Spondyloarthritis, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and chondrocalcinosis

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 649, Issue , 2009, Pages 37-56

  Armas, Jácome Brugues ^a   Couto, Ana Rita ^a   Bettencourt, Bruno Filipe ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; AUTOTAXIN; CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE; COLLAGEN TYPE 6; ENZYME ECTONUCLEOTIDE PYROPHOSPHATASE 1; HLA B27 ANTIGEN; HYDROXYAPATITE; INORGANIC PYROPHOSPHATASE; KILLER CELL IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIKE RECEPTOR 3DL1; KILLER CELL IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIKE RECEPTOR 3DS1; PROTEIN ANKH; PROTEIN COL6A1; PROTEIN TNAP; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA3; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANKH GENE; ANKYLOSING HYPEROSTOSIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; ARTICLE; AUTOTAXIN GENE; CHONDROCALCINOSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COL6A1 GENE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENZYME ECTONUCLEOTIDE PYROPHOSPHATASE 1 GENE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HLA B27 GENE; HUMAN; KILLER CELL IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIKE RECEPTOR 3DL1 GENE; KILLER CELL IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIKE RECEPTOR 3DS1 GENE; LIGAMENT CALCINOSIS; MICROSATELLITE MARKER; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MUTATOR GENE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTOR GENE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SPONDYLOARTHROPATHY; TGFB1 GENE; TGFB3 GENE; TNAP GENE; ANIMAL; CALCINOSIS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RADIOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SPONDYLARTHRITIS;

ANIMALS; CALCINOSIS; CHONDROCALCINOSIS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; HYPEROSTOSIS, DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC SKELETAL; OSSIFICATION OF POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT; SPONDYLARTHRITIS;

EID: 70349578953     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0298-6_3     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Calin A. Terminology, introduction, diagnostic criteria and overview, in the spondylarthritides, A. Calin, J. Taurog, ed. Oxford University Press: Oxford 1998: 1-15.
2. Calin A. Textbook of Rheumatology. 3rd ed. WN Kelly. ED Harris, S Rudy, CD Sledge. Philadelphia: WE Saunders 1985: 1021-1137.
3. Calin A. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. ed. Peter Maddison DI, Woo P. DN Glass. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1993; Vol. 1: 681-90.
4. Calin A, Marder A, Marks S et al, Familial aggregation of Reiter's syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis: a comparative study. J Rheurnatol 1984: 11: 672-7. (Pubitemid 15215057)
5. Brewerton OA, Caffrey M, Hart FO et al. Ankylosing spondylitis and HLA-B27. Lancet 1973; 1: 1103.
6. Schlosstein LP. Terasaki PI, Bluestone R et al. High association of an HLA antigen. W27, with ankylosing spondylitis. N Eng J Med 1973: 288: 744-6 .
7. van der Linden SM, Valkenburg HA. Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis: a proposal for modification of New York criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27: 36 1-8.
8. Oougados M. van der Linden S. Juhlin R et al. The european spondyloarthropathy study group: preliminary criteria for the classification of spondyloarthropathy, Arthritis Rheum 1991: 34: 1218-27.
9. West F. The aetiology of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1949: 8: 143-8.
10. Boyer GS. Lanier AP, Templin OW et al. Spondylarthroparhy and rheumatoid arthritis in alaskan, yupik eskimos. J Rheumarol 1990; 17: 489-96. (Pubitemid 20152200)
11. Gran JT. Husby G. Epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology. AJS Marc C Hochberg. Josef S Smolen, Michael E Weinblatt, Michael H Weisman, eds. London: Elsevier Limited. 2003; Vol. 2: 1153-1159.
12. Gofion JP, Robinson HS, Trueman GE, Ankylosing spondylitis in a canadian indian population. Ann Rheum Dis 1966; 25: 525-27.
13. van der Linden SM, valkcnburg HA, de Jongh BM et al. The risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis in HLA-B27 positive individuals. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27: 241-49.
14. Bruges Armas J. Lima C. Peixoto MJ et al. Prevalence of spondyloarthritis in terccira, azores: a population based study. Ann Rheum dis 2002; 61: 551-53. (Pubitemid 34546036)
15. Gran JT, Husby G, Hordvik M. Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in males and females in a young middle-aged population in Tromso, Northern Norway. Ann Rheum Dis 1985; 44: 359-67. (Pubitemid 15053515)
16. Johnsen K, Gran JT, Dale K et al. The prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in a norwegian sami population. J Rheurnatol 1992; 19: 1591-94.
