Air pollution in relation to U.S. cancer mortality rates: An ecological study; likely role of carbonaceous aerosols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Anticancer Research

Volumn 29, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 3537-3545

  Grant, William B ^a  

^a Sunlight   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerosols; Air pollution; Cancer; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Ultraviolet B; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

DIESEL FUEL; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON;

AEROSOL; AIR POLLUTION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RISK; COAL POWER; COMBUSTION; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; POVERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT CANCER; RURAL AREA; SKIN CANCER; SMOKING; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREA; UROGENITAL TRACT CANCER; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER;

AEROSOLS; AIR POLLUTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEOPLASMS; POLYCYCLIC COMPOUNDS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 68549109522     PISSN: 02507005     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (80)

1. Garland CF and Garland FC: Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer? Int J Epidemiol 9: 227-231, 1980.
2. Garland FC, Garland CF, Gorham ED and Young JF: Geographic variation in breast cancer mortality in the United States: a hypothesis involving exposure to solar radiation. Prev Med 19: 614-622, 1990.
3. Hanchette CL and Schwartz GG: Geographic patterns of prostate cancer mortality. Evidence for a protective effect of ultraviolet radiation. Cancer 70: 2861-2869, 1992.
4. Lefkowitz ES and Garland CF: Sunlight, vitamin D and ovarian cancer mortality rates in US women. Int J Epidemiol 23: 1133-1136, 1994.
5. Grant WB: An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Cancer 94: 1867-1875, 2002.
6. Boscoe FP and Schymura MJ: Solar ultraviolet-B exposure and cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, 1993-2000. BMC Cancer 6: 264, 2006.
7. Grant WB and Garland CF: The association of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) with reducing risk of cancer: multifactorial ecologic analysis of geographic variation in age-adjusted cancer mortality rates. Anticancer Res 26: 2687-2699, 2006.
8. Grant WB: Lower vitamin-D production from solar ultraviolet-B irradiance may explain some differences in cancer survival rates. J Natl Med Assoc 98: 357-364, 2006.
9. Samet JM, Dominici F, Curriero FC, Coursac I and Zeger SL: Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities, 1987-1994. N Engl J Med 343: 1742-1749, 2000.
10. Pope CA 3rd, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K and Thurston GD: Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 287: 1132-1141, 2002.
11. Eftim SE, Samet JM, Janes H, McDermott A and Dominici F: Fine particulate matter and mortality: A comparison of the Six Cities and American Cancer Society cohorts with a Medicare cohort. Epidemiology 19: 209-216, 2008. (Pubitemid 351253007)
12. Dominici F, McDermott A, Zeger SL and Samet JM: National maps of the effects of particulate matter on mortality: exploring geographical variation. Environ Health Perspect 111: 39-44, 2003.
13. Bosetti C, Boffetta P and La Vecchia C: Occupational exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and respiratory and urinary tract cancers: a quantitative review to 2005. Ann Oncol 18: 431-446, 2007.
14. Boström CE, Gerde P, Hanberg A, Jernström B, Johansson C, Kyrklund T, Rannug A, Tömqvist M, Victorin K and Westerholm R: Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air. Environ Health Perspect 110(Suppl 3): 451-488, 2002. (Pubitemid 34669811)
15. Lodovici M, Venturini M, Marini E, Grechi D and Dolara P: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons air levels in Florence, Italy, and their correlation with other air pollutants. Chemosphere 50: 377-382, 2003.
16. Christensen ER and Arora S: Source apportionment of PAHs in sediments using factor analysis by time records: application to Lake Michigan, USA. Water Res 41: 168-176, 2007.
