Measurements of functional residual capacity during intensive care treatment: The technical aspects and its possible clinical applications

Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica

Volumn 53, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 1121-1130

  Heinze, H ^a   Eichler, W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LÜBECK   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTERIAL OXYGEN SATURATION; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; LUNG VOLUME; POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TOILET;

ANIMALS; BREATH TESTS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; HELIUM; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; LUNG; LUNG VOLUME MEASUREMENTS; PLETHYSMOGRAPHY; POSITIVE-PRESSURE RESPIRATION; PULMONARY ALVEOLI; VENTILATOR WEANING;

EID: 69949140218     PISSN: 00015172     EISSN: 13996576     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02076.x     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Caironi P, Gattinoni L. How to monitor lung recruitment in patients with acute lung injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007 13 : 338 343.
2. Hedenstierna G. The recording of FRC - is it of importance and can it be made simple? Intensive Care Med 1993 19 : 365 366.
3. Rimensberger PC, Bryan AC. Measurement of functional residual capacity in the critically ill. Relevance for the assessment of respiratory mechanics during mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med 1999 25 : 540 542.
4. Mols G, Priebe HJ, Guttmann J. Alveolar recruitment in acute lung injury. Br J Anaesth 2006 96 : 156 166.
5. Sheridan R. Force or finesse: maintaining functional residual capacity while practicing lung-protective ventilation. Crit Care Med 2002 30 : 1670 1671.
6. Hammer J, Newth CJ. Infant lung function testing in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 1995 21 : 744 752.
7. Schibler A, Frey U. Role of lung function testing in the management of mechanically ventilated infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002 87 : F7 10.
8. Hewlett AM, Hulands GH, Nunn JF, Minty KB. Functional residual capacity during anaesthesia. I: methodology. Br J Anaesth 1974 46 : 479 485.
9. Ibanez J, Raurich JM, Moris SG. A simple method for measuring the effect of PEEP on functional residual capacity during mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1982 10 : 332 334.
10. Fretschner R, Deusch H, Weitnauer A, Brunner JX. A simple method to estimate functional residual capacity in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 1993 19 : 372 376.
11. Leith DE, Brown R. Human lung volumes and the mechanisms that set them. Eur Respir J 1999 13 : 468 472.
12. Wetzel RC. Precise use of medical terminology. Crit Care Med 2006 34 : 1854 author reply 1854-5.
13. Chiumello D, Carlesso E, Cadringher P, Caironi P, Valenza F, Polli F, Tallarini F, Cozzi P, Cressoni M, Colombo A, Marini JJ, Gattinoni L. Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008 178 : 346 355.
14. Bikker IG, van Bommel J, Miranda DR, Bakker J, Gommers D. End-expiratory lung volume during mechanical ventilation: a comparison with reference values and the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure in intensive care unit patients with different lung conditions. Crit Care 2008 12 : R145.
15. Brunner JX, Wolff G. Pulmonary function indices in critical care patients. New York : Springer, 1988.
16. Stocks J, Quanjer PH. Reference values for residual volume, functional residual capacity and total lung capacity. ATS workshop on lung volume measurements. Official Statement of The European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1995 8 : 492 506.
17. Wahba RW. Perioperative functional residual capacity. Can J Anaesth 1991 38 : 384 400.
18. Wauer HJ, Lorenz BA, Kox WJ. FRC measurement in intensive care patients. A definition of standards. Anaesthesist 1998 47 : 844 855.
19. Ibanez J, Raurich JM. Normal values of functional residual capacity in the sitting and supine positions. Intensive Care Med 1982 8 : 173 177.
20. Janssens JP, Pache JC, Nicod LP. Physiological changes in respiratory function associated with ageing. Eur Respir J 1999 13 : 197 205.
21. Lumb AB, Nunn JF. Respiratory function and ribcage contribution to ventilation in body positions commonly used during anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1991 73 : 422 426.
22. Numa AH, Hammer J, Newth CJ. Effect of prone and supine positions on functional residual capacity, oxygenation, and respiratory mechanics in ventilated infants and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 156 : 1185 1189.
23. Rodriguez-Nieto MJ, Peces-Barba G, Gonzalez Mangado N, Paiva M, Verbanck S. Similar ventilation distribution in normal subjects prone and supine during tidal breathing. J Appl Physiol 2002 92 : 622 626.