17. Thorsby E, Bratlie A, Teisberg P, HLA polymorphism of norwegian Laps. Tissue Antigens 1971; 1: 137-46.
18. Calin A. Fries JE Striking prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in "healthy" w27 positive males and females. A controled study. N Eng J Med 1975; 293: 835-39.
19. Bruges Armas J. Espondilartrites edoenças associadas. Heterogeneidade genetica e sua expressao. PhD Thesis: Porto 2001 : 65-67.
20. Sieper J, Braun J, Rudwaleit M et al. Ankylosing spondylitis: an overview. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61(Suppl): iii8-iii18. (Pubitemid 35397340)
21. Hochberg MC, Borenstein DG, Arnett Fe. The absence of back pain in classical ankylosing spondylitis. Johns Hopkins Med J 1978; 143: 181-83. (Pubitemid 9105276)
22. Khan MA. Rheumatology. 3rd ed, AJS Marc C Hochberg, Josef S Smolen, Michael E Weinblatt. Michael H Weisman. London: Elsevier Limited, 2003; 3: 1161-1181.
23. Resnick D, Niwayama G, Ankylosing spondylitis, in diagnosis of bone and joint disorders, Resnick D, ed, WB Saunders: Philadelphia 1995: 1008-74.
24. Khan MA. Ankylosing spondylitis, clinical aspects, in the spondylarrhritides, A Calin, J Taurog, ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998: 27-40.
25. McGonagle D, Khan MA, Marzo Ortega H et al. Enthesiris in ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthropathies. Curr Opin ion Rheurnatol 1999: 11: 244-250.
26. Will R, Palmer R, Bhalla AK et al. Osteoporosis in early ankylosing spondylitis: a primary pathological event? Lancet 1989; 2: 1483-5. (Pubitemid 20018143)
27. Murray GC, Persellin RH, Cervical fracture complicating ankylosing spondylitis. A report of eight cases and review of the literature. Am J Med 1981; 70: 1033-41. (Pubitemid 11099508)
28. O'Neill TW, Bresnihan B, The heart in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51: 705-6.
29. Resnick D, Niwayama G, Ankylosing Spondylitis. D Resnick ed. WB Saunders Company. 1995: 1008-1074.
30. Salonen DC, Brower AC. Seronegative spondyloarthropachies imaging, in Rheumatology. AJS Marc C Hochberg, Josef S Smolen, Michael E Weinblatt, Michael H Weisman, ed. London, Elsevier Limited: 2003: 1193-1203.
31. Mau W, Zeidler H, Mau R et al. Clinical features and prognosis of patients with possible ankylosing spondylitis: results of a 10 year follow-up. J Rheumatol 1988; 15: 1109-1114.
32. Kozin F. Carrera GF, Ryan LM et al. Computed tomography in the diagnosis of sacroiliitis. Arthritis Rheum 1981: 24: 1479-85. (Pubitemid 12253277)
33. Braun J, Bollow M, Eggens U et al. Use of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging with fast imaging in the detection of early and advanced sacroiliitis in spondyloarthropathy patients. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1039-45. (Pubitemid 24222095)
34. Forrestier J, RQ J. Senile ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine. Ann Rheum Dis 1950; 9: 321-30.
35. Resnick D, Niwayama G, Radiographic and pathologic features of spinal involvement in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperosto sis (DISH). Radiology 1976; 119: 559.
36. Durback MA, Edelstein E, Schumacher R, Abnormalities of the sacroiliac joints in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: demonstration by computed tomography. J Rheurnatol 1988; 15: 1506-10. (Pubitemid 18263099)
37. Weisz GM, Green L, Progressive sacro-iliac obliteration in forescier disease. Intern Orthopedics 1986; 10: 47-51. (Pubitemid 16110165)
38. Boachie-Adjei O, Bullough P, Incidence of ankylosing hyperostosis of the spine (forestier's disease) at autopsy. Spine 1987; 12: 739.
39. Harris J, Carter AR, Glick EN et al. Ankylosing hyperostosis I. Clinical and radiological features 1974; 33: 210-15.
40. Bloom RA, The prevalence of ankylosing hyperostosis in a Jerusalem population with description of a method of grading the extension of the disease. Scand J Rheum 1984: 13: 181-89. (Pubitemid 14075573)
41. Mader R. Clinical manifestations of diffuse Idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis of the cervical spine. Sem Arthritis Rheum 2002; 32(2): 130-35. (Pubitemid 35351248)
42. Resnick D, Shapiro RF, Wiesner KB et al. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Sem Arthritis Rheum 1978(7): 153-187.
