R. (2007) Microfluidic cell with a TiO2-modified gold electrode irradiated by an UV-LED for in situ photocatalytic decomposition of organic matter and its potentiality for voltammetric analysis of metal ions. Electrochemistry Communication, 9, 522-528.
93. Macpherson, J.V. and Unwin, P.R. (1998) Radial flow microring electrode: development and characterization. Analytical Chemistry, 70, 2914-2921.
94. Wittstock, G., Gründig, B., Strehlitz, B. and Zimmer, K. (1998) Evaluation of microelectrode arrays for amperometric detection by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Electroanalysis, 10, 526-531.
95. Wittstock, G. (2002) Sensor arrays and array sensors. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 372, 16-17.
96. Matos, R.C., Augelli, M.A., Lago, C.L. and Angnes, L. (2000) Flow injection analysisamperometric determination of ascorbic and uric acids in urine using arrays of gold microelectrodes modified by electrodeposition of palladium. Analytica Chimica Acta, 404, 151-157.
97. Augelli, M.A., Nascimento, V.B., Pedrotti, J.J., Gutz, I.G.R. and Angnes, L. (1997) Flow-through cell based on an array of gold microelectrodes obtained from modified integrated circuit chips. The Analyst, 122, 843-847.
98. Daniel, D. and Gutz, I.G.R. (2005) Microfluidic cells with interdigitated array gold electrodes: fabrication and electrochemical characterization. Talanta, 68, 429-436.
99. Miro, M., Estela, J.M. and Cerda, V. (2004) Application of flowing stream techniques to water analysis Part III. Metal ions: alkaline and alkaline-earth metals, elemental and harmful transition metals, and multielemental analysis. Talanta, 63, 201-223.
100. Camel, V. (2003) Solid phase extraction of trace elements. Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, 58, 1177-1233.
101. Begak, O.Y. and Borodin, A.V. (1998) Flow-injection analysis in atomic absorption spectrometry (review). Industrial Laboratory, 64, 371-381.
102. Long, X.B., Miro, M. and Hansen, E.H. (2005) An automatic micro-sequential injection bead injection Lab-on-Valve (mSI-BI-LOV) assembly for speciation analysis of ultra trace levels of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) incorporating on-line chemical reduction and employing detection by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 20, 1203-1211.
103. Long, X.B., Miro, M., Jensen, R. and Hansen, E.H. (2006) Highly selective micro-sequential injection lab-on-valve (m SI-LOV) method for the deter-mination of ultra-trace concentrations of nickel in saline matrices using detection by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 386, 739-748.
104. Zirino, A. and Lieberma, S. (1973) Continuous-flow anodic stripping voltammetry of Zn, Cd, and Pb in San Diego bay water. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 120, C254-C254.
105. Lukaszewski, Z. and Zembrzuski, W. (1992) Determination of thallium in soils by flow injection differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Talanta, 39, 221-227.
106. Richter, E.M., Augelli, M.A., Kume, G.H., Mioshi, R.N. and Angnes, L. (2000) Gold electrodes from recordable CDs for mercury quantification by flow injection analysis. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 366, 444-448.
107. Wang, J., Setiadji, R., Chen, L., Lu, J.M. and Morton, S.G. (1992) Automatedsystem for online adsorptive stripping voltammetric monitoring of trace levels of uranium. Electroanalysis, 4, 161-165.
108. Daniel, A., Baker, A.R. and van den Berg, C.M.G. (1997) Sequential flow analysis coupled with ACSV for on-line monitoring of cobalt in the marine environment. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 358, 703-710.
109. Suteerapataranon, S., Jakmunee, J., Vaneesorn, Y. and Grudpan, K. (2002) Exploiting flow injection and sequential injection anodic stripping voltammetric systems for simultaneous determination of some metals. Talanta, 58, 1235-1242.
110. da Silva, C.L. and Masini, J.C. (2000) Determination of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in river sediment extracts by sequential injection anodic stripping voltammetry with thin mercury film electrode. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 367, 284-290.
111. Santos, A.C.V. and Masini, J.C. (2006) Development of a sequential injection anodic stripping voltammetry (SI-ASV) method for determination of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) in wastewater samples from coatings industry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 385, 1538-1544.