17. Louchouarn P, Chillrud SN, Houel S, Yan B, Chaky D, Rumpel C, Largeau C, Bardoux G, Walsh D and Bopp RF: Elemental and molecular evidence of soot- and char-derived black carbon inputs to New York City's atmosphere during the 20th century. Environ Sci Technol 41: 82-87, 2007. (Pubitemid 46047826)
18. Billet S, Garçon G, Dagher Z, Verdin A, Ledoux F, Cazier F, Courcot D, Aboukais A and Shirali P: Ambient particulate matter (PM2.5): physicochemical characterization and metabolic activation of the organic fraction in human lung epithelial cells (A549). Environ Res 105: 212-223, 2007.
19. Lewtas J, Walsh D, Williams R and Dobiás L: Air pollution exposure-DNA adduct dosimetry in humans and rodents: evidence for non-linearity at high doses. Mutat Res 378: 51-63, 1997. (Pubitemid 27342084)
20. Binkova B, Chvatalova I, Lnenickova Z, Milcova A, Tulupova E, Farmer PB and Sram RJ: PAH-DNA adducts in environmentally exposed population in relation to metabolic and DNA repair gene polymorphisms. Mutat Res 620: 49-61, 2007. (Pubitemid 46776723)
21. Chen SY, Wang LY, Lunn RM, Tsai WY, Lee PH, Lee CS, Ahsan H, Zhang YJ, Chen CJ and Santella RM: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in liver tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma patients and controls. Int J Cancer 99: 14-21, 2002. (Pubitemid 34273192)
22. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results. http://seer.cancer.gov/ (accessed June 24, 2008)
23. Devesa SS, Grauman DJ, Blot WJ, Pennello GA, Hoover RN and Fraumeni JF Jr: Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1950-1994. NIH Publication No. 99-4564, 1999. http://cancer.gov/atlasplus/new.html (accessed June 20, 2008)
24. Leffell DJ and Brash DE: Sunlight and skin cancer. Sci Am. 275: 52-53, 56-59, 1996. http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/ery-uv/dna-exp.gif (accessed June 20, 2008).
25. Shopland DR, Niemcryk SJ and Marconi KM: Geographic and gender variations in total tobacco use. Am J Public Health 82: 103-106, 1992.
26. Leistikow B: Lung cancer rates as an index of tobacco smoke exposures: validation against black male approximate non-lung cancer death rates, 1969-2000. Prev Med 38: 511-515, 2004.
27. Grant WB: An ecologic study of cancer mortality rates in Spain with respect to indices of solar UVB irradiance and smoking. Int J Cancer 120: 1123-1128, 2007.
28. Hyman MM, Zimmermann MA, Gurioli C and Helrich A: Drinkers, Drinking, and Alcohol-Related Mortality and Hospitalizations; A Statistical Compendium. Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, New Burnswick, NJ, 1980.
29. Lakins NS, Williams GD, Li HY and Smothers BA: Surveillance Report #66: Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977-2002. Washington, DC: NIAAA, 2004. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/ surveillance66/CONS-02.pdf (accessed October 26, 2005).
30. O'Brien K, Cokkinides V, Jemal A, Cardinez CJ, Murray T, Samuels A, Ward E and Thun MJ: Cancer statistics for Hispanics, 2003. CA Cancer J Clin 53: 208-226, 2003.
31. Gibson C and Jung K: Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States. Population Division. U.S. Census Bureau. Washington, DC 20233. Working Paper Series No. 56. 2002. http://www.census.gov/ population/www/documentation/twps0056.html (accessed June 24, 2008).
32. U.S. Census Bureau: Urban and Rural Populations: 1900 to 1990. Source: 1990 Census of Population and Housing, "1990 Population and Housing Unit Counts: United States", (CPH-2); and 1980 PC80-1-1, 1990. http://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/urpop0090.txt (accessed June 24, 2008)
33. U.S. Census Bureau (1995) Census Historical Poverty Tables. CPH-L-162. Persons by Poverty Status in 1969, 1979, and 1989, by State. http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/census/cphl162.html, accessed October 26, 2005).
34. National Atmospheric Deposition Program (2008) Isopleth Maps. http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/isopleths/annualmaps.asp (accessed June 24, 2008).
35. Park RJ, Jacob DJ, Chin M and Martin RV: Sources of carbonaceous aerosols over the United States and implications for natural visibility. J Geophys. Res 108: 4355, 2003. (Pubitemid