Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in early school leaving (dropping out)

Emerging Intersections: Race, Class, and Gender in Theory, Policy, and Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 180-202

  Dance, L Janelle ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA LINCOLN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 69249217351     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (241)

1. American Heritage College Dictionary. (2002). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
2. Anyon, J. (1997). Ghetto Schooling: A Political Economy of Urban Educational Reform. New York: Teachers College Press.
3. The Applied Research Center. (2000).
4. Arnett Ferguson, A. (2000). BadBoys: Public School in the Making of Black Masculinity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
5. Balfantz, R., & Letgers, N. (2003, March 1). How Many Central City High Schools Have a Severe Dropout Problem, Where Are They Located, and Who Attends Them? A Multiple Cohort Analysis of the 1990s Usingthe Common Core of Data. Research Paper prepared for The Eastern Sociological Society Annual Conference in Philadelphia.
6. Bank Street College of Education. (2000). Small Schools: Great Strides. New York: Bank Street College of Education.
7. Center for the Study of School Organization, Johns Hopkins University. (2001). Neighborhood and School Influences on Family Life and Mathematics Performance ofEighth-Grade Students. Report 54. Retrieved from http://www.csos.jhu.edu/crespar/tech-Reports/ Report54.pdf.
8. Comer, J. (1980). School Power: Implications of an Intervention Project. New York: The Free Press.
9. Comer, J. P., Ben-Avie, M., Haynes, N. M., & Joyner, E. T. (Eds.). (1999). Child by Child: The Comer Process for Change in Education. New York: Teachers College Press.
10. Comer School Development Program Web site: http://info.med.yale.edu/ comer/.
11. Cookson, P. W., & Hodges Persell, C. (1985). Preparing for Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools. New York: Basic Books.
12. Croninger, R. G., & Lee, V. E. (2001, August). Social Capital and Dropping Out of High School: Benefits to At-Risk Students of Teachers' Support and Guidance. Teachers College Record, 103(4).
13. Dance, L. J. (2002). Tough Fronts: The Impact of Street Culture on Schooling. New York: Rout-ledgeFalmer.
14. Delpit, L. (1995). Other People's Children: Cultural Conflict in the Classroom. New York: The New Press.
15. Entwistle, D., & Alexander, K. (1992, Summer). Summer Setback: Race, Poverty, School Composition, and Mathematics Achievement in the First Two Years of School. American Sociological Review, 57, 72-84.
16. Fine, M. (1991). Framing Dropouts: Notes on the Politics of an Urban Public High School. Albany: State University of New York Press.
17. Fine, M. (Ed.). (1994). Chartering Urban School Reform: Reflections on Public High Schools in the Midst of Change. New York: Teachers College Press.
18. Foley, D. E. (1996). The Silent Indian as a Cultural Production. In B. A. Levinson, D. E. Foley, &D. C. Holland (Eds.), The Cultural Production of the Educated Person: Critical Ethnographies of Schooling and Local Practice. Albany: State University of New York Press.
19. Flores-Gonzales, N. (2002). School Kids/Street Kids: Identity Development in Latino Students. New York: Teachers College Press.
20. Fullan, M., & Stiegelbauer, S. (1991). The New Meaning of Educational Change. New York: Teachers College Press.
21. Gambetta, D. (1987). Were They Pushed or Did They Jump: Individual Decision Mechanisms in Education. New York: Cambridge University Press.
22. Hanushek, E. A. (1986). Educational Production Function. In G. Psacharopoulos (Ed.), Economics of Education Research and Studies. New York: Pergamon.
23. Hanushek, E. A. (1989, May). The Impact of Differential Expenditures on School Performance. Educational Researcher, 47.
24. Hanushek, E. A. (1994, May). Money Might Matter Somewhere: A Response to Hedges, Laine, and Greenwald. Educational Researcher, 6.
25. Hanushek, E. A. (1995, November). Moving beyond Spending Fetishes. Educational Leadership, 61.
26. Hanushek, E. A. (1997, Summer). Assessing the Effects of School Resources on Student Performance: An Update. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 19(2).
27. Hanushek, E. A., & Raymond, M. E. (2001). The Confusing World of Educational Accountability. National TaxJournal, 54(2), 36 5-384.
28. Hispanic Dropout Project. (1998). Retrieved from http://www.ncela.gwu. edu/pubs/hdp/.
29. Hodges Persell, C., & Cookson, P. W. (1985, December). Chartering and Bartering: Elite Education and Social Reproduction. Social Problems, 33(2).
30. Howley, C., & Huang, G. (1991). School Completion 2000: Dropout Rates and Their Implications for Meeting the National Goal. ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools, 1991-05-00, ED335177.