112. Volikakis, G.J. and Efstathiou, C.E. (2005) Fast screening of total flavonols in wines, tea-infusions and tomato juice by flow injection/adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Analytica ChimicaActa, 551, 124-131.
113. Nouws, H.P.A., Delerue-Matos, C., Barros, A.A. and Rodrigues, J.A. (2006) Electroanalytical determination of paroxetine in pharmaceuticals. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 42, 341-346.
114. Kubiak, W.W., Latonen, R.M. and Ivaska, A. (2001) The sequential injection system with adsorptive stripping voltammetric detection. Talanta, 53, 1211-1219.
115. Economou, A., Clark, A.K. and Fielden, P.R. (2001) Determination of Co(II) by chemiluminescence after in situ electrochemical pre-separation an a flowthrough mercury film electrode. The Analyst, 126, 109-113.
116. Romanus, A., Muller, H. and Kirsch, D. (1991) Application of adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) for the analysis of trace-metals in brine. 2. Development and evaluation of a flow injection system. Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 340, 371-376.
117. Vazquez, M.D., Tascon, M.L. and Debran, L. (2006) Determination of Pb(II) with a dithizone-modified carbon paste electrode. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A,-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 41, 2735-2746.
118. Han, J., Chen, H. and Gao, H. (1991) Alternating-current adsorptive stripping voltammetry in a flow system for the determination of ultratrace amounts of folic-acid. Analytica Chimica Acta, 252, 47-52.
119. Khodari, M. (1993) Voltammetric determination of the antidepressant trimipramine at a lipid-modified carbonpaste electrode. Electroanalysis, 5, 521-523.
120. Villar, J.C.C.,Garcia, A.C. and Blanco, P.T. (1992) Determination of mitoxantrone using phase-selective ac adsorptive stripping voltammetry in a flow system with selectivity enhancement. Analytica Chimica Acta, 256, 231-236.
121. Guo, S.X. and Khoo, S.B. (1999) Highly selective and sensitive determination of silver(I) at a poly(8-mercaptoquinoline) film modified glassy carbon electrode. Electroanalysis, 11, 891-898.
122. Thomsen, K.N., Kryger, L. and Baldwin, R.P. (1998) Voltammetric determination of traces of nickel(II) with a medium exchange flow system and a chemically modified carbon paste electrode containing dimethylglyoxime. Analytical Chemistry, 60, 151-155.
123. Ivaska, A. and Kubiak, W.W. (1997) Application of sequential injection analysis to anodic stripping voltammetry. Talanta, 44, 713-723.
124. Sawamoto, H. and Gamoh, K. (1990) Desorption studies at a hanging mercury drop electrode by a flow injection method. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 283, 421-424.
125. Sawamoto, H. (1993) Adsorptiondesorption studies of alcohols at a hanging mercury drop electrode by a flow injection method. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 361, 215-220.
126. Sawamoto, H. (1994) Adsorption of methanol, 1-propanol and 1-octanol on a mercury-electrode and adsorption of 1-octanol on the adsorbed layer of methanol at amercury-electrode. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 375, 391-394.
127. Sawamoto, H. (1997) The study of adsorption and reorientation of quinoline at mercury electrodes by measuring differential capacity-potential and differential capacity-time curves. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 432, 153-157.
128. Sawamoto, H. (2003) Reversible and irreversible adsorption of Surfactants at a hanging mercury drop electrode. Analytical Sciences, 19, 1381-1386.
129. Pedrotti, J.J., Angnes, L. and Gutz, I.G.R. (1994) A fast, highly efficient, continuous degassing device and its application to oxygen removal in flow injection analysis with amperometric detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 298, 393-399.
130. Colombo, C. and van den Berg, C.M.G. (1998) In-line deoxygenation for flow analysis with voltammetric detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 377, 229-240.
131. Tercier-Waeber, M.L. and Buffle, J. (2000) Submersible online oxygen removal system coupled to an in situ voltammetric probe for trace element monitoring in freshwater. Environmental Science & Technology, 34, 4018-4024.
