Guidelines for diagnosis and management of childhood epilepsy

Indian Pediatrics

Volumn 46, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 681-698

  Udani, Vrajesh ^a   Naik, Neeta ^b,c  

^a P D HINDUJA NATIONAL HOSPITAL   (India)

^b Epilepsy Research Centre for Children   (India)

^c IAP   (India)

Author keywords

Childhood epilepsy; Diagnosis; India; Management; Refractory epilepsy

Indexed keywords

ALBENDAZOLE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLOBAZAM; CORTICOTROPIN; DIAZEPAM; ETHOSUXIMIDE; ETIRACETAM; FOSPHENYTOIN SODIUM; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LAMOTRIGINE; LORAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; NITRAZEPAM; OXCARBAZEPINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; PYRIDOXINE; STEROID; TIAGABINE; TOPIRAMATE; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN;

ABSENCE; ACADEMIC FAILURE; ADD ON THERAPY; AGGRESSION; ALOPECIA; ANOREXIA; ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY; ATAXIA; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BENIGN CHILDHOOD EPILEPSY; BLURRED VISION; CATAMENIAL EPILEPSY; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONSTIPATION; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRAVET SYNDROME; DRESS SYNDROME; DRUG COST; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FEVER; DRUG INTERMITTENT THERAPY; DRUG MEGADOSE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EPILEPSY; EPILEPTIC STATE; EPIPHORA; EVENING DOSAGE; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EYE DISEASE; EYE PAIN; EYE REDNESS; FAMILY COUNSELING; FEBRILE CONVULSION; FOCAL EPILEPSY; GENERALIZED EPILEPSY; GLAUCOMA; GRAND MAL EPILEPSY; GRAND MAL SEIZURE; GRANULOMA; HAIR LOSS; HEMIPLEGIA; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPONATREMIA; IDIOPATHIC DISEASE; INFANTILE SPASM; KETOGENIC DIET; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; LENNOX GASTAUT SYNDROME; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOBECTOMY; LUMBAR PUNCTURE; MENINGITIS; MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITY; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; MONOTHERAPY; MYOCLONIC ASTATIC EPILEPSY; MYOCLONUS EPILEPSY; MYOCLONUS SEIZURE; MYOPIA; NAUSEA; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; NEUROIMAGING; OLIGOHYDROSIS; PANAYIOTOPOULOS SYNDROME; PETIT MAL; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REFLEX EPILEPSY; REVIEW; ROLANDIC EPILEPSY; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SOMNOLENCE; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; SYMPTOMATIC EPILEPSY; TERATOGENICITY; TONIC CLONIC SEIZURE; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUBERCULOMA; VOMITING; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION; WEST SYNDROME;

ALGORITHMS; ANTICONVULSANTS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DIAZEPAM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EPILEPSY; HUMANS; INDIA; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; LORAZEPAM; MIDAZOLAM; PEDIATRICS; PHENYTOIN; PYRIDOXINE;