24. Puybasset L, Cluzel P, Gusman P, Grenier P, Preteux F, Rouby JJ. Regional distribution of gas and tissue in acute respiratory distress syndrome. I. Consequences for lung morphology. CT Scan ARDS Study Group. Intensive Care Med 2000 26 : 857 869. (Pubitemid 30616038)
25. Watson RA, Pride NB. Postural changes in lung volumes and respiratory resistance in subjects with obesity. J Appl Physiol 2005 98 : 512 517.
26. Ambrosino N, Opasich C, Crotti P, Cobelli F, Tavazzi L, Rampulla C. Breathing pattern, ventilatory drive and respiratory muscle strength in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Respir J 1994 7 : 17 22.
27. Yap JC, Moore DM, Cleland JG, Pride NB. Effect of supine posture on respiratory mechanics in chronic left ventricular failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000 162 : 1285 1291.
28. Torchio R, Gulotta C, Greco-Lucchina P, Perboni A, Montagna L, Guglielmo M, Milic-Emili J. Closing capacity and gas exchange in chronic heart failure. Chest 2006 129 : 1330 1336.
29. Calverley PM, Koulouris NG. Flow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation: key concepts in modern respiratory physiology. Eur Respir J 2005 25 : 186 199.
30. Akkoca Yildiz O, Eris Gulbay B, Saryal S, Karabiyikoglu G. Evaluation of the relationship between radiological abnormalities and both pulmonary function and pulmonary hypertension in coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Respirology 2007 12 : 420 426.
31. Wahba RM. Airway closure and intraoperative hypoxaemia: twenty-five years later. Can J Anaesth 1996 43 : 1144 1149.
32. Pelosi P, Croci M, Ravagnan I, Tredici S, Pedoto A, Lissoni A, Gattinoni L. The effects of body mass on lung volumes, respiratory mechanics, and gas exchange during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1998 87 : 654 660. (Pubitemid 28397493)
33. Yernault JC, Pride N, Laszlo G. How the measurement of residual volume developed after Davy (1800). Eur Respir J 2000 16 : 561 564.
34. Rylander C, Hogman M, Perchiazzi G, Magnusson A, Hedenstierna G. Functional residual capacity and respiratory mechanics as indicators of aeration and collapse in experimental lung injury. Anesth Analg 2004 98 : 782 789.
35. Malbouisson LM, Muller JC, Constantin JM, Lu Q, Puybasset L, Rouby JJ. Computed tomography assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced alveolar recruitment in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 163 : 1444 1450.
36. Chiumello D, Cressoni M, Chierichetti M, Tallarini F, Botticelli M, Berto V, Mietto C, Gattinoni L. Nitrogen washout/washin, helium dilution and computed tomography in the assessment of end expiratory lung volume. Crit Care 2008 12 : R150.
37. Hinz J, Hahn G, Neumann P, Sydow M, Mohrenweiser P, Hellige G, Burchardi H. End-expiratory lung impedance change enables bedside monitoring of end-expiratory lung volume change. Intensive Care Med 2003 29 : 37 43.
38. Hinz J, Neumann P, Dudykevych T, Andersson LG, Wrigge H, Burchardi H, Hedenstierna G. Regional ventilation by electrical impedance tomography: a comparison with ventilation scintigraphy in pigs. Chest 2003 124 : 314 322. (Pubitemid 36851368)
39. van Genderingen HR, van Vught AJ, Jansen JR. Estimation of regional lung volume changes by electrical impedance pressures tomography during a pressure-volume maneuver. Intensive Care Med 2003 29 : 233 240.
40. Erlandsson K, Odenstedt H, Lundin S, Stenqvist O. Positive end-expiratory pressure optimization using electric impedance tomography in morbidly obese patients during laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006 50 : 833 839.
41. Grant CA, Fraser JF, Dunster KR, Schibler A. The assessment of regional lung mechanics with electrical impedance tomography: a pilot study during recruitment manoeuvres. Intensive Care Med 2009 35 : 166 170.