31. Jencks, C. (1979). Who Gets Ahead? New York: Basic Books.
32. Jordon, W. J. (2002, December). CAN Corporation and Robert Cooper. Cultural Issues Related to High School Reform: Deciphering the Case of Black Males. Report No. 6 o Los Angeles: University of California.
33. Kasarda, J. (1993). Cities as Places Where People Live and Work: Urban Change and Neighborhood Distress. In H. G. Cisneros (Ed.), Interwoven Destinies: Cities and the Nation. New York: W. W. Norton.
34. Katz, S. R. (1999, Summer). Teaching in Tensions: Latino Immigrant Youth, Their Teachers and Structures of Schooling. Teachers College Record, 100(4), 812.
35. Kemple, J. J., & Snipes, J. C. (2001). Career Academies: Impacts on Students' Engagement and Performance in High School, Executive Summary. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.
36. Kozol, J. (1991). Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools. New York: Crown Publishers.
37. Latinos in School: Some Facts and Findings. (2001). ERIC Identifier 449288.
38. Lee, V. E. (2002). Reforming Chicago's High Schools: Research Perspectives on School and System Level Change, Chicago: Consortium on Chicago School Research.
39. Lomax, R. G., West, M. M., Harmon, M. C., Viator, K. A., & Madaus, G. F. (1995). The Impact of Mandated Standardized Testing on Minority Students. Journal of Negro Education, 64(2), 171-185.
40. Legters, N. E., Balfanz, R., Jordan, W. J., & McPartland, J. M. (2002). Comprehensive Reform for Urban High Schools: A Talent Development Approach. New York: Teachers College Press.
41. Llano Grande Center for Research and Development. (2006). Youth Voice and the Llano Grande Center. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 9(4), 136 0-3124.
42. Llano Grande Center for Research and Development Web site: www.llanogrande.org.
43. Luttrell, W. (1997). SchoolsmartandMotherwise: Working-Class Women's Identity andSchool-ing. New York: Routledge Press.
44. Mann, D. (1987). Can We Help Dropouts? Thinking about the Undoable. In G. Natriello (Ed.), School Dropouts: Patterns and Policies. New York: Teachers College Press.
45. McLaughlin, M. W., Irby, M. A., & Langman, J. (1994). Urban Sanctuaries: Neighborhood Organizations in the Lives and Futures of Inner-City Youths. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
46. The Mid-Atlantic Equity Center. (1993). Beyond Title IX: Gender Equity Issues in Schools.
47. National Center for Education Statistics. (2000). Dropout Rates in the United States: 2000. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2OO2/droppub-2ooi/.
48. National Commission on Teaching and America's Future. (1996). What Matters Most: Teaching for America's Future. New York, NY.
49. Natriello, G. (1987). School Dropouts: Patterns and Policies. New York: Teachers College Press.
50. Natriello, G., McDill, E., & Pallas, A. (1990). Schooling Disadvantaged Children: Racing against Catastrophe. New York: Teachers College Press.
51. Nieto, S. (1999). The Light in Their Eyes: Creating Multicultural Learning Communities. New York: Teachers College Press.
52. Noddings, N. (1992). The Challenge to Care in Schools: An Alternative Approach to Education. New York: Teachers College Press.
53. Noguera, P. A. (1995). Preventing and Producing Violence: A Critical Analysis of Responses to School Violence. Harvard Educational Review, 65(2), 189-212.
54. Noguera, P. A. (2003). City Schools and the American Dream: Reclaiming the Promise of Public Education. New York: Teachers College Press.
55. Okpala, C., Okpala, A., & Smith, F. (2001). Parental Involvement, Instructional Expenditures, Family Socioeconomic Attributes, and Student Achievement. Journal of Educational Research, 95(2).
56. Orenstein, P. (1994). Schoolgirls: Young Women, Self-Esteem, and the Confidence Gap. New York: Anchor Books.
57. Orfield, G. (1996). The Growth of Segregation: African Americans, Latinos, and Unequal Education. In G. Orfield & S. E. Eaton (Eds.), Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal ofBrown v. Board of Education. New York: The New Press.
58. Powell, A. G. (1996). Lessons from Privilege: The American Prep School Tradition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
59. Roderick, M. (1993). The Path to Dropping Out: Evidence for Intervention. Westport, CT: Auburn House.
60. Rose, M. (1995). Possible Lives: The Promise of Public Education in America. New York: Penguin Books.
61. Rumberger, R. W. (1983). Dropping Out of High School: The Influence of Race, Sex and Family Background. American Educational Research Journal, 20(2), 199-220.
