Copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging of cancer: Advances in preclinical and clinical research

Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 379-393

  Anderson, Carolyn J ^a,b   Ferdani, Riccardo ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibody; Bone metastastes; Cancer; Molecular imaging; PET

Indexed keywords

1,4,7,10 TETRAAZACYCLODODECANE 1,4,7,10 TETRAACETIC ACID; 1,4,8,11 TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECANE 1,4,8,11 TETRAACETIC ACID; ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; CETUXIMAB; CHELATING AGENT; COBALT COMPLEX; COPPER 1,4,7,10 TETRAAZACYCLODODECANE 1,4,7,10 TETRAACETIC ACID CETUXIMAB CU 64; COPPER 62; COPPER 64; COPPER 67; COPPER COMPLEX; COPPER DIACETYL 2,3 BIS(N4 METHYL 3 THIOSEMICARBAZONE) CU 60; COPPER DIACETYL 2,3 BIS(N4 METHYL 3 THIOSEMICARBAZONE) CU 64; CYCLAM DERIVATIVE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; INTEGRIN; LIGAND; MACROCYCLIC COMPOUND; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NANOPARTICLE; OCTREOTIDE; PENTETREOTIDE; PENTETREOTIDE IN 111; QUANTUM DOT; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; SINGLE WALLED NANOTUBE; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR; THIOSEMICARBAZONE DERIVATIVE; TUMOR ANTIGEN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANGIOGENESIS; BONE METASTASIS; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CHELATION; CLINICAL RESEARCH; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; COMPLEX FORMATION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; ISOTOPE LABELING; LUNG CANCER; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NEOPLASM; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOACTIVITY; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER;

ANIMALS; COPPER RADIOISOTOPES; HUMANS; MICE; NEOPLASMS; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS;

EID: 69249089353     PISSN: 10849785     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0674     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. 64Cu at a small cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 1993;44:575.
2. 61 using a biomedical cyclotron. Nucl Med Biol 1997;24:35.
3. 64Ni targets for positron emission tomography. Appl Radiat Isot 1991;42:193.
4. 61 using a 12-MeV cyclotron. Nucl Med Biol 2003;30:535.
5. McCarthy DW, Bass LA, Cutler PD, et al. High-purity production and potential applications of copper-60 and copper-61. Nucl Med Biol 1999;26:351.
6. 61 on the Sherbrooke TR-PET cyclotron. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2003;257:175.
7. 64Ni nuclei. Appl Radiat Isot 2007;65:1115.
8. 61]Cu-ATSM for PET studies. Radiochim Acta 2005;93:239.
9. Lewis JS, Welch MJ, Tang L. Workshop on the production, application, and clinical translation of "non-standard" PET nuclides: A meeting report. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;52:101.
10. Linder MC. Biochemistry of Copper. New York: Plenum Press, 1991.
11. Linder MC, Hazegh-Azam M. Copper biochemistry and molecular biology. Am J Clin Nutr (Suppl) 1996;63:797s.
12. Frieden E. Perspectives on copper biochemistry. Clin Physiol Biochem 1986;4:11.
13. 64Cu-labeled tetrameric RGD peptide. J Nucl Med 2005;46:1707.
14. 86Y-DOTA-ReCCMSH(Arg11), a cyclized peptide analogue of alpha-MSH. J Med Chem 2005;48:2985.
15. 64Cu labeling and PET imaging of brain tumor alphavbeta3-integrin expression. J Nucl Med 2004;45:1776.
16. 64Cu-labeled dimeric RGD peptides. Mol Imaging Biol 2004;6:350.
17. Chen X, Sievers E, Hou Y, et al. Integrin alpha v beta 3-targeted imaging of lung cancer. Neoplasia 2005;7:271.
18. Li WP, Lewis JS, Kim J, et al. DOTA-D-Tyr(1)-octreotate: A somatostatin analogue for labeling with metal and halogen radionuclides for cancer imaging and therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2002;13:721.
19. Moi MK, Meares CF, McCall MJ, et al. Copper chelates as probes of biological systems: Stable copper complexes with a macrocyclic bifunctional chelating agent. Anal Biochem 1985;148:249.
20. Anderson CJ, Pajeau TS, Edwards WB, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of copper-64-octreotide conjugates. J Nucl Med 1995;36:2315.
21. Anderson CJ, Jones LA, Bass LA, et al. Radiotherapy, toxicity and dosimetry of copper-64-TETA-octreotide in tumor-bearing rats. J Nucl Med 1998;39:1944.