43. Mara S, Fortin PR, Fitzcharles M et al. A controlled study of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Medicine 1997; 76(2): 104-17.
44. Littlejohn GO, Urowitz MB, Peripheral enrhesopathy in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). J Rheurnatol 1982; 9: 568-72. (Pubitemid 13205174)
45. Daragon A. Czernichow P. Louvel JP et al. Vertebral hyperostosis and diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1995; 54: 375-8.
46. Schramm P. Schmidt KL, Rude J. Familial occurrence of multiple basalomas associated with hyperostotic spondylosis. Z Hauktr 1985; 60(10): 785-6, 791-2.
47. Gorman C, Jawad ASM, Chikanza I. A family with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64: 1794-95. (Pubitemid 41667163)
48. Beardwell A. Familial ankylosing vertebral hyperostosis with tylosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1969; 28: 518-23.
49. Bruges-Armas JB, Couto AR, Timms A et al. Ectopic calcification in the azores-clinical and radiological manifestations of DISH and chondrocalcinosis families. Arthritis Rheum 2006 ; 54(4): 1340-1349. (Pubitemid 43672948)
50. Havelka S, Fáberová R. Gatterová J et al. Familial incidence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Vnitr Lek 1990; 36(7): 680-4.
51. De Bandt M, Meyer O. Fusrer JM et al. Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, diffuse, idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, abnormal retinol and retinol binding protein: a familial observation. J Rheumatol 1995 ; 22(7): 1395-8.
52. Abiteboul M, Mazières B, Ménard H, 2 New familial cases of ankylosing vertebral hyperostosis. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1985; 52(1l): 645-7. (Pubitemid 16222263)
53. Sváb V, To the extent, development and genetic predisposition to the so-called diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (osreodesrnosis). Cas Lek Cesk 1981; 120(21): 625-8.
54. Matsunaga S, Sakou T. Epidemiology of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, ST Yonenobu K, Ono K, Editor. Springer: Tokyo 1997: 11-7.
55. Resnick D, Guerra JJ. Rob inson CA et al. Association of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and calcification and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Am J Roentgenol 1978; 131: 1049-53. (Pubitemid 9069318)
56. Zitnan D, Siraj S. Mnohopocenma familiarna kalcifikacin articularnych chrupiek. Bratisl Lek Lisry 1958; 38: 217-28.
57. McCarty DJ, The heberden oration 1982. Crystals, joints and consternation. Ann Rheum Dis 1983; 42: 243-53.
58. Rosenthal AK, Ryan LM, Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease, pseudogout and articular chondrocalclnosis, in arthritis and allied conditions. W J Koopman, LW Moreland, ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia 2005: 2373-2396.
59. McCarty DJ, Gatter RA, Pseudogout syndrome. Bull Rheum Dis 1964; 14: 331.
60. Kohn NN. Hughes RE. McCarty DJ et al. The significance of calcium phosphate crystals in the synovial fluid of arthritic patients: "the pseudogout syndrome" Identification of crystals II. Ann Int Med 1962; 56: 738.
61. Resnick D, Niwayama G, Goergen TG et al. Clinical, radiographic and pathological abnormalities in calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate deposition disease (CPPD) pseudogout. Diagn Radiol 1977; 122: 1-15. (Pubitemid 8011550)
62. Martel W, McCarter DK, Solsky MA et al. Further observations on the arthropathy of calcium pyro phosphate crystal deposition disease. Radiology 1981; 141: 1-15. (Pubitemid 11006903)
63. McCarty DJ. Diagnostic mimicry in arthritis: patterns of joint involvement associated with calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystal deposits. Bull Rheum dis 1975; 25: 804-9.
64. Gerster JC, Baud CA, Lagier R et al. Tendon calcifications in chondrocalcinosis. Arthritis Rheum 1977; 20: 717-22.
65. Lagier R, Boivin G, Gerster J. Carpal tunnel syndrome associated with mixed calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and apatite crystal deposition in tendon sheath. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27: 1190-95. (Pubitemid 14022236)
66. Ellman MH, Krieger MI, Brown N, Pseudogout mimicking synovial chondromatosis. J Bone Joint Surg (AM) 1975; 57: 863.
67. Hensley CD, Lin JJ. Massive intrasynovial deposition of calcium pyrophosphate in the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg (AM) 1984; 66: 133.