62. Rumberger, R. W. (1987) High School Dropouts: A Review of Issues and Evidence. Review of Educational Research, 57(2), 101-121.
63. Rumberger, R. W., & Rodriquez, G. M. (2002). Chicano Dropouts: An Update of Research and Policy Issues. In R. Valencia (Ed.), Chicano School Failure and Success: Past, Present, and Future. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
64. Sanders, M. G. (Ed.). (2000). Schooling Students Placed at Risk: Research, Policy, andPractice in the Education of Poor and Minority Adolescents, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
65. Sizer, T. (1992 [1983]). Essential Schools: A First Look. In J. M. Rich (Ed.), Innovations in Education: Reformers and Their Critics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
66. U.S. Department of Education, Publications and Resources, Information and Research on Dropout and Dropout Prevention Strategies. (2003). Retrieved from http:/www. ed.gov/offices/OESE/DropoutProgram/dropoutprogram.html.
67. U.S. Census Bureau (2002). The Big Payoff: Education Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings. Washington, D.C.
68. Valencia, R. (1997). Conceptualizing the Notion of Deficit Thinking. In R. Valencia (Ed.), The Evolution of Deficit Thinking: Educational Thought and Practice. Washington, DC: The Falmer Press.
69. Valenzuela, A. (1999). Subtractive Schooling: U.S.-Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring. Albany: State University of New York Press.
70. Valencia, R. (2000a). Inequalities and The Schooling of Minority Students in Texas: Historical and Contemporary Conditions. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 22, 445-459.
71. Valencia, R. (2000b). Legislated School Reform Via High-Stakes Testing: The Case of Pending Anti-Social Promotion Legislation in Texas and Its Likely Adverse Impact on Racial/Ethnic Minority Students. Washington, DC: Paper presented at the workshop on School Completion in Standards-Based Reform: Facts and Strategies.
72. Valencia, R., & Bernal E. (2000). An Overview of Conflicting Opinions in the TAAS Case. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 22(4), 423-444.
73. Warren, M. R., Thompson, J. P., & Saegert, S. (2001). The Role of Social Capital in Combating Poverty. In S. Saegert, J. P. Thompson, & M. R. Warren (Eds.), Social Capital and Poor Communities. New York: Russell Sage.
74. Wirt, J., Choy, S., Provasnik, S., Rooney, P., Sen, A., & Tobin, R. (2003). The Condition of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
75. Warren, M. R., Thompson, J. P., & Saegert, S. (2001). The Role of Social Capital in Combating Poverty. In S. Saegert, J. P. Thompson, & M. R. Warren (Eds.), Social Capital and Poor Communities. New York: Russell Sage.
76. Wirt, J., Choy, S., Provasnik, S., Rooney, P., Sen, A., & Tobin, R. (2003). The Condition of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
77. Zambrana, R. E., & Zoppi, I. M. (2002) Latina Students: Translating Cultural Wealth into Social Capital to Improve Academic Success. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 11(1/2), 33-53.
78. Almaguer, T. (1994). Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California. Berkeley: University of California Press.
79. APSA Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy. (2004). American Democracy in an Age of Rising Inequality. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association.
80. Bobo, L., & Gilliam, Jr., F. D. (1990). Race, Sociopolitical Participation, and Black Empowerment. American Political Science Review, 84, 377-393.
81. Burns, N., Kinder, D. R., & The National Election Studies. (2003). American National Election Study, 2002: Pre- and Post-Election Survey (Computer file). ICPSR version. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies (producer), 2003. Ann Arbor MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).
82. Burns, N., Schlozman, L. K., & Verba, S. (2001). The Private Roots of Public Action: Gender, Equality, and Political Participation Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
83. Chang, G. H. (2001). Asian Americans and Politics: Perspectives, Experiences, Prospects. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Press.
84. Color of Money: The 2004 Presidential Race, Campaign Contributions, Race, Ethnicity and Neighborhoods. (2005). Public Campaign, the Fannie Lou Hamer Project, and the William C. Velasquez Institute. Retrieved fromwww.colorofmoney. org.
85. Conway, M. M. (2000). Gender and Political Participation. In S. Tolleson-Rinehart & J. J. Josephson (Eds.), Gender and American Politics: Women, Men, and the Political Process. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
86. Davidson, C., Dunlap, T., Kenny, G., & Wise, B. (2004, September). Republican Ballot Security Programs: Vote Protection or Minority Vote Suppression - Or Both. A Report to the Center for Voting Rights and Protections, unpublished.
87. de la Garza, R., & DeSipio, L. (1998). Making Americans, Remaking America: Immigration and Immigrant Policy. Philadelphia: Westview.