22. 64Cu- TETAoctreotide as a PET imaging agent for patients with neuroendocrine tumors. J Nucl Med 2001;42:213.
23. 3Cu-octreotate. A new somatostatin analog with improved target tissue uptake. Nucl Med Biol 1999;26:267.
24. 64Cu-labeled somatostatin analogues in vitro and in a tumor-bearing rat model: Evaluation of new derivatives for positron emission tomography imaging and targeted radiotherapy. J Med Chem 1999;42:1341.
25. 64Cu-BAT-2IT-1A3. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2001;16:483.
26. Philpott GW, Schwarz SW, Anderson CJ, et al. Radioimmuno-PET: Detection of colorectal carcinoma with positron-emitting copper-64-labeled monoclonal antibody. J Nucl Med 1995;36:1818.
27. Bass LA, Wang M, Welch MJ, Anderson CJ. In vivo transchelation of copper-64 from TETA-octreotide to superoxide dismutase in rat liver. Bioconjug Chem 2000;11:527.
28. Boswell CA, Sun X, Niu W, et al. Comparative in vivo stability of copper-64-labeled cross-bridged and conventional tetraazamacrocyclic complexes. J Med Chem 2004;47:1465.
29. Sargeson AM. The potential for the cage complexes in biology. Coord Chem Rev 1996;151:89.
30. 67Ga waste products using anion exchange and low-acid aqueous/organic mixtures. Radiochimica Acta 1996;75:65.
31. + complexation in a diamondlattice cleft. J Am Chem Soc 1990;112:8604.
32. Weisman GR, Wong EH, Hill DC, et al. Synthesis and transition-metal complexes of new cross-bridged tetraamine ligands. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1996:947.
33. Hubin TJ, McCormick JM, Collinson SR, et al. Ultra rigid cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycles as ligandsthe challenge and the solution. Chem Commun (Camb) 1998:1675.
34. Hubin TJ, Alcock NW, Busch DH. The square-pyramidal PdII complex of a cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycle. Acta Crystallogr 1999;C55:1404.
35. Hubin TJ, McCormick JM, Alcock NW, et al. Crystallographic characterization of stepwise changes in ligand conformation as their internal topology changes and two novel cross-bridged tetraazamacrocyclic copper(II) complexes. Inorg Chem 1999;38:4435.
36. Hubin TJ, Alcock NW, Morton MD, et al. Synthesis, structure, and stability in acid of copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycles. Inorganica Chimica Acta 2003;348:33.
37. Niu W, Wong EH, Weisman GR, et al. Copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of amide pendant-armed cross-bridged tetraamine ligands. Polyhedron 2004;23:1019.
38. Hubin TJ, Alcock NW, Busch DH. Copper(I) and copper(II) complexes of an ethylene cross-bridged cyclam. Acta Crystallogr 2000;C56:37.
39. Wong EH, Weisman GR, Hill DC, et al. Synthesis and characterization of cross-bridged cyclams and pendantarmed derivatives and structural studies of their copper(II) complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2000;122:10561.
40. Sun X, Wuest M, Weisman GR, et al. Radiolabeling and in vivo behavior of copper-64-labeled cross-bridged cyclam ligands. J Med Chem 2002;45:469.
41. Woodin KS, Heroux KJ, Boswell CA, et al. Kinetic inertness and electrochemical behavior of Cu(II) tetraazamacrocyclic complexes: Possible implications for in vivo stability. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005;23:4829.
42. Heroux KJ, Woodin KS, Tranchemontagne DJ, et al. The long and short of it: The influence of N-carboxyethyl versus N-carboxymethyl pendant arms on in vitro and in vivo behavior of copper complexes of cross-bridged tetraamine macrocycles. Dalton Trans 2007:2150.
43. Anderson CJ, Wadas TJ, Wong EH, et al. Cross-bridged macrocyclic chelators for stable complexation of copper radionuclides for PET imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;52:185.
44. Kotek J, Lubal P, Hermann P, et al. High thermodynamic stability and extraordinary kinetic inertness of copper(II) complexes with 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-bis (methylphosphonic acid): Example of a rare isomerism between kinetically inert penta- and hexacoordinated copper(II) complexes. Chem Eur J 2003;9:233.
45. Lukes I, Kotek J, Vojtisek P, et al. Complexes of tetraazacycles bearing methylphosphinic/phosphonic acid pendant arms with copper(II), zinc(II), and lanthanides(III). A comparison with their acetic acid analogues. Coord Chem Rev 2001;216:287.