68. Zitnan D, Siraj S, Chondrocalcinosis articularis, Ann Rheum Dis 1963; 22: 142-70.
69. Gaudreau A, Camerlain M, Pibarot ML et al. Familial articular chondrocalcinosis in Quebec. Arthritis Rheum 1981; 24(4): 611-615. (Pubitemid 11096163)
70. Richardson BC, Chafetz NI, Ferrel LD et al. Chondrocalcinosis in a mexican-american family. Arthritis Rheum 1983; 26: 1387-96.
71. Hamza M, Meddeb N, Bardin T, Hereditary chondrocalcinosis in a tunisian family. Clin Exp Rheum 1992; 10: 43-49.
72. Balsa A, Martin-Mola E, Gonzalez T et al. Familial articular chondrocalcinosis in spain. Ann Rheum Dis 1990; 49: 531-535. (Pubitemid 20225407)
73. Eshel G, Gulik A, Halperin N et al. Hereditary chondrocalcinosis in an Ashkenazi jewish family. Ann Rheum Dis 1990; 49: 528-530. (Pubitemid 20225406)
74. Doherty M, Hamilton E, Henderson J et al. Familial chondrocalcinosis due to calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition in English Families. Br J Rheum 1991; 30: 10-15.
75. Bjelle A, Edvinson U, Hagstam A, Pyrophosphate Arthropathy in Two Swedish Families. Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25(1): 66-74. (Pubitemid 12215971)
76. Reginato A. Articular chondrocalcinosis in the Chiloe Islanders. Arthritis Rheum 1976, 19(Suppl 3): 395-404.
77. Rodriguez-Valverde V, Tinture T. Zuniga M et al. Familial Chondrocalcinosis-Prevalence in Northern Spain and Clinical Features in Five Pedigrees. Arthritis Rheum 1980, 23(4): 471-478. (Pubitemid 10149456)
78. Van der Korst JK, Gerards J, Driessens FM, A hereditary type of idiopathic articular chondrocalcinosis. Survey of a pedigree. Am J Med Genet 1974,56(3): 307-14.
79. McCarty DJ, Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Arthritis Rheum 1976; 19(Suppl): 272-85.
80. Rodriguez-Valverde V, Zuniga M, Casanueva B et al. Hereditary articular chondrocalcinosis. Am J Med 1988; 84: 101-106.
81. Dapica MPF. Gomez-Reino JJ. Familial chondrocalcinosis in the Spanish popul ation. J Rheumatol 1986; 13: 631-3. (Pubitemid 16058082)
82. Zitnan D, Sitaj S, Natural course of articular chondrocalcinosis. Arthritis Rheum 1976; 19(Suppl): 363-90.
83. Okazaki T, Saito T, Mitomo T et al. Pseudogour: Clinical observations and chemical analyses of deposyts. Arthritis Rheum 1976; 19: 293-305.
84. Magnet JL, Strauss J, Dentan S et al. Joint ankylosis in familial chondrocalcinosis. Presse Med 1986, 15(23): 1105.
85. Gaucher A, Pourel J, Faure G et al. Diffuse hereditary articular chondrocalcinosis. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1977; 44(10): 589-97. (Pubitemid 8193083)
86. Brem J, Vertebral ankylosis in a pat ient with hereditary chondrocalcinosis: a chance association? Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25(10): 1257-63. (Pubitemid 12037835)
87. Sharp J, Heredo-familial vascular and articular calcification. Ann Rheum Dis 1954: 15-27.
88. Ho HH, Yang WE, Luo SF, Ankylosing spondylitis with severe chondrocalcinosis: a case report. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi 1999; 22(3): 536-40.