132. Reinke, R. and Simon, J. (2002) The online removal of dissolved oxygen from aqueous solutions used in voltammetric techniques by the chromatomembrane method. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 374, 1256-1260.
133. Bobrowski, A. and Zarebski, J. (2000) Catalytic systems in adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Electroanalysis, 12, 1177-1186.
134. Czae, M.Z. and Wang, J. (1999) Pushing the detectability of voltammetry: how low can we go? Talanta, 50, 921-928.
135. Daniel, D. and Gutz, I.G.R. (2001) Longoptical-path thin-layer spectroelectrochemical flow cell with inexpensive gold electrodes. Electroanalysis, 13, 681-685.
136. Daniel, D. and Gutz, I.G.R. (2003) Flow injection spectroelectroanalytical method for the determination of promethazine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations. Analytica ChimicaActa, 494, 215-224.
137. Daniel, D. and Gutz, I.G.R. (2005) Spectroelectrochemical determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride by flow injection analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 37, 281-286.
138. Rubim, J.C., Gutz, I.G.R. and Sala, O. (1985) Cyclic-fluorovoltammetry as a technical tool in the study of passivating films generated on electrode surfaces. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 190, 55-63.
139. Bard, A.J. (2004) Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence, CRC Press, New York.
140. Fähnrich, K.A., Pravda, M. and Guilbault, G.G. (2001) Recent applications of electrogenerated chemiluminescence in chemical analysis. Talanta, 54, 531-559.
141. Lindino, C.A. and Bulhões, L.O.S. (2004) Determination of chloramphenicol in tablets by electrogenerated chemiluminescence. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 15, 178-182.
142. Al-Gailani, B.R.M., Greenway, G. and McCreedy, T. (2007) A miniaturized flow injection analysis (mFIA) system with online chemiluminescence detection for the determination of iron in estuarine water. International Journal of Environmental Analytical, Chemistry, 87, 637-646.
143. Gouveia, V.J.P., Gutz, I.G.R. and Rubim, J.C. (1994) A new spectroelectrochemical cell for flow injection analysis and its application to the determination of Fe(II) down to the femtomol level by surfaceenhanced resonance Raman-scattering (SERRS). Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 371, 37-42.
144. Gorton, L. (1995) Carbon-paste electrodes modified with enzymes, tissues, and cells. Electroanalysis, 7, 23-45.
145. Mello, L.D. and Kubota, L.T. (2002) Review of the use of biosensors as analytical tools in the food and drink industries. Food Chemistry, 77, 237-256.
146. Baeumner, A.J. (2003) Biosensors for environmental pollutants and food contaminants. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 377, 434-445.
147. Prieto-Simon, B., Campas, M., Andreescu, S. and Marty, J.L. (2006) Trends in flow-based biosensing systems for pesticide assessment. Sensors, 6, 1161-1186.
148. Koncki, R. (2002) Chemical sensors and biosensors based on Prussian blues. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 32, 79-96.
149. Jayasri, D. and Narayanan, S.S. (2007) Manganese(II) hexacyanoferrate based renewable amperometric sensor for the determination of butylated hydroxyanisole in food products. Food Chemistry, 101, 607-614.
150. Ozoemena, K.I. and Nyokong, T. (2006) Novel amperometric glucose biosensor based on an ether-linked cobalt(II) phthalocyanine-cobalt(II) tetraphenylporphyrin pentamer as a redox mediator. Electrochimica Acta, 51, 5131-5136.
151. da Rocha, J.R.C., Angnes, L., Bertotti, M., Araki, K. and Toma, H.E. (2002) Amperometric detection of nitrite and nitrate at tetraruthenated porphyrinmodified electrodes in a continuous-flow assembly. Analytica Chimica Acta, 452, 23-28.
152. Wang, J., Wu, H. and Angnes, L. (1993) Online monitoring of hydrophobic compounds at self-assembled monolayer modified amperometric flow detectors. Analytical Chemistry, 65, 1893-1896.