EID: 68949130819     PISSN: 00196061     EISSN: 00196061     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Pal DK. Epilepsy control in the 21st century: leave no child behind. Epilepsia 2003; 44: 273-275.
2. Shiffman RN, Shekelle P, Overhage JM, Slutsky J, Grimshaw J, Deshpande AM. Standardized Reporting of Clinical Practice Guidelines: A proposal from the Conference on Guidelines Standardization. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 493-498. (Pubitemid 38124575)
3. Mizrahi EM, Watanabe K. Symptomatic neonatal seizures: In: Roger J, Bureau M. Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence, 4th ed. London: John Libbey; 2005. p. 16-17.
4. Bauder F, Wohlrab G, Schmitt B. Neonatal seizures: eyes open or closed. Epilepsia 2007; 48: 394-396. (Pubitemid 46213896)
5. Co JP, Elia M, Engel J Jr, Guerrini R, Mizrahi EM, Moshé SL. Proposal of an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of neonatal seizures in developing countries. Epilepsia 2007; 48: 1158-1164. (Pubitemid 46854865)
6. Sankar MJ, Agarwal R, Aggarwal R, Deorari AK, Paul VK. Seizures in the newborn. Indian J Pediatr 2008; 75: 149-155.
7. Castro Conde JR, Hernández Borges AA, Doménech Martínez E, González Campo C, Perera Soler R. Midazolam in neonatal seizures with no response to phenobarbital. Neurology 2005; 64: 876-879. (Pubitemid 40316328)
8. Huang CC, Chang YC, Wang ST. Acute symptomatic seizure disorders in young children-a population study in southern Taiwan. Epilepsia 1998; 39: 960-964.
9. Murthy JM, Yangala R. Acute symptomatic seizures - incidence and etiological spectrum: a hospital-based study from South India. Seizure 1999; 8: 162-165. (Pubitemid 29255506)
10. Balasubramanian S, Shivbalan S, Kumar PS. Hypocalcemia due to vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants. Indian Pediatr 2006; 43: 247-251.
11. Agrawal A, Timothy J, Pandit L, Manju M. Posttraumatic epilepsy: an overview. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2006; 108: 433-439.
12. Singhi PD, Srinivas M. Febrile seizures. Indian Pediatr 2001; 38: 733-740.
13. Sadleir LG, Scheffer IE. Febrile seizures. BMJ 2007; 334: 307-311.
14. Baumann RJ, Duffner PK. Treatment of children with simple febrile seizures: the AAP practice parameter. American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatr Neurol 2000; 23: 11-17. (Pubitemid 30665625)
15. Bhattacharyya M, Kalra V, Gulati S. Intranasal midazolam vs. rectal diazepam in acute childhood seizures. Pediatr Neurol 2006; 34: 355-359.
16. ILAE Neuroimaging Commission. ILAE Neuroimaging Commission Recommendations for Neuroimaging of Patients with Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1997; 38: 1-2. (Pubitemid 28016205)
17. Singhi P, Singhi S. Neurocysticercosis in children. J Child Neurol 2004; 19: 482-492.
18. Wasay M, Kheleani BA, Moolani MK, Zaheer J, Pui M, Hasan S, et al. Brain CT and MRI findings in 100 consecutive patients with intracranial tuberculoma. J Neuroimaging 2003; 13: 240-247. (Pubitemid 36775945)
19. Pretell EJ, Martinot C Jr, Garcia HH, Alvarado M, Bustos JA, Martinot C. Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Differential diagnosis between cerebral tuberculosis and neurocysticercosis by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2005; 29: 112-114.
20. Del Brutto OH, Roos KL, Coffey CS, Garcia HH. Meta-analysis: Cysticidal drugs for neurocysticercosis: albendazole and praziquantel. Annals Int Med 2006; 1: 43-51.
21. Singhi P, Dayal D, Khandelwal N. One week versus four weeks of albendazole therapy for neurocysticercosis in children: a randomized, placebo-controlled double blind trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22: 268-272. (Pubitemid 36351076)
22. Thussu A, Arora A, Prabhakar S, Lal V, Sawhney IM. Acute symptomatic seizures due to single CT lesions: how long to treat with antiepileptic drugs? Neurol India 2002; 50: 141-144.
23. Camfield P, Camfield C. Epileptic syndromes in childhood: clinical features, outcomes, and treatment. Epilepsia 2002; 43: 27-32. (Pubitemid 34633695)
24. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League against Epilepsy: Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 1989; 30: 389-399.
25. Panayiotopoulos CP. Early-onset benign childhood occipital seizure susceptibility syndrome: a syndrome to recognize. Epilepsia 1999; 40: 621-630.
26. Prats JM, Garaizar C, García-Nieto ML, Madoz P. Antiepileptic drugs and atypical evolution of idiopathic partial epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 1998; 18: 402-406. (Pubitemid 28308706)
27. Frank LM, Enlow T, Holmes GL, Manasco P, Concannon S, Chen C, et al. Lamictal (lamotrigine) monotherapy for typical absence seizures in children. Epilepsia 1999; 40: 973-979. (Pubitemid 29316053)
28. Reutens DC, Berkovic SE. Idiopathic generalized epilepsy of adolescence: are the syndromes clinically distinct? Neurology 1995; 45: 1469-1476.
29. Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, Appleton R, Baker GA, Chadwick DW, et al. SANAD Study group: The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 1016-1026. (Pubitemid 46436125)
30. Deuschl G, Eisen A. Recommendations for the practice of clinical neurophysiology: Guidelines of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. Amsterdam, Oxford: Elsevier; 1999.
31. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society. Guidelines 1, 2: Minimum technical requirements for performing clinical electroencephalography. J Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 23: 86-91.
32. Wright NB. Imaging in epilepsy: a paediatric perspective. Br J Radiol 2000; 74: 575-589.
33. Uldall P, Alving J, Hansen LK, Kibaek M, Buchholt J. The misdiagnosis of epilepsy in children admitted to a tertiary epilepsy centre with paroxysmal events. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 219-221. (Pubitemid 43325497)
34. Hirtz D, Berg A, Bettis D. Practice parameter: treatment of the child with a first unprovoked seizure: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2003; 60: 166-175. (Pubitemid 36152003)
35. Stroink H, Geerts AT, van Donselaar CA, Peters AC, Brouwer OF, Peeters EA, et al. Status epilepticus in children with epilepsy: Dutch study of epilepsy in childhood. Epilepsia 2007; 48: 1708-1715. (Pubitemid 47352880)
36. Holsti M, Sill BL, Firth SD, Filloux FM, Joyce SM, Furnival RA. Prehospital intranasal midazolam for the treatment of pediatric seizures. Pediatr Emerg Care 2007; 23: 148-153. (Pubitemid 46596626)
37. Brodie MJ. Medical therapy of epilepsy: when to initiate and combine. J Neurol 2005; 252: 125-130.
38. O'Dells. Initiation and discontinuation of AEDs. Neurol Clin 2001; 19: 289-311.
39. Bialer M. Extended-release formulations for the treatment of epilepsy. CNS Drugs 2007; 21: 765-774.
40. De Silva M, MacArdle B, McGowan M, Hughes E, Stewart J, Neville BG. Randomised comparative monotherapy trial of phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate for newly diagnosed childhood epilepsy. Lancet 1996; 347: 709-713. (Pubitemid 26085644)
41. Patsalos PN, Berry DJ, Bourgeois BF, Cloyd JC, Glauser TA, Johannessen SI. Antiepileptic drugs-best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring: a position paper by the subcommission on therapeutic drug monitoring, ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 2008; 49: 1239-1276.
42. Specchio LM, Beghi E. Should antiepileptic drugs be withdrawn in seizure-free patients? CNS Drugs 2004; 18: 201-212.
43. Matricardi M, Brinciotti M, Benedetti P. Outcome after discontinuation of antiepileptic drug therapy in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989; 30: 582-589. (Pubitemid 19253101)
44. Serra JG, Montenegro MA, Guerreiro MM. Antiepileptic drug withdrawal in childhood: does the duration of tapering off matter for seizure recurrence? J Child Neurol 2005; 20: 624-626.
45. Ranganathan LN, Ramaratnam S. Rapid versus slow withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 19: CD005003.
46. Bartha AI, Shen J, Katz KH, Mischel RE, Yap KR, Ivacko JA. Neonatal seizures: multicenter variability in current treatment practices. Pediatr Neurol 2007; 37: 85-90. (Pubitemid 47187647)
47. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Phenobarbital for the treatment of epilepsy in the 21st century: a critical review. Epilepsia 2004; 45: 1141-1149. (Pubitemid 39238126)
48. Camfield C, Camfield P. Management guidelines for children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia 2005; 46: 112-116. (Pubitemid 44921988)
49. Guerrini R. Valproate as a mainstay of therapy for pediatric epilepsy. Paediatr Drugs 2006; 8: 113-129.
50. Verrotti A, Greco R, Latini G, Chiarelli F. Endocrine and metabolic changes in epileptic patients receiving valproic acid. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2005; 18: 423-430. (Pubitemid 40645575)
51. Schulpis KH, Karikas GA, Tjamouranis J, Regoutas S, Tsakiris S. Low serum biotinidase activity in children with valproic acid monotherapy. Epilepsia 2001; 42: 1359-1362. (Pubitemid 33070678)
52. Russell S. Carnitine as an antidote for acute valproate toxicity in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2007; 19: 206-210. (Pubitemid 46668075)
53. Wheless JW, Clarke DF, Carpenter D. Treatment of pediatric epilepsy: expert opinion. J Child Neurol 2005; 20: S1-56. (Pubitemid 43230877)
54. Eeg-Olofsson O, Nilsson HL, Tonnby B, Arvidsson J, Grahn PA, Gylje H, et al. Diurnal variation of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in plasma and saliva in children with epilepsy: a comparison between conventional and slow-release formulations. J Child Neurol 1990; 5: 159-165. (Pubitemid 20213448)