89. Layfer LF, Katz R, Golden H, Chondrocalcinosis simulating ankylosing spondylitis. JAMA 1978; 240(1): 55-6. (Pubitemid 8395574)
90. Anderson He, Molecular biology of matrix vesicles. Clin Orthop Rei Res 1995; 314: 266-280.
91. Derfus B, Kranendonk S, Camacho N et al. Human osteoarthritic cartilage matrix vesicles generate both calcium pyroph osphate dihydrate and apatite in vitro. Calcif Tissue Int 1998; 63: 258-262. (Pubitemid 28387979)
92. Picher M, Graff RD, Lee GM, Extracellular nucleotide metabolism and Signaling in the pathophysiology of articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48(10): 2722-2736. (Pubitemid 37280600)
93. Ciancaglini P, Simao AMS, Camolezi FL et al. Contribution of matrix vesicles and alkaline phosphatase to ectopic bone formation. Braz J Med Bioi Res 2006, 39: 603-610. (Pubitemid 43676609)
94. Fleisch H, Bisaz S, Mechanism of calcification: inhibitory role of pyrophosphate. Nature 1962; 195: 911.
95. Terkelraub RA, Inorganic pyrophosphate generation and disposition in pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281: C1-C11.
96. Silcox DC, McCarty Jr DJ. Elevated inorganic concentrations in synovial fluids in osteoarthritis and pseudogouc.J Lab Clin Med 1974; 83(4).
97. Cohen MMJ. The new bone biology: Pathological, molecular and clinical correlated. Am J Med Genet 2006; Part A(140A): 2646-2706.
98. Couto R, Brown MA, Genetic factors in the pathogenesis of CPPD crystal deposition disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007, 9(3): 231-6. (Pubitemid 46954782)
99. Reginato A, Valenzuela F, Martinez V et al. Polyarticular and familial chondrocalcinosis. Arthritis Rheum 1970; 13(3): 197-213.
100. Pons-Estel BA, Gimenez C, Sacnun M et al. Familial osteoarthritis and Milwaukee shoulder associated with calcium pyrophosphate and apatite crystal deposition. J Rheumarol 1999; 27(2): 471-480. (Pubitemid 30095483)
101. Baldwin CT, Farrer LA, Adair R et al. Linkage of early-onset osteoarthritis and chondrocalcinosis to human chromosome 8q. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 56: 692-697.
102. Hughes AE, McGibbon D, Woodward E et al. Localisation of a gene for chondrocalcinosis to chromosome 5p. Hum Mol Genet 1995, 4(7): 1225-1228.
103. Andrew LJ, Brancolini Y, Serrano de la Pena L et al. Refinement of the chromosome 5p locus for familial calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. Am J Hum Genet 1999, 64: 136-145. (Pubitemid 30428966)
104. Ho AM, Johnson MD, Kingsley DM, Role of the mouse ank gene in control of tissue calcification and arthritis. Science 2000, 289: 265-289.
105. Timms AE, Zhang Y, Russel RG et al. Genetic studies of disorders of calcium crystal deposition. Rheumatol 2002, 41(7): 725-9. (Pubitemid 34822952)
106. Williams CJ, Zhang Y, Timms A et al. Autosomal dominant familial calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease is caused by mutation in the transmembrane protein ANKH. Am J Hum Genet 2002, 71: 985-991. (Pubitemid 135750532)
107. Pendleton A, Johnson MD, Hughes AE et al. Mutations in ANKH cause chondrocalcinosis. Am J Hum Genet 2002, 71: 933-940. (Pubitemid 135750523)
108. Williams CJ, Pendleton A, Bonavita G et al. Mutations in the amino terminus of ANKH in two US families with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48(9): 2627-2631. (Pubitemid 37129440)
109. Zhang Y, Johnson K, Russel RGG et al. Association of sporadic chondrocalcinosis with a-4 basepair G-to-A transition in the 5' untranslared region of ANKH that promotes enhanced expression of ANKH protein and excess generation of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52: 1110-1117. (Pubitemid 40530118)
110. Gurley KA, Reimer RJ, Kingsley DM, Biochemical and genetic analysis of ANK in arthritis and bone disease. Am J Hum Genet 2006, 79: 1017-1029. (Pubitemid 44853473)
111. Zaka R, Stokes D, Dion AS et al. P5L mutation in ANK results in an increase in extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate during proliferation and nonmineralizing hypertrophy in stably transduced ATDC5 cells. Arthritis Re Ther 2006, 8(6): R164.
112. Ryan LM, Kurup I, Cheung HS, Stimulation of cartilage inorganic pyrophosphate elaboration by ascorbate. Matrix 1991, 11(4): 276-281.