153. Pedrosa, V.A., Lowinsohn, D. and Bertotti, M. (2006) FIA determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical drugs by using gold electrodes modified with a 3-mercaptopropionic acid monolayer. Electroanalysis, 18, 931-934.
154. Zacco, E., Pividori, M., Llopis, X., Del Valle, M. and Alegret, S. (2004) Renewable protein a modified graphiteepoxy composite for electrochemical immunosensing. Journal of Immunological Methods, 286, 35-46.
155. Brahim, S., Narinesingh, D. and Guiseppi-Elie, A. (2002) Polypyrrolehydrogel composites for the construction of clinically important biosensors. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 17, 53-59.
156. Chailapakul, O., Siangproh, W. and Tryk, D.A. (2006) Boron-doped diamondbased sensors: a review. Sensor Letters, 4, 99-119.
157. Arribas, A.S., Bermejo, E., Chicharro, M., Zapardiel, A., Luque, G.L., Ferreyra, N.F. and Rivas, G.A. (2006) Analytical applications of a carbon nanotubes composite modified with copper microparticles as detector in flow systems. Analytica Chimica Acta, 577, 183-189.
158. Nagels, L.J. and Staes, E. (2001) Polymer (bio) materials design for amperometric detection in LC and FIA. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 20, 178-185.
159. Ricci, F. and Palleschi, G. (2005) Sensor and biosensor preparation, optimisation and applications of Prussian Blue modified electrodes. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 21, 389-407.
160. Trojanowicz, M. (2005) Electroanalytical flow measurements. Annali di Chimica, 95, 421-435.
161. Hart, J.P., Crew, A., Crouch, E., Honeychurch, K.C. and Pemberton, R.M. (2004) Some recent designs and developments of screen-printed carbon electrochemical sensors/biosensors for biomedical, environmental, and industrial analyses. Analytical Letters, 37, 789-830.
162. Vidal, J.C., Espuelas, J., Garcia-Ruiz, E. and Castillo, J.R. (2004) Amperometric cholesterol biosensors based on the electropolymerization of pyrrole and the electrocatalytic effect of Prussian-Blue layers helped with self-assembled monolayers. Talanta, 64, 655-664.
163. Wang, J. (1992) in Biosensors and Chemical Sensors (eds P. Edelman and J. Wang), America Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
164. Guerrieri, A., Lattanzio, V., Palmisano, F. and Zambonin, P.G. (2006) Electrosynthesized poly(pyrrole)/poly(2-naphthol) bilayer membrane as an effective anti-interference layer for simultaneous determination of acethylcholine and choline by a dual electrode amperometric biosensor. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 21, 1710-1718.
165. Ortuno, J.A., Sanchez-Pedreno, C. and Gil, A. (2005) Flow-injection pulse amperometric detection based on ion transfer across a water-plasticized polymeric membrane interface for the determination of verapamil. Analytica Chimica Acta, 554, 172-176.
166. Ortuno, J.A., Sanchez-Pedreno, C., Hernandez, J. and Oliva, D.J. (2005) Flowinjection potentiometric determination of triiodide by plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane electrodes and its application to the determination of chlorine-containing disinfectants. Talanta, 65, 1190-1195.
167. Silva, I.S., Richter, E.M., do Lago, C.L., Gutz, I.G.R., Tanaka, A.A. and Angnes, L. (2005) FIA-potentiometry in the sub-Nernstian response region for rapid and direct chloride assays in milk and in coconut water. Talanta, 67, 651-657.
168. Amini, N., Cardwell, T.J., Cattrall, R.W. and Kolev, S. (2005) Determination of mercury(II) at trace levels by gas-diffusion flow injection analysis with amperometric detection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 539, 203-207.
169. Oshima, M., Wei, Y.L., Yamamoto, M., Tanaka, H., Takayanagi, T. and Motomizu, S. (2001) Highly sensitive determination method for total carbonate in water samples by flow injection analysis coupled with gas-diffusion separation. Analytical Sciences, 17, 1285-1290.
170. Santos, J.C.C. and Korn, M. (2006) Exploiting sulphide generation and gas diffusion separation in a flow system for indirect sulphite determination in wines and fruit juices. Mikrochimica Acta, 153, 87-94.