46. Sun X, Wuest M, Kovacs Z, et al. In vivo behavior of copper- 64-labeled methanephosphonate tetraazamacrocyclic ligands. J Biol Inorg Chem 2003;8:217.
47. 64Cu chelators. J Radiolab Comp Radiopharm 2009;52(suppl1):56.
48. 64Cu small animal PET imaging. Bioorg Med Chem 2009;17:548.
49. Brown JM. The hypoxic cell: A target for selective cancer therapyeighteenth Bruce F. Cain Memorial Award lecture. Cancer Res 1999;59:5863.
50. Tatum JL, Kelloff GJ, Gillies RJ, et al. Hypoxia: Importance in tumor biology, noninvasive measurement by imaging, and value of its measurement in the management of cancer therapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2006;82:699.
51. Hockel M, Schlenger K, Aral B, et al. Association between tumor hypoxia and malignant progression in advanced cancer of the uterine cervix. Cancer Res 1996;56:4509.
52. Fujibayashi Y, Taniuchi H, Yonekura Y, et al. Copper-62- ATSM: A new hypoxia imaging agent with high membrane permeability and low redox potential. J Nucl Med 1997;38:1155.
53. 64Cu-ATSM a hypoxia imaging agent and C-11-acetate in an acute myocardial infarction model: Ex vivo imaging in rats. Nucl Med Biol 1999;26:117.
54. Dearling JLJ, Lewis JS, Welch MJ, et al. Redox-active complexes for imaging hypoxic tissues: Structure-activity relationships in copper(II)bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes. Chem Commun 1998;22:2531.
55. Dearling JL, Lewis JS, Mullen GE, et al. Copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes as hypoxia imaging agents: Structure-activity relationships. J Biol Inorg Chem 2002;7:249.
56. Lewis J, Laforest R, Buettner T, et al. Copper-64-diacetylbis( N4-methylthiosemicarbazone): An agent for radiotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:1206.
57. 64Cu-ATSM in vitro and in vivo in a hypoxic tumor model. J Nucl Med 1999;40:177.
58. Holland JP, Barnard PJ, Collison D, et al. Spectroelectrochemical and computational studies on the mechanism of hypoxia selectivity of copper radiopharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2008;14:5890.
59. Dence CS, Ponde DE, Welch MJ, et al. Autoradiographic and small-animal PET comparisons between (18)F-FMISO, (18)F-FDG, (18)F-FLT, and the hypoxic selective (64)Cu-ATSM in a rodent model of cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2008;35:713.
60. 62Cu-labeled diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) as a hypoxic tissue tracer in patients with lung cancer. Ann Nucl Med 2000;14:323.
61. 60Cu-ATSM. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:844.
62. 60Cu-ATSM: Relationship to therapeutic responsea preliminary report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;55:1233.
63. Laforest R, Dehdashti F, Lewis JS, et al. Dosimetry of 60/61/62/61-ATSM: A hypoxia imaging agent for PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005;32:764.
64. 60Cu-ATSM in cancer of the uterine cervix. J Nucl Med 2008;49:1177.
65. Dehdashti F, Grigsby PW, Lewis JS, et al. Assessing tumor hypoxia in cervical cancer by PET with 60Cu-labeled diacetyl-bis(N4- methylthiosemicarbazone). J Nucl Med 2008;49:201.
66. Bauer W, Briner U, Doepfner W, et al. SMS 201-995: A very potent and selective octapeptide analogue of somatostatin with prolonged action. Life Sci 1982;31:1133.
67. Krenning EP, Bakker WH, Kooij PP, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with indium-111-DTPA-D-Phe-1-octreotide in man: Metabolism, dosimetry, and comparison with iodine-123-Tyr-3-octreotide. J Nucl Med 1992;33:652.
68. de Jong M, Breeman WA, Bakker WH, et al. Comparison of (111)In-labeled somatostatin analogues for tumor scintigraphy and radionuclide therapy. Cancer Res 1998;58:437.
69. 3-octreotate using a cross-bridged macrocyclic chelator. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:8674.
70. Wadas TJ, Anderson CJ. Radiolabeling of TETA- and CBTE2A- conjugated peptides with copper-64. Nat Protoc 2006;1:3062.
71. 3]octreotide, a promising somatostatin analogue for radionuclide therapy. Eur J Nucl Med 1997;24:368.