113. Tsui FWL, Tsui HW, Cheng EY et al. Novel genetic markers in the 5'-Ranking region of ANKH are associated with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48(3): 791-797. (Pubitemid 36302017)
114. Timms AE, Zhang Y, Bradbury L et al. Investigation of the role of ANKH in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48: 2898-2902. (Pubitemid 37280619)
115. Tsui HW, Inman RD, Paterson AD et al. ANKH variants associated with ankylosing spondylitis: gender differences. Arthritis Res Ther 2005, 7(3): 513-25.
116. MacLean IL, Iqball S, Woo P et al. HLA-B27 subtypes in the spondarthropathies, Clin Exp Immunol 1993 ,91: 214-9. (Pubitemid 23045664)
117. Lopez-Larrea C, Sujirachato K, Mehra NK et al. HLA-B27 subtypes in asian patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Evidence for new associations. Tissue Antigens 1995,45: 1698-76.
118. Armas JB, Gonzalez S, Martinez-Borra J et al. Susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis is independent of the Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes of HLA-B27 alleles. Tissue Antigens 1999: 53: 237-243. (Pubitemid 29121826)
119. Garcia F, Rognan D, Lamas JR et al. An HLA-B27 polymorphism (B'2710) th at is critical for T-cell recognition has limited effects on peptide specificity. Tissue Antigens 1998: 51: 1-9. (Pubitemid 28014540)
120. Garcia Fernandez S, Gonzalez S, Martinez-Borra J et al. New insights regarding HLA-B27 diversity in the Asian population. Tissue Antigenes 2001: 58: 259-62. (Pubitemid 34015430)
121. Gonzalez-Roces S, Alvarez MY, Gonzalez S et al. HLA-B27 polymorphism and worldwide susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Tissue Antigens 1997, 49: 116-123. (Pubitemid 27084693)
122. *2719) identified in a Lebanese patient affected with ankylosing spondylitis. Tissue Antigens 2001: 58(1): 30-3. (Pubitemid 32954996)
123. Lopez-Larrea C, Blanco Geiaz MA, Torre-Alonso JC et al. Contribution of KIR3DLl/3DSI to ankylosing spondylitis in human leukocyte antigen-B27 Caucasian populations. Arthritis Res Ther 2006: 8(4): R101.
124. Brown MA, Pile KD, Kennedy LG et al. A genome wide-screen for susceptibility loci in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 1998: 41: 588-95. (Pubitemid 28214976)
125. Brown MA, Brophy S, Bradbury L et al. Identification of major loci controlling clinical manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2003: 43: 2234-9. (Pubitemid 36959204)
126. Laval SH, Timms A, Edwards S et al. Whole-genome screening in ankylosing spondylitis: evidence of nonMHC genetic-susceptibility loci. Am J Hum Genet 2001: 68: 918-26. (Pubitemid 32289738)
127. Timms AE. Crane AM, Sims AM et al. The interleukin 1 gene cluster contains a major susceptibility locus for ankylosing spondylitis. Am J Hum Genet 2004, 75(4): 587-95. (Pubitemid 39244773)
128. Wellcome Trust Case control Consortium: Australo-Anglo-American Spondylitis Consortium (TASC), e.a., Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonimous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants. Nat Genet 2007: 39(11): 1329-37.
129. Nakamura I, Ikegawa S, Okawa A et al, Association of the human NPPS gene with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL). Hum Genet 1999; 104: 492-497. (Pubitemid 29370925)
130. Ruesch F, Ruf N, Vaingankar S et al. Mutations in ENPPI are associated with "idiopathic" infatile arterial calcificaction. Nature Genet 2003; 34(4): 379-381. (Pubitemid 36935330)
131. Okawa A, Nakamura I, Goto S et al. Mutation in Npps in a mouse model of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. Nat Genet 1998; 19: 271-273. (Pubitemid 28309341)
132. Ruesch F, Ruf N, Vaingankar S et al. Mutations in ENPPI are associated with "idiopathic" infatile arterial calcification. Nat Genet 2003: 34(4): 379-381. (Pubitemid 36935330)
133. Zhang Y, Brown MA, Peach C et al. Investigation of the role of ENPP1 and TNAP genes in chondrocalcinosis. Rheumatol 2006: doi: l0.1093/rheumatology/ kel338.
