Fast and Fragile: A new look at the automaticity of negation processing

Experimental Psychology

Volumn 56, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 434-446

  Deutsch, R ^a   Kordts Freudinger, Robert ^a   Gawronski, Bertram ^b   Strack, Fritz ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Affect misattribution; Automaticity; Evaluative priming; Negation

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; COGNITION; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS; SHORT TERM MEMORY; VISION;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTENTION; COGNITION; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PHOTIC STIMULATION; REACTION TIME; SEMANTICS; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 68649126896     PISSN: 16183169     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169.56.6.434     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Bargh, J. A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1-40). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
2. Boucher, J., & Osgood, C. E. (1969). The Pollyanna hypothesis. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 1-8.
3. Clark, H. H., & Chase, W. G. (1974). Perceptual coding strategies in the formation and verification of descriptions. Memory and Cognition, 2, 101-111.
4. Clark, H. H., & Clark, E. (1977). Psychology and language: An introduction to psycholinguistics. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic.
5. Conrey, F. R., Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Hugenberg, K., & Groom, C. J. (2005). Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The quad model of implicit task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 469.
6. De Houwer, J., Beckers, T., Vandorpe, S., & Custers, R. (2005). Further evidence for the role of mode-independent short-term associations in spatial Simon effects. Perception & Psychophysics, 67, 659-666.
7. De Houwer, J., Hermans, D., Rothermund, K., & Wentura, D. (2002). Affective priming of semantic categorisation responses. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 643-666.
8. Deutsch, R., & Gawronski, B. (2009). When the method makes a difference: Antagonistic effects on "automatic evaluations" as a function of task characteristics of the measure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 101-114.
9. Deutsch, R., Gawronski, B., & Strack, F. (2006). At the boundaries of automaticity: Negation as reflective operation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 385-405.
10. Draine, S. C. (1997). Analytic limitations of unconscious language processing. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 58, 3331.
11. Dunlap, W. P., Cortina, J. M., Vaslow, J. B., &Burke, M. J. (1996). Meta-analysis of experiments with matched groups or repeated measures designs. Psychological Methods, 1, 170-177.
12. Evans, J. S. B. T. (1972). Reasoning with negatives. British Journal of Psychology, 63, 213-219.
13. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
14. Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and uses. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 297-327.
15. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2005). Accessibility effects on implicit social cognition: The role of knowledge activation and retrieval experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 672.
16. Gawronski, B., Cunningham, W. A., LeBel, E. P., & Deutsch, R. (2008a). Attentional influences on affective priming: Does categorization (always) influence spontaneous evaluations of multiply categorizable objects? Manuscript submitted for publication.
17. Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R., LeBel, E. P., & Peters, K. (2008b). Response interference as a mechanism underlying implicit measures: Some traps and gaps in the assessment of mental associations with experimental paradigms. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 24, 218-228.
18. Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R., Mbirkou, S., Selbt, B., & Strack, F. (2008c). When "Just Say No" is not enough: Affirmation versus negation training and the reduction of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 370-377.
19. Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R., & Seidel, O. (2005). Contextual influences on implicit evaluation: A test of additive versus contrastive effects of evaluative context stimuli in affective priming. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 1226-1236.
20. Gilbert, D. T., Krull, D. S., & Malone, P. S. (1990). Unbelieving the unbelievable: Some problems in the rejection of false information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 601-613.
21. Hasson, U., Simmons, J. P., & Todorov, A. (2005). Believe it or not: On the possibility of suspending belief. Psychological Science, 16, 566-571.
22. Hermans, D., Crombez, G., & Eelen, P. (2000). Automatic attitude activation and efficiency: The fourth horseman of automaticity. Psychologica Belgica, 40, 3-22.
23. Jung Grant, S., Malaviya, P., & Sternthal, B. (2004). The influence of negation on product evaluations. Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 583-591.
24. Kaup, B., & Zwaan, R. A. (2003). Effects of negation and situational presence on the accessibility of text information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 439-446.
25. Klauer, K. C., & Musch, J. (2002). Goal-dependent and goalindependent effects of irrelevant evaluations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 802-814.
26. Klauer, K. C., & Teige-Mocigemba, S. (2007). Controllability and resource dependence in automatic evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 648-655.
27. Klinger, M. R., Burton, P. C., & Pitts, G. S. (2000). Mechanisms of unconscious priming: I. Response competition, not spreading activation. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 411-455.
28. Kunde, W., Kiesel, A., & Hoffmann, J. (2003). Conscious control over the content of unconscious cognition. Cognition, 88, 223-242.
29. Logan, G. D. (1988). Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review, 95, 492-527.
30. Mayo, R., Schul, Y., & Burnstein, E. (2004). "I am not guilty" vs. "I am innocent": Successful negation may depend on the schema used for its encoding. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 433-449.
31. Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167-202.
32. Moors, A., & De Houwer, J. (2006). Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 297-326.
33. Moors, A., De Houwer, J., Hermans, D., & Eelen, P. (2005). Unintentional processing of motivational valence. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 6, 1043-1063.
34. Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2003). Relations between implicit measures of prejudice: What are we measuring? Psychological Science, 14, 636-639.
35. Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewart, B. D. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 277-293.
36. Rotteveel, M., & Phaf, R. H. (2004). Loading working memory enhances affective priming? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 326-331.
37. Simmons, J. P., & Prentice, D. A. (2006). Pay attention! Attention to the primes increases attitude assessment accuracy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 784-791.
38. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220-247.
39. Unkelbach, C., Fiedler, K., Bayer, M., Stegmuller, M., & Danner, D. (2008). Why positive information is processed faster: The density hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 36-49.
40. Walster, E., Berscheid, E., Abrahams, D., & Aronson, V. (1967). Effectiveness of debriefing following deception experiments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 371-380.
41. Wentura, D. (1999). Activation and inhibition of affective information: Evidence for negative priming in the evaluation task. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 65-91.
42. Wittenbrink, B., & Schwarz, N. (2007). Implicit measures of attitudes. New York, NY: Guilford Press.