88. De La Garza, R., Falcon, A., Garcia, F. C., & Garcia, J. A. (1998). Latino National Political Survey, 1989-1990 (Computer file). 3rd ICPSR version. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University, Institute for Social Research (producer), 1992. Ann Arbor MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).
89. DeSipio, L. (1996). Counting on the Latino Vote: Latinos as a New Electorate. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
90. Flexner, E. (1973). Century of Struggle: The Women's Rights Movement in the United States. New York. Atheneum.
91. Fraga, L., Garcia, J. A., Hero, R., Jones-Correa, M., Martinez-Ebers, V., & Segura, G. M. (2008). Latino National Survey, 2006 (Computer file). ICPSR version. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies (producer), 2008. Ann Arbor MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).
92. Frasure, L., & Williams L. F. (2002). Civic Disparities and Civic Differences: Ethno-Racial Civic Engagement in the United States. Civic Engagement Working Paper #3. College Park: Democracy Collaborative, University of Maryland.
93. Fung, A., & Wright, E. R. (2003). Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance. London: Verso.
94. Gerber, A. S., & Green, D. P. (1999). Does Canvassing Increase Voter Turnout? A Field Experiment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96(19), 10939-10942.
95. Gerstle, G. (2001). The American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
96. Githens, M., & Prestage, J. (1977). Portrait of Marginality: The Political Behavior of the American Woman. New York: C. McKay Co.
97. Green, D. P., Michelson, M. R., & Bedolla, L. G. (2007). ACORN Experiments in Minority Voter Mobilization. In R. Fisher (Ed.), The People Shall Rule: ACORN, Community Organizing, and the Struggle for Economic Justice.
98. Grofman, B., Handley, L., & Niemi, R. G. (1992). Minority Representation and the Quest for Voting Equality. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
99. Guterbock, T., & London, B. (1983, August). Race, Political Orientation, and Participation: An Empirical Test of Four Competing Theories. American Sociological Review, 48, 439-453.
100. Harris, F. (1999). Something Within: Religion in African-American Political Activism. New York: Oxford University Press.
101. Harvey, A. E. (1994). Ex-Felon Disenfranchisement and Its Influence on the Black Vote: The Need for a Second Look. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 142,1145-1171.
102. Hayduk, R. (2002). The Weight of History: Election Reform during the Progressive Era and Today. InR. Hayduk&K. Mattson (Eds.), Democracy's Moment: Reformingthe American Political System for the 21st Century. Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield Publishers.
103. Hero, R. (1992). Latinos and the U.S. Political System: Two-Tiered Pluralism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
104. Highton, B. (1997, May). Easy Registration and Voter Turnout. Journal of Politics, 59,56 5-575.
105. Highton, B., &. Wolfinger, R. E. (2001, January). The First Seven Years of the Political Life Cycle. American Journal of Political Science, 45,202-209.
106. Jargowsky, P. (2003). Stunning Progress, Hidden Problems: The Dramatic Decline of Concentrated Poverty in the 1990s. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
107. Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies. (2002). Washington, DC, National Opinion Poll-Politics. Data supplied by David Bositis, October 23, 2004.
108. Jones-Correa, M. (2001, February). Institutional and Contextual Factors in Immigrant Citizenship and Voting. Citizenship Studies, 5(1), 41-56.
109. Keeter, S., Andolina, M., Jenkins, K., & Zukin, C. (2002, August). Schooling and Civic Engagement in the U. S. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston.
110. Kernell, S., & Jacobson, G. C. (2000). The Logic of American Politics. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
111. Kim, C. (1999). Bitter Fruit: The Politics of Black-Korean Conflict in New York City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
112. Leighley, J. E. (2001). Strength in Numbers? The Political Mobilization of Racial and Ethnic Minorities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
113. Leighley, J. E., & Nagler, J. (1992, August). Individual and Systemic Influences on Turnout: Who Votes? 1984. Journal of Politics, 54, 718-740.
114. Leighley, J. E., & Vedlitz, A. (1999). Race, Ethnicity, and Political participation: Competing Models and Contrasting Explanations. The Journal of Politics, 61,1092-1114.
115. Lien, P. (2000). Who Votes in Multiracial America: An Analysis of Voting Registration and Turnout by Race and Ethnicity? In Y. Alex-Assensoh & L. Hanks (Eds.), Black and Multiracial Politics in America (pp. 199-221). New York: New York University Press.
116. Lien, P. (2001). Voting Participation: Race, Gender, and the Comparative Status of Asian American Women. In G. H. Chang (Ed.), Asian Americans and Politics: Perspective. Experiences Prospects. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
117. Lien, P. (2004). Pilot National Asian American Political Survey (PNAAPS), 2000-2001. Ann Arbor MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social (distributor).