55. Ryan SW, Forsythe I, Hartley R, Haworth M, Bowmer CJ. Slow release carbamazepine in treatment of poorly controlled seizures. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 930-935. (Pubitemid 20304928)
56. Parmeggiani A, Fraticelli E, Rossi PG. Exacerbation of epileptic seizures by carbamazepine: report of 10 cases. Seizure 1998; 7: 479-483. (Pubitemid 29015320)
57. Bajaj AS. Intermittent clobazam in febrile seizures: an Indian experience. Pediat Neurol 2005; 3: 19-23.
58. Chellam K. Intermittent clobazam therapy in febrile seizures. Indian J Pediatr 2005; 72: 31-33. (Pubitemid 40278861)
59. Himizu H. Use of clobazam for the treatment of refractory complex partial seizures. Seizure 2003; 12: 282-286.
60. Munn R, Farrell K. Open study of clobazam in refractory epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 1993; 9: 465-469. (Pubitemid 24029566)
61. Satishchandra P. Long term use of clobazam in the management of intractable epilepsy: a prospective study. Neurol Annals 1998; 46: 284-287.
62. Canadian Clobazam Cooperative Group. Clobazam in treatment of refractory epilepsy: the Canadian experience. A retrospective study. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 407-416.
63. Guerreiro MM, Vigonius U, Pohlmann H, de Manreza ML, Fejerman N, Antoniuk SA, et al. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1997; 27: 205-213. (Pubitemid 27306801)
64. French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J. Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II. Treatment of refractory epilepsy. Report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee and quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 2004; 62: 1261-1273.
65. Pina Garza JE, Espinoza R, Nordli D, Bennett DA, Spirito S, Stites TE, et al. Oxcarbazepine adjunctive therapy in infants and young children with partial seizures. Neurology 2005; 65: 1370-1375. (Pubitemid 41552763)
66. Albani F, Grassi B, Ferrara R. Immediate (overnight) switching from carbamazepine to oxcarbamazepine monotherapy is equivalent to a progressive switch. Seizure 2004; 13: 254-263. (Pubitemid 38607554)
67. French JA, Kanner AM, Bautista J, Abou-Khalil B, Browne T, Harden CL, et al. Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new onset epilepsy.: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; American Epilepsy Society. Neurology 2004; 62: 1252-1260.
68. Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, Appleton R, Baker GA, Chadwick DW. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 1000-1015. (Pubitemid 46436124)
69. Glauser TA. Topiramate in the catastrophic epilepsies of childhood. J Child Neurol 2000; 15: 14-21.
70. Hosain SA. Topiramate for the treatment of infantile spasms. J Child Neurol 2006; 21: 17-19.
71. Kröll-Seger J, Portilla P, Dulac O, Chiron C. Topiramate in the treatment of highly refractory patients with Dravet syndrome. Neuropediatrics 2006; 37: 325-329. (Pubitemid 46480526)
72. Albsoul-Younes AM. Topiramate slow dose titration: improved efficacy and tolerability. Pediatr Neurol 2004; 31: 349-352.
73. Philippi H. Topiramate and metabolic acidosis in infants and toddlers. Epilepsia 2002; 43: 744-747. (Pubitemid 34774257)
74. Ben-Zeev B, Watemberg N, Augarten A, Brand N, Yahav Y, Efrati O, et al. Oligohydrosis and hyperthermia: pilot study of novel topiramate adverse effect. J Child Neurol 2003; 18: 254-257. (Pubitemid 36603622)
75. Glauser TA, Ayala R, Elterman RD, Mitchell WG, Van Orman CB, Gauer LJ, et al; on behalf of the N159 Study Group. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive levetiracetam in pediatric partial seizures. Neurology 2006; 66: 1654-1660.
76. Grosso S, Franzoni E, Coppola G, Lannetti P, Verrotti A, Cordelli DM, et al. Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam: An add-on trial in children with refractory epilepsy. Seizure 2005; 14: 248-253. (Pubitemid 40704329)
77. Crest C, Dupont S, Leguern E, Adam C, Baulac M. Levetiracetam in progressive myoclonic epilepsy: an exploratory study in 9 patients. Neurology 2004; 62: 640-643. (Pubitemid 38252812)
78. Pellock JM. Tiagabine (gabitril) experience in children. Epilepsia 2001; 42: 49-51.
79. Balslev T, Uldall P, Buchholt J. Provocation of non-convulsive status epilepticus by tiagabine in three adolescent patients. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2000; 4: 169-170. (Pubitemid 30604756)
80. Freeman JM, Kossoff EH, Hartman AL. The ketogenic diet: one decade later. Pediatrics 2007; 119: 535-543.
81. Lefevre F, Aronson N. Ketogenic diet for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in children: a systemic review of efficacy. Pediatrics 2000; 105: e46.
82. Camfield PR, Camfield CS. Antiepileptic drug therapy: when is epilepsy truly intractable? Epilepsia 1996; 37: 60-65.
83. Kang HC. Early and late onset complications of the ketogenic diet for intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia 2004; 45: 1116-1123. (Pubitemid 39238123)