42. Kunst PW, Vazquez de Anda G, Bohm SH, Faes TJ, Lachmann B, Postmus PE, de Vries PM. Monitoring of recruitment and derecruitment by electrical impedance tomography in a model of acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2000 28 : 3891 3895. (Pubitemid 32045667)
43. Lindgren S, Odenstedt H, Olegard C, Sondergaard S, Lundin S, Stenqvist O. Regional lung derecruitment after endotracheal suction during volume- or pressure-controlled ventilation: a study using electric impedance tomography. Intensive Care Med 2007 33 : 172 180.
44. Lindgren S, Odenstedt H, Erlandsson K, Grivans C, Lundin S, Stenqvist O. Bronchoscopic suctioning may cause lung collapse: a lung model and clinical evaluation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008 52 : 209 218.
45. Meier T, Luepschen H, Karsten J, Leibecke T, Grossherr M, Gehring H, Leonhardt S. Assessment of regional lung recruitment and derecruitment during a PEEP trial based on electrical impedance tomography. Intensive Care Med 2008 34 : 543 550.
46. Pulletz S, Elke G, Zick G, Schadler D, Scholz J, Weiler N, Frerichs I. Performance of electrical impedance tomography in detecting regional tidal volumes during one-lung ventilation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008 52 : 1131 1139.
47. Victorino JA, Borges JB, Okamoto VN, Matos GF, Tucci MR, Caramez MP, Tanaka H, Sipmann FS, Santos DC, Barbas CS, Carvalho CR, Amato MB. Imbalances in regional lung ventilation: a validation study on electrical impedance tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004 169 : 791 800.
48. Putensen C, Wrigge H, Zinserling J. Electrical impedance tomography guided ventilation therapy. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007 13 : 344 350.
49. Wolf GK, Arnold JH. Noninvasive assessment of lung volume: respiratory inductance plethysmography and electrical impedance tomography. Crit Care Med 2005 33 : S163 9.
50. Hinz J, Hahn G, Quintel M. Electrical impedance tomography: ready for routine clinical use for mechanically ventilated patients? Anaesthesist 2008 57 : 61 9.
51. Dubois AB, Botelho SY, Bedell GN, Marshall R, Comroe JH. Jr. A rapid plethysmographic method for measuring thoracic gas volume: a comparison with a nitrogen washout method for measuring functional residual capacity in normal subjects. J Clin Invest 1956 35 : 322 326.
52. Westbrook PR, Stubbs SE, Sessler AD, Rehder K, Hyatt RE. Effects of anesthesia and muscle paralysis on respiratory mechanics in normal man. J Appl Physiol 1973 34 : 81 6.
53. Brown R, Leith DE, Enright PL. Multiple breath helium dilution measurement of lung volumes in adults. Eur Respir J 1998 11 : 246 255.
54. Heldt GP, Peters RM. A simplified method to determine functional residual capacity during mechanical ventilation. Chest 1978 74 : 492 496.
55. Weaver LJ, Pierson DJ, Kellie R, Bonner B, Craig KC. A practical procedure for measuring functional residual capacity during mechanical ventilation with or without PEEP. Crit Care Med 1981 9 : 873 877.
56. Di Marco F, Rota Sperti L, Milan B, Stucchi R, Centanni S, Brochard L, Fumagalli R. Measurement of functional residual capacity by helium dilution during partial support ventilation: in vitro accuracy and in vivo precision of the method. Intensive Care Med 2007 33 : 2109 2115.
57. Ibanez J, Raurich JM, Moris SG. Measurement of functional residual capacity during mechanical ventilation. Comparison of a computerized open nitrogen washout method with a closed helium dilution method. Intensive Care Med 1983 9 : 91 3.
58. Patroniti N, Bellani G, Manfio A, Maggioni E, Giuffrida A, Foti G, Pesenti A. Lung volume in mechanically ventilated patients: measurement by simplified helium dilution compared to quantitative CT scan. Intensive Care Med 2004 30 : 282 289.
59. East TD, Wortelboer PJ, van Ark E, Bloem FH, Peng L, Pace NL, Crapo RO, Drews D, Clemmer TP. Automated sulfur hexafluoride washout functional residual capacity measurement system for any mode of mechanical ventilation as well as spontaneous respiration. Crit Care Med 1990 18 : 84 91.
60. Larsson A, Linnarsson D, Jonmarker C, Jonson B, Larsson H, Werner O. Measurement of lung volume by sulfur hexafluoride washout during spontaneous and controlled ventilation: further development of a method. Anesthesiology 1987 67 : 543 550.