118. Lien, P., Conway, M. M., & Wong, J. (2004). The Politics of Asian Americans: Diversity and Community. New York: Routledge Press.
119. Markus, G., & Walton, Jr., H. (2002, February). Civic Participation in American Cities. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA.
120. Michelson, M. R. (2003). Mobilizing the Latino Youth Vote. CIRCLE Working Paper #10, College Park: Maryland.
121. Neuborne, B., & Eisenberg, A. (1976). The Rights of Candidates and Voters. New York: Avon Books.
122. O'Connor, C. T., & Bobo, L. D. (2001). Urban Inequality: Evidence from Four Cities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
123. Oliver, J. E. (1999). The Effects of Metropolitan Economic Segregation on Local Civic Participation. American Journal of Political Science, 43(1), 186-212.
124. Olsen, M. (1972). Social Participation and Voting Turnout: A Multivariate Analysis. American Sociological Review, 37, 317-333.
125. Orfield, M. (2002). American Metropolitics: The New Suburban Reality. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press.
126. Pew Hispanic Center. (2004a). July 2004 political survey, Toplines. Retrieved from http://www.pewhispanic.org/site/docs/pdf/ 2oo4%20Latino%20Political%20Survey- toplines.pdf.
127. Pew Hispanic Center. (2004b). Wealth Gap Widens between Whites and Hispanics. Retrieved from http://www.pewhispanic.org.
128. Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
129. Ramakrishnan, S. K., & Baldassare, M. (2004). The Ties That Bind: Changing Demographics and Civic Engagement in California. San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California.
130. Raphael, S., & Stoll, M. A. (2002). Modest Progress: The Narrowing Spatial Mismatch between Blacks and Jobs in the 1990s. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
131. Rosenstone, S. J., & Hansen, J. M. (1993). Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
132. Schlozman, K., Verba, S., & Brady, H. (1999). Civic Participation and the Equity Problem. In T. Skocpol & M. Fiorina (Eds.), Civic Engagement in American Democracy (pp. 427-459). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
133. Shapiro, A. L. (1993). Challenging Criminal Disenfranchisement under the Voting Rights Act: A New Strategy. Yale Law Journal, 103, 537-56 8
134. Skocpol, T., &. Fiorina, M. P. (1999). Civic Engagement in American Democracy Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
135. Smalley, S. (2004, July 26). Voter Drives Reach out to Youths with Records. Boston Globe, p. Bi.
136. Squires, G. D. (2002). Organize: The Limits of Public Awareness in Assuring Fair Housing. Housing Policy Debate, 13(3), 505-513.
137. Squires, G. D. (2004). Privileged Places: Race, Uneven Development and the Geography of Opportunity in Urban America. Unpublished paper.
138. Sullivan, J. (2004, July 26). Hip-Hop Takes Action, Boston Globe, p. A18.
139. Swanstrom, T., Dreier, P., & Mollenkopf, J. (2002). Economic Inequality and Public Policy: The Power of Place. City and Community, 1(4), 349-372.
140. Swirsky, S. A. (2002). Minority Voter Intimidation: The Problem That Won't Go Away. Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review, 11, 359-361.
141. Tate, K. (1994). From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
142. Tate, K. (1998.) National Black Election, 1996 (Computer file). ICPSR version. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University (producer), 1997. Ann Arbor MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor).
143. Teixeira, R. A. (1992). The Disappearing American Voter. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
144. Tilly, C. (2003, January). Inequality, Democratization, and De-Democratization, Sociological Theory, 21(1), 37.
145. Uggen, C., & Manza, J. (2002). Democratic Contraction? The Political Consequences of Felon Disfranchisement in the United States. American Sociological Review, 67, 777-803.
146. Uhlaner, C. (1991). The Acquisition of Partisanship by Latinos and Asian-Americans: Immigrants and Native-Born Citizens. American Journal of Political Science, 35(2), 390-422.
147. U. S. Census Bureau. (2005). Voting and Registration in theElection of November 2004, Current Population Survey (CPS). Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/population/ www/socdemo/voting.
148. Verba, S., &Nie, N. H. (1972). Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper and Row.
149. Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. (1995). Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
150. Walton, Jr., H. (1985). Invisible Politics: Black Political Behavior. Albany: State University of New York Press.
151. Wilkins, D. E. (2002). American Indian Political and the American Political System. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
152. Wolfinger, R. E., & Rosenstone, S. J. (1980). Who Votes? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
153. Wolfinger, R., Highton, B., &Mullin, M. (2004, June). How Postregistration Laws Affect the Turnout of Registrants, Circle Working Paper 15.