72. 3] octreotide: Peptides for somatostatin receptor-targeted scintigraphy and radionuclide therapy. Nuc Med Commun 1998;19:283.
73. Ginj M, Zhang H, Waser B, et al. Radiolabeled somatostatin receptor antagonists are preferable to agonists for in vivo peptide receptor targeting of tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006;103:16436.
74. 64Cu-CB-TE2A-sst2-ANT, a somatostatin antagonist for PET imaging of somatostatin receptor-positive tumors. J Nucl Med 2008;49:1819.
75. Hynes RO. Integrins: Versatility, modulation, and signaling in cell adhesion. Cell 1992;69:11.
76. Hood JD, Cheresh DA. Role of integrins in cell invasion and migration. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:91.
77. Beer AJ, Schwaiger M. Imaging of integrin alpha v beta 3 expression. Cancer Metast Rev 2008;27:631.
78. Albelda SM, Mette SA, Elder DE, et al. Integrin distribution in malignant melanoma: Association of the beta 3 subunit with tumor progression. Cancer Res 1990;50:6757.
79. Bello L, Francolini M, Marthyn P, et al. Alpha(v)beta3 and alpha(v)beta5 integrin expression in glioma periphery. Neurosurgery 2001;49:380.
80. Brooks PC, Stromblad S, Klemke R, et al. Antiintegrin alpha v beta 3 blocks human breast cancer growth and angiogenesis in human skin. J Clin Invest 1995;96:1815.
81. Jin H, Varner J. Integrins: Roles in cancer development and as treatment targets. B J Cancer 2004;90:561.
82. Horton MA. The alpha v beta 3 integrin "vitronectin receptor." Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997;29:721.
83. Xiong J-P, Stehle T, Zhang R, et al. Crystal structure of the extracellular segment of integrin alpha vbeta 3 in complex with an Arg-Gly-Asp Ligand. Science 2002;296:151.
84. Janssen ML, Oyen WJ, Dijkgraaf I, et al. Tumor targeting with radiolabeled alpha(v)beta(3) integrin binding peptides in a nude mouse model. Cancer Res 2002;62:6146.
85. van Hagen PM, Breeman WA, Bernard HF, et al. Evaluation of a radiolabelled cyclic DTPA-RGD analogue for tumour imaging and radionuclide therapy. Int J Cancer 2000;90:186.
86. 64Cu-labeled RGD peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2004;15:41.
87. Wu Y, Zhang X, Xiong Z, et al. micro-PET imaging of glioma integrin {alpha}v{beta}3 expression using (64)Culabeled tetrameric RGD peptide. J Nucl Med 2005;46:1707.
88. Li ZB, Cai W, Cao Q, et al. (64)Cu-labeled tetrameric and octameric RGD peptides for small-animal PET of tumor alpha(v)beta(3) integrin expression. J Nucl Med 2007;48:1162.
89. Shi J, Kim YS, Zhai S, et al. Improving tumor uptake and pharmacokinetics of (64)Cu-labeled cyclic RGD peptide dimers with Gly(3) and PEG(4) linkers. Bioconjug Chem 2009;20:750.
90. Kimura RH, Cheng Z, Gambhir SS, et al. Engineered knottin peptides: A new class of agents for imaging integrin expression in living subjects. Cancer Res 2009;69:2435.
91. 64Cu-labeled RGD peptide. J Nucl Med 2007;48:311.
92. Nakamura I, Duong le T, Rodan SB, Rodan GA. Involvement of alpha(v)beta3 integrins in osteoclast function. J Bone Miner Metab 2007;25:337.
93. Wei L, Ye Y, Wadas TJ, et al. (64)Cu-Labeled CB-TE2A and diamsar-conjugated RGD peptide analogs for targeting angiogenesis: comparison of their biological activity. Nucl Med Biol 2009;36:277.
94. Laskin JJ, Sandler AB. Epidermal growth factor receptors: A promising target in solid tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 2004;30:1.
95. Fan Z, Masui H, Altas I, Mendelsohn J. Blockage of epidermal growth factor receptor function by bivalent and monovalent fragments of C225 antiepidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antiobodies. Cancer Res 1993;53:4322.
96. Mendelsohn J. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition by a monocolonal antobody as anticancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 1997;3:2703.
97. Cai W, Chen K, He L, et al. Quantitative PET of EGFR expression in xenograft-bearing mice using (64)Cu-labeled cetuximab, a chimeric anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:850.