61. Rylander C, Tylen U, Rossi-Norrlund R, Herrmann P, Quintel M, Bake B. Uneven distribution of ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 2005 9 : R165 71.
62. Proquitte H, Kusztrich A, Auwarter V, Pragst F, Wauer RR, Schmalisch G. Functional residual capacity measurement by heptafluoropropane in ventilated newborn lungs: in vitro and in vivo validation. Crit Care Med 2006 34 : 1789 1795.
63. Darling RC, Cournand A, Richards DW. Studies on the intrapulmonary mixture of gases. III. An open circuit method for measuring residual air. J Clin Invest 1940 19 : 609 618.
64. Hewlett AM, Hulands GH, Nunn JF, Heath JR. Functional residual capacity during anaesthesia. II. Spontaneous respiration. Br J Anaesth 1974 46 : 486 494.
65. Hewlett AM, Hulands GH, Nunn JF, Milledge JS. Functional residual capacity during anaesthesia III: artificial ventilation. Br J Anaesth 1974 46 : 495 503.
66. Weismann D, Reissmann H, Maisch S, Fullekrug B, Schulte J. Monitoring of functional residual capacity by an oxygen washin/washout; technical description and evaluation. J Clin Monit Comput 2006 20 : 251 260.
67. Wrigge H, Sydow M, Zinserling J, Neumann P, Hinz J, Burchardi H. Determination of functional residual capacity (FRC) by multibreath nitrogen washout in a lung model and in mechanically ventilated patients. Accuracy depends on continuous dynamic compensation for changes of gas sampling delay time. Intensive Care Med 1998 24 : 487 493.
68. Zinserling J, Wrigge H, Varelmann D, Hering R, Putensen C. Measurement of functional residual capacity by nitrogen washout during partial ventilatory support. Intensive Care Med 2003 29 : 720 726.
69. Neumann P, Zinserling J, Haase C, Sydow M, Burchardi H. Evaluation of respiratory inductive plethysmography in controlled ventilation: measurement of tidal volume and PEEP-induced changes of end-expiratory lung volume. Chest 1998 113 : 443 451. (Pubitemid 28110024)
70. Olegard C, Sondergaard S, Houltz E, Lundin S, Stenqvist O. Estimation of functional residual capacity at the bedside using standard monitoring equipment: a modified nitrogen washout/washin technique requiring a small change of the inspired oxygen fraction. Anesth Analg 2005 101 : 206 212.
71. Eichler W, Schumacher J, Roth-Isigkeit A, Braun J, Kuppe H, Klotz K-F. Automated evaluation of functional residual capacity by oxygen washout. J Clin Monit 2002 17 : 195 201.
72. Heinze H, Schaaf B, Grefer J, Klotz K, Eichler W. The accuracy of the oxygen washout technique for functional residual capacity assessment during spontaneous breathing. Anesth Analg 2007 104 : 598 604.
73. Maisch S, Boehm SH, Weismann D, Reissmann H, Beckmann M, Fuellekrug B, Meyer A, Schulte Am Esch J. Determination of functional residual capacity by oxygen washin-washout: a validation study. Intensive Care Med 2007 33 : 912 916.
74. Patroniti N, Saini M, Zanella A, Weismann D, Isgro S, Bellani G, Foti G, Pesenti A. Measurement of end-expiratory lung volume by oxygen washin-washout in controlled and assisted mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 2008 34 : 2235 2240.
75. Heinze H, Sedemund-Adib B, Heringlake M, Gosch UW, Gehring H, Eichler W. The impact of different step changes of inspiratory fraction of oxygen on functional residual capacity measurements using the oxygen washout technique in ventilated patients. Anesth Analg 2008 106 : 1491 1494.
76. Koefoed-Nielsen J, Andersen G, Barklin A, Bach A, Lunde S, Tonnesen E, Larsson A. Maximal hysteresis: a new method to set positive end-expiratory pressure in acute lung injury? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008 52 : 641 649.
77. Koefoed-Nielsen J, Hansen LK, Larsson A. Does a solitary lobar collapse give pressure-lung volume relationship similar to that found in acute respiratory distress syndrome? A porcine experimental study. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2008 28 : 391 397.