154. Wong, J. S. (2002, January 11). The Role of Community Organizations in the Political Incorporation of Asian American and Latino Immigrants. Presented at the Wing-spread Conference on Race and Civil Society.
155. Agathangelou, A. M., & Ling, L.H.M. (2002). An Unten(ur)able Position: The Politics of Teaching for Women of Color. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 4(3), 36 8-398.
156. Adams, J. Q., Niss, J. F., & Suarez, C. (Eds.). (1991). Multicultural Education: Strategies for Implementation in Colleges and Universities. Vol. 1. Macomb IL: Western Illinois University.
157. Aguirre, Jr., A., Martinez, R., & Hernandez, A. (1993). Majority and Minority Faculty Perceptions in Academe. Research in Higher Education, 34(3), 371-384.
158. Alex-Assensoh, Y. M. (2003). Race in the Academy: Moving beyond Diversity and toward the Incorporation of Faculty. Journal of Black Studies, 34, 5-11.
159. Anderson, G. (2005). The Search for a Critical Mass of Minority Students: Affirmative Action and Diversity at Highly Selective Universities and Colleges. The Good Society, 14(3), 51-57.
160. Banks, J. A. (1996). Multicultural Education, Transformative Knowledge, and Action: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Teachers College Press.
161. Banks, C.A.M., & Banks, J. A. (1989). Multicultural Education: Issues and Perspectives. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, Inc.
162. College of Arts and Humanities, University of Maryland. The Visual Literacy Toolbox: Learning to Read Images: Retrieved April 27, 2008, from www.arhu.umd.edu/ vislit/index.html.
163. Chow, E., Fleck, C., Fan, G., Joseph, J., & Deanna, M. L. (2003). Exploring Critical Feminist Pedagogy: Infusing Dialogue, Participation, and Experience in Teaching and Learning. Teaching Sociology, 31(3), 259-275.
164. Dey, E. L., & Thompson, C. (1998). Pushed to the Margins: Sources of Stress for African American College and University Faculty. Journal of Higher Education, 69.
165. Elliott, E. W., & Ewoh, A. I. E. (2005). Beyond Gratz and Grutter: Prospects for Affirmative Action in the Aftermath of the Supreme Court's Michigan Decisions. Review of Policy Research, 22(4).
166. Gordon, M. (2004). Diversifications of the Faculty. In F. W. Hale (Ed.), What Makes Racial Diversity Work in Higher Education (pp. 183-198). Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, LLC.
167. Hackman, H. W. (2002). It's Elementary: Talking about Gay Issues in School. Multicultural Education.
168. Hale, F. W. (2004). What Makes Racial Diversity Work in Higher Education. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, LLC.
169. Harvey, W. B. (2002). Minorities in Higher Education: Nineteenth Annual Status Report. Washington, DC: American Council of Education.
170. Kivel, P. (2004). The Culture of Power. In F. W. Hale (Ed.), What Makes Racial Diversity Work in Higher Education (pp. 24-32). Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, LLC.
171. Olsen, D., Maple, S. A., & Stage, F. K. (1995). Women and Minority Faculty Job Satisfaction: Professional Role Interests, Professional Satisfactions, and Institutional Fit. Journal of Higher Education, 66(3), 26 7-293.
172. Rothenberg, P., Friedman, E., Kolmar, W., & Flint, C. (Eds.). (1996). Creating an Inclusive College Curriculum: A Teaching Sourcebook from the New Jersey Project. New York: Teachers College Press.
173. Smith, D. G., Wolf, L. E., & Busenberg, B. E. (1996). Achieving Faculty Diversity: Debunking the Myths. Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities.
174. Talbert-Hersi, D. E. (1995). The Impact of Chronic Job Stresses and Work Support on Job Satisfaction for Women in Higher Education: A Communication Climate Study (Women Educators). Dissertation Abstracts International, 55, 10A, 3332.
175. U.S. Department of Education: National Center for Education Statistics. (2006). Digest of Education Statistics, 2005 (NCES 2006-030).
176. Alexander-Snow, M., & Johnson, B. (1999). Perspectives from Faculty of Color. In R. J. Menges (Ed.), Faculty in New Jobs: A Guide to Settling in, Becoming Established, and Building Institutional Support. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
177. Banks, W. (1984). Afro-American Scholars in the University: Roles and Conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist, 27 (3), 325-338.
178. Boykin, S., Zambrana, R. E., Williams, K. P., Lopes-Salas, D., Sheppard, V., & Headley, A. (2003). Mentoring Under-Represented Minority Female Medical School Faculty: Momentum to Increase Retention and Promotion. Journal of the Association for Academic Minority Physicians, 14(1), 15-18.