84. Cherian PJ, Radhakrishnan K. Selection of ideal candidates for epilepsy surgery in developing countries. Neurol India 2002; 50: 11-16. (Pubitemid 34441081)
85. Udani VP, Dharnidharkari V, Nair A, Oka M. Difficult to control epilepsy in childhood - a long term study of 123 cases. Indian Pediatr 1993; 30: 1199-1206. (Pubitemid 23314743)
86. Gayatri NA, Livingston JH. Aggravation of epilepsy by anti-epileptic drugs. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006; 48: 394-398.
87. Kochen S, Giagante B, Oddo S. Spike-and-wave complexes and seizure exacerbation caused by carbamazepine. Eur J Neurol 2002; 9: 41-47.
88. Vendrame M, Khurana DS, Cruz M, Melvin J, Valencia I, Legido A. Aggravation of seizures and/or EEG features in children treated with oxcarbazepine monotherapy. Epilepsia 2007; 48: 2116-2120. (Pubitemid 350098758)
89. Shields WD. Diagnosis of infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2004; 45: 2-4.
90. Mackay MT, Weiss SK, Adams-Webber T, Ashwal S, Stephens D, Ballaban-Gill K, et al. American Academy of Neurology; Child Neurology Society Practice Parameter: Medical treatment of infantile spasms: report of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2004; 62: 1668-1681.
91. Lux AL, Edwards SW, Hancock E, Johnson AL, Kennedy CR, Newton RW; United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study. The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study (UKISS) comparing hormone treatment with vigabatrin on developmental and epilepsy outcomes to age 14 months: a multicentre randomized trial. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4: 712-717.
92. Eriksson AS, Nergardh A, Hoppu K. The efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolescents with refractory generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Epilepsia 1998; 39: 495-501. (Pubitemid 28221805)
93. Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, Reife R, Lim P, Pledger G. A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study Group. Neurology 1999; 52: 1882-1887. (Pubitemid 29260904)
94. Korff CM, Nordli DR Jr. Epilepsy syndromes in infancy. Pediatr Neurol 2006; 34: 253-263.
95. Wiebe S, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Eliasziw M. Effectiveness and efficiency of surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy study group; A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal-lobe epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 311-318.
96. Freeman JM. Rasmussen's syndrome: progressive autoimmune multi-focal encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol 2005; 32: 295-299.
97. Aldenkamp AP, Weber B, Overweg-Plandsoen WC, Reijs R, van Mil S. Educational under-achievement in children with epilepsy: a model to predict the effects of epilepsy on educational achievement. J Child Neurol 2005; 20: 175-180. (Pubitemid 40561760)
98. Sanchez-Carpintero R, Neville BG. Attention ability in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia 2003; 44: 1340-1349.
99. Nordli DR Jr. The management of epilepsy in children: cognitive and behavioral side effects. Rev Neurol Dis 2004; 1: 4-9.
100. Lagae L. Cognitive side effects of anti-epileptic drugs. The relevance in childhood epilepsy. Seizure 2006; 15: 227-234.
101. Achenbach TM, Ruffle TM. The Child Behavior Checklist and related forms for assessing behavioral/emotional problems and competencies. Pediatr Rev 2000; 21: 265-271.
102. Van Rijckevorsel K. Cognitive problems related to epilepsy syndromes, especially malignant epilepsies. Seizure 2006; 15: 227-234.
103. Beaumanoir A, Bureau M, Deonna T, Mira L, Tassinari CA. Continuous Spikes and Waves, During Slow Sleep Electrical Status Epilepticus during Slow Sleep. London: John Libbey; 1995.
104. Lowenstein DH, Bleck T, Macdonald RL. It's time to revise the definition of status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1999; 40: 120-122. (Pubitemid 29031765)
105. Fountain NB. Status epilepticus: risk factors and complications. Epilepsia 2000; 41: 23-30.
106. Appleton R, Martland T, Phillips B. Drug management for acute tonic-clonic convulsions including convulsive status epilepticus in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002: 4: CD001905.
107. Prasad K, Al-Roomi K, Krishnan PR, Sequeira R. Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 4: CD003723.
108. Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, Collins JF, Colling C, Rowan AJ, et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 792-798.
109. Mehta V, Singhi P, Singhi S. Intravenous sodium valproate versus diazepam infusion for the control of refractory status epilepticus in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Child Neurol 2007; 22: 1191-1197.
110. Niermeijer JM, Uiterwaal CS, Van Donselaar CA. Propofol in status epilepticus: little evidence, many dangers? J Neurol 2003; 250: 1237-1240.