78. Koefoed-Nielsen J, Nielsen ND, Kjaergaard AJ, Larsson A. Alveolar recruitment can be predicted from airway pressure-lung volume loops: an experimental study in a porcine acute lung injury model. Crit Care 2008 12 : R7.
79. Lambermont B, Ghuysen A, Janssen N, Morimont P, Hartstein G, Gerard P, D'Orio V. Comparison of functional residual capacity and static compliance of the respiratory system during a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ramp procedure in an experimental model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 2008 12 : R91.
80. Hansen LK, Sloth E, Nielsen J, Koefoed-Nielsen J, Lambert P, Lunde S, Larsson A. Selective recruitment maneuvers for lobar atelectasis: effects on lung function and central hemodynamics: an experimental study in pigs. Anesth Analg 2006 102 : 1504 1510.
81. Wrigge H, Zinserling J, Neumann P, Defosse J, Magnusson A, Putensen C, Hedenstierna G. Spontaneous breathing improves lung aeration in oleic acid-induced lung injury. Anesthesiology 2003 99 : 376 384.
82. Wrigge H, Zinserling J, Neumann P, Muders T, Magnusson A, Putensen C, Hedenstierna G. Spontaneous breathing with airway pressure release ventilation favors ventilation in dependent lung regions and counters cyclic alveolar collapse in oleic-acid-induced lung injury: a randomized controlled computed tomography trial. Crit Care 2005 9 : R780 9.
83. 2 rebreathing method during acute lung injury in animals. Respir Care 2007 52 : 1480 1489.
84. Stenqvist O, Olegard C, Sondergaard S, Odenstedt H, Karason S, Lundin S. Monitoring functional residual capacity (FRC) by quantifying oxygen/carbon dioxide fluxes during a short apnea. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002 46 : 732 739.
85. Choncholas G, Sondergaard S, Heinonen E. Validation and clinical application of a first order step response equation for nitrogen clearance during FRC measurement. J Clin Monit Comput 2008 22 : 1 9.
86. Maisch S, Reissmann H, Fuellekrug B, Weismann D, Rutkowski T, Tusman G, Bohm SH. Compliance and dead space fraction indicate an optimal level of positive end-expiratory pressure after recruitment in anesthetized patients. Anesth Analg 2008 106 : 175 181.
87. Patroniti N, Foti G, Cortinovis B, Maggioni E, Bigatello LM, Cereda M, Pesenti A. Sigh improves gas exchange and lung volume in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome undergoing pressure support ventilation. Anesthesiology 2002 96 : 788 794.
88. Reutershan J, Schmitt A, Dietz K, Unertl K, Fretschner R. Alveolar recruitment during prone position: time matters. Clin Sci (London) 2006 110 : 655 663.
89. Dyhr T, Laursen N, Larsson A. Effects of lung recruitment maneuver and positive end-expiratory pressure on lung volume, respiratory mechanics and alveolar gas mixing in patients ventilated after cardiac surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002 46 : 717 725.
90. Dyhr T, Nygard E, Laursen N, Larsson A. Both lung recruitment maneuver and PEEP are needed to increase oxygenation and lung volume after cardiac surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004 48 : 187 197.
91. Dyhr T, Bonde J, Larsson A. Lung recruitment manoeuvres are effective in regaining lung volume and oxygenation after open endotracheal suctioning in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 2003 7 : 55 62.
92. Heinze H, Sedemund-Adib B, Heringlake M, Gosch UW, Eichler W. Functional residual capacity changes after different endotracheal suctioning methods. Anesth Analg 2008 107 : 941 944.
93. Heinze H, Sedemund-Adib B, Gosch UW, Eichler W. Monitoring alveolar derecruitment at bedside using functional residual capacity measurements in cardiac surgery patients. Appl Cardiopulm Pathophysiol 2008 12 : 27 32.
94. Heinze H, Meier T, Sedemund-Adib B, Heringlake M, Eichler W. Functional residual capacity guided alveolar recruitment strategy improves oxygenation. Intensive Care Med 2008 34 : 0406.
95. Heinze H, Sedemund-Adib B, Heringlake M, Meier T, Eichler W. Changes in functional residual capacity during weaning from mechanical ventilation: a pilot study. Anesth Analg 2009 108 : 911 915.
96. Gattinoni L, Pesenti A. The concept of "baby lung". Intensive Care Med 2005 31 : 776 784.