179. Brown, G. (1998). Diversity Blueprint: A Planning Manual for Colleges and Universities. Created by the Office of Human Relations Programs in collaboration with associates at the University of Maryland, College Park and the Association of American Colleges, and Universities (AACU). Washington, DC: AACU.
180. Consortium on Race, Gender and Ethnicity. (2004). Research on Race, Gender and Ethnicity at UM: Perspectives on Diversity.
181. Dill, B. T. The Brown Decision and the University of Maryland: Past, Present and Future.
182. Dill, B. T., McLaughlin, A., & Nieves A. D. (2007). Future Directions of Feminist Research: Intersectionality. In S. N. Hesse-Biber (Ed.), Handbook of Feminist Research: Theory and Praxis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
183. Fong, B. (2000). Toto, I Think We're Still in Kansas. Liberal education, 86(4).
184. Frost, S. H., & Jean P. M. (2003). Bridging the Disciplines: Interdisciplinary Discourse and Faculty Scholarship. Journal of Higher Education, 74(2), 119-148.
185. Garza, H. (1993). Second-Class Academics: Chicano/Latino Faculty in U.S. Universities. In J. Gainen&R. Boice (Eds.), Building a Diverse Faculty: New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 53. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
186. Gonzalez, K. P., & Padilla, R. V. (1999). Faculty Commitment and Engagement in Organizational Reform. Presented at Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, San Antonio, Texas.
187. Hollander, E. L., & Saltmarsh, J. (2000, July/August). The Engaged University. Academe, 86(4). Retrievedfr0mwww.aaup.org/publicati0ns/Academe/2000/ 00ja/JA00H0ll.htm.
188. Harley, S., & Terborg-Penn, R. (1978). The Afro-American Woman: Struggles and Images. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
189. Howard-Vital, M. R., & Morgan, R. (1993). African American Women and Mentoring. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
190. Jarmon, B. (2001). Unwritten Rules of the Game. In R. O. Mabokela & A. L. Green (Eds.), Sisters of the Academy: African American Women Scholars in Higher Education. Sterling, VA: Stylus.
191. Johnsrud, L. K. (1993). Women and Minority Faculty Experiences: Defining and Responding to Diverse Realities. In J. Gainen&R. Boice (Eds.), Building a Diverse Faculty: New Directions for Teaching and Learning (p. 53). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
192. Levinson, W., Kaufman, K., Clark, B., & Tolle, S. W. (1991). Mentors and Role Models for Women in Academic Medicine. Western Journal of Medicine, 154, 423-426.
193. Monk, J., & Rosenfelt, D. S. (2000). Introduction: Internationalizing the Study of Women and Gender. In J. Monk & D. S. Rosenfelt (Eds.), In Women in the Curriculum (pp. 1-53). Baltimore: Uptown Press.
194. Roche, G. R. (1979). Much Ado about Mentors. Harvard Business Review, 57,14-28.
195. Rosenfelt, D. S. (2002). Culturally Challenging Practices and Pedagogical Strategies. In M. M. Lay, J. Monk, & D. S. Rosenfelt (Eds.), Encompassing Gender (pp. 456-458). New York: The Feminist Press.
196. The National Academies. (2004, November 19). Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research. NEWS. Retrieved from http://www8.nationalacademies. org/onpinews/newsitem .aspx?RecordID=ni53.
197. Thomas, D. A. (2001, April). The Truth about Mentoring Minorities: Race Matters. Harvard Business Review, 79(4), 98-107.
198. UM Senate Task Force Report on Mentoring and Success of Junior Faculty, Executive Summary. (2005, April 6). Retrieved from http://www.provost.umd.edu/ MS07/ TopicB-November1.pdf.
199. UM Report and Recommendations of the President's Diversity Panel. (2000, August 15). Retrieved from http://www.provost.umd.edu/ Strategic-Planning/ Mission2OOO.pdf.
200. Zambrana, R. E. (2007, Spring). Director's Message. Research Connections, CRGE, 3.
201. Almaguer, T. (1994). Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
202. Andersen, M. (2003). Whitewashing Race: A Critical Review. In E. Bonilla-Silva & W. Doane (Eds.), Whiteout: The Continuing Significance of Race (pp. 21-34). New York: Routledge Press.
203. Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the US. Second edition. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
204. Browne, I., & Misra, J. (2003). The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market. Annual Review of Sociology, 29,487-513.
205. Chang, R. S., & Aoki, K. (1997). Centering the Immigrant in the International Imagination. California Law Review, (85), 1395.
206. Cho, S. K. (1997). Converging Stereotypes in Racialized Sexual Harassment: Where the Model Minority Meets Suzie Wong. Journal of Gender, Race & Justice, 1,177-211.
207. Collins, P. H. (2000). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge Press.
208. Collins, P. H. (2006). From Black Power to Hip Hop. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
209. Crenshaw, K. W. (1989). Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics. In D. K. Weisberg (Ed.), Feminist Legal Theory: Foundations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.
210. J. James & T. D. Sharpley-Whiting, The BlackFeministReader. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000.
211. A. Wing, Critical Race Feminism: A Reader. New York: New York University Press, 2003.
212. Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2000). Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
213. Delgado Bernal, D. (2002). Critical Race Theory, Latino Critical Theory, and Critical Raced-Gendered Epistemologies: Recognizing Students of Color as Holders and Creators of Knowledge. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(i), 105-126.
214. D'Emilio, J. (2003). Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Baynard Rustin. New York: Free Press.
215. Duberman, M. (1991). In Defense of Identity Politics. In These Times. Retrieved July 2001 from http://www.alternet.org/story/1116o.
216. Ferguson, R. (2003). Aberrations in Black: Toward a Queer of Color Critique. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
217. Gotanda, N. (1995). Critical Legal Studies, Critical Race Theory and Asian American Studies. Amerasia Journal, 21,127-135.
218. Hu-DeHart, E. (2007). Surviving Globalization: Immigrant Women Workers in Late Capitalist America. In S. Harley (Ed.), Women's Labor in the Global Economy (pp. 85-103). New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press.
219. Jen, C. (2006). Technoscientific Race-Nation-Gender Formations in Public Health Discourses. Unpublished paper, University of Maryland-College Park.
220. Johnson, E. P., & Henderson, M. G. (2005). Black Queer Studies: A Critical Anthology. Durham NC: Duke University Press.
221. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Kennelly, I. (2007) Race-Class-Gender Theory: An Image(ry) Problem. Gender Issues, 24(2), 1-20.
222. Kennelly, I. (2008). Beyond the Intersection: A New Culinary Metaphor for Race, Class, and Gender Studies. Sociological Theory, 26(2), 100-110.
223. LatCrit. (2006). Retrieved fromwww.LatCrit.org.
224. Matsuda, M. J. (1996). Where Is Your Body?: And Other Essays on Race, Gender, and the Law. Boston: Beacon Press.
225. Mohanty, C. T. (1991). Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses. In C. T. Mohanty, A. Russo, & L. Torres (Eds.), Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
226. Mohanty, C. T. (2003). "Under Western Eyes" Revisited: Feminist Solidarity through Anticapitalist Struggles. Signs, 28(2), 499-535.
227. Moya, P. (2002). Learning from Experience: Minority Identities, Multicultural Struggles. Berkeley: University Of California Press.
228. Noguera, P. A. (2003). City Schools and the American Dream: Reclaiming the Promise of Public Education. New York: Teachers College Press.
229. Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1994). Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. Second Edition. New York: Routledge.
230. Organista, C. K. (2007). Solving Latino Psychosocial and Health Problems: Theory, Practice, and Populations. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
231. Sillman, J., Fried, G., Ross, L., & Gutierrez, R. (Eds.). (2004). Undivided Rights: Women of Color Organize for Reproductive Justice. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
232. Simien, E. (2007, June). Doing Intersectionality Research: From Conceptual Issues to Practical Examples. Politics and Gender, 3(2), 26 4-271.
233. Stefanic, J. (1997). Latino and Latina Critical Theory: An Annotated Bibliography. California Law Review, 85,1509-1584.
234. Vidal-Ortiz, S. (2004). On Being a White Person of Color: Using Autoethnography to Understand Puerto Ricans' Racialization. Qualitative Sociology, 27(2), 179-110.
235. Volpp, L. (2001). Critical Race Studies: The Citizen and the Terrorist. UCLA Law Review, 49,1575.
236. Weber, L. (2001). Understanding Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality: A Conceptual Framework. New York: McGraw-Hill.
237. Williams, R. M. (1998). Living at the Crossroads: Explorations in Race, Nationality, Sexuality, and Gender. In W. Lubiano (Ed.), The House That Race Built (p. 154). New York: Vintage.
238. Young, J., & Braziel, J. (2006). Race and the Foundations of Knowledge. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
239. Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Intersectionality and Feminist Politics. European Journal of Women's Studies, 13(3), 193-209.
240. Zambrana, R. E., & Logie, L. A. (2000). Latino Child Health: Need for Inclusion in US National Discourse. American Journal of Public Health, 90(12), 1827-1833.
241. Zambrana, R. E., & Holton, J. K. (2007). Disparity/Inequity, Knowledge Production and Public Policy. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 16(3/4), 16 9-178.