134. Mornet E, Taillandier A, Peyramaure S et al. Identification of fifteen novel mutations in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene in European patients with severe hypophosphatasia. Eur J Hum Genet 1998; 6: 308-314. (Pubitemid 28395790)
135. Hessle L, Johnson KA. Anderson HC et al. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1 are central antagonistic regulators of bone mineralization. PNAS 2002; 99(14): 9445-9449. (Pubitemid 34764633)
136. Denko CW, Boja B, Moskovitz RW, Growth promoting peptides in osteoarthritis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis-insulin, insulin-like growth factor, growth hormone. J Rheumatol 1994: 21: 1725-30. (Pubitemid 24285491)
137. Kiss C, Szilagyi M, Paksy A et al. Risk factors for diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: a case control study. Rheurnatol 2002; 41: 27-30. (Pubitemid 34537917)
138. Wyatt L. Ferrance RJ. The musculoskeletal effects of diabetes mellitus. J Can Chirop Assoc 2006: 50(1): 43-50.
139. Miendany E, Wassif G, Baddini M, Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is it of vascular (aetiology). Clin Exp Rheum 2000; 18: 193-200. (Pubitemid 30208263)
140. Cancela L. Hsieh C. Francke U et al. Molecular structure. chromosome assignment and promoter organization of the human matrix Gla protein gene. J Bio Chern 1990; 265: 15040-8.
141. Sarzi-Puttini P, Bevilacqua M, Atzeni E, Matrix GLA protein: evidence of persistently increased concentrations in DISH patients. Arthritis Rheum 48: S534.
142. Hukuda S, Mochizuki T, Ogata M et al. The pattern of spinal and extraspinal hyperostosis in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and the ligament Aavum causing myelopathy. Skelet Radiol 1983: 10: 79-85. (Pubitemid 13075130)
143. Ehara S, Shimamura T, Nakamura R et al. Paravertebral Ligamentous Ossification: DISH. OPLL and OLE Eur J Radiol 1998; 27: 196-205.
144. Terayama K, Genetic studies on ossifcation of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. Spine 1989; 14: 1184-91. (Pubitemid 20036740)
145. Denko CW, Boja B, Moskovitz RW, Growth promoting peptides in osteoarthritis and DISH. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 1725.
146. Koga H, Sakou T, Taketomi E et al. Genetic mapping of ossification of the posterior longitudinalligamerit of the spine. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62: 1460-7. (Pubitemid 28307116)
147. Maeda S, Koga H, Matsunaga S et al. Gender-specific haplotype association of collagen alpha2 (XI) gene in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. J Hum Genet 2001; 46(1): 1-4. (Pubitemid 32178918)
148. Okawa A, Ikegawa S, Nakamura I et al. Mapping of a gene responsible for twy (tip-toe walking Yoshimura), a mouse model of ossification of the poserior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL). Mamm Genome 1998; 2: 155-6. (Pubitemid 28165384)
149. Koshizuka Y, Ikegawa S, Sano M et al. Isolation of novel mouse genes associated with ectopic ossification by differential display method using trw, a mouse model for ectopic ossification. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2001; 94: 163-8. (Pubitemid 34203297)
150. Kamiya M, Harada A, Mizuno M et al. Association between a polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene and the genetic susceptibility to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in Japanese patients. Spine 2001: 26(11): 1264-6. (Pubitemid 32520501)
151. Kawaguchi Y, Furushima K, Sugimori K et al. Association between polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene with the radiologic characteristic and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Spine 2003: 28(13): 1424-6. (Pubitemid 36808078)
152. Tanaka T, Ikari K, Furushima K et al. Genomewide Linkage and Linkage Disequilibrium Analysis Identify COL6AI, on Chromosome 21, as the Locus for Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament of the Spine. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73: 812-22. (Pubitemid 37271885)
153. Horikoshi T, Maeda K, Kawagushi Y et al. A large-scale genetic association study of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. Hum Genet 2006; 119(6): 611-6. (Pubitemid 43805837)
154. Richards AJ, Hamilton EB, Spinal changes in idiopathic chondrocalcinosis articularis, Rheumatol Rehabil 1976; 15(3): 138-42.
155. Resnick D, Pineda C, Vertebral involvement in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Radiology 1984; 153: 55-60. (Pubitemid 14046219)
156. Littlejohn GO, Baron M, Urowitz MB, Sacroiliac joint abnormalities in calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease. Rheurnatol Int 1982; 1: 195-198. (Pubitemid 12152534)
157. Brigode M, Francois RJ, Dory MA. Radiological study of the sacroiliac joints in vertebral ankylosing hyperostosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1982; 41: 225-231. (Pubitemid 12087755)