98. 64Cu-DOTAcetuximab, a PET-imaging agent for epidermal growthfactor receptor-positive tumors. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2008;23:158.
99. Xue C-B, Voss ME, Nelson DJ, et al. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of macrocyclic hydroxamic acids that inhibit tumor necrosis factor a relaease in vitro and in vivo. J Med Chem 2001;44:2636.
100. Banerjee HN, Verma M. Application of nanotechnology in cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2008;7:149.
101. Jain KK. Recent advances in nanooncology. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2008;7:1.
102. Lanza GM, Winter P, Caruthers S, et al. Novel paramagnetic contrast agents for molecular imaging and targeted drug delivery. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2004;5:495.
103. Sosnovik DE, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R. Magnetic nanoparticles for MR imaging: Agents, techniques, and cardiovascular applications. Basic Res Cardiol 2008;103:122.
104. Sun G, Hagooly A, Xu J, et al. Facile, efficient approach to accomplish tunable chemistries, and variable biodistributions for shell cross-linked nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2008;9:1997.
105. Hirsch LR, Gobin AM, Lowery AR, et al. Metal nanoshells. Ann Biomed Eng 2006;34:15.
106. Kogan MJ, Olmedo I, Hosta L, et al. Peptides and metallic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Nanomed 2007;2:287.
107. Liong M, Lu J, Kovochich M, et al. Multifunctional inorganic nanoparticles for imaging, targeting, and drug delivery. ACS Nano 2008;2:889.
108. Loo C, Lin A, Hirsch L, et al. Nanoshell-enabled photonicsbased imaging and therapy of cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2004;3:33.
109. Mulder WJ, Strijkers GJ, Habets JW, et al. MR molecular imaging and fluorescence microscopy for identification of activated tumor endothelium using a bimodal lipidic nanoparticle. Faseb J 2005;19:2008.
110. Saito R, Krauze MT, Bringas JR, et al. Gadolinium-loaded liposomes allow for real-time magnetic resonance imaging of convection-enhanced delivery in the primate brain. Exp Neurol 2005;196:381.
111. Caruthers SD, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Nanotechnological applications in medicine. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2007;18:26.
112. Marsh JN, Partlow KC, Abendschein DR, et al. Molecular imaging with targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles: Quantification of the concentration dependence of contrast enhancement for binding to sparse cellular epitopes. Ultrasound Med Biol 2007;33:950.
113. Gillies ER, Frechet JMJ. Dendrimers and dendritic polymers in drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2005;10:35.
114. Kobayashi H, Kawamoto S, Jo SK, et al. Macromolecular MRI contrast agents with small dendrimers: Pharmacokinetic differences between sizes and cores. Bioconjug Chem 2003;14:388.
115. Liu Z, Cai W, He L, et al. In vivo biodistribution and tumor targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice. Nature Nanotechnology 2007;2:47.
116. Keren S, Zavaleta C, Cheng Z, et al. Noninvasive molecular imaging of small living subjects using Raman spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:5844.
117. Yu X, Munge B, Patel V, et al. Carbon nanotube amplification strategies for highly sensitive immunodetection of cancer biomarkers. J Am Chem Soc 2006;128:11199.
118. Shokeen M, Fettig NM, Rossin R. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of radiolabeled nanoparticles. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;52:267.
119. Pressly ED, Rossin R, Hagooly A, et al. Structural effects on the biodistribution and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of well-defined (64)Cu-labeled nanoparticles comprised of amphiphilic block graft copolymers. Biomacromolecules 2007;8:3126.
120. Fukukawa K, Rossin R, Hagooly A, et al. Synthesis and characterization of core-shell star copolymers for in vivo PET imaging applications. Biomacromolecules 2008;9:1329.
121. Sun X, Rossin R, Turner JL, et al. An assessment of the effects of shell cross-linked nanoparticle size, core composition, and surface PEGylation on in vivo biodistribution. Biomacromolecules 2005;6:2541.
122. Xu J, Sun G, Rossin R, et al. Labeling of polymer nanostructures for medical imaging: Importance of cross-linking extent, spacer length, and charge density. Macromolecules 2007;40:2971.
123. Cai W, Chen K, Li ZB, et al. Dual-function probe for PET and near-infrared fluorescence imaging of tumor vasculature. J Nucl Med 2007;48:1862.
124. Lee HY, Li Z, Chen K, et al. PET/MRI dual-modality tumor imaging using arginine-glycine-aspartic (RGD)-conjugated radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles. J Nucl Med 2008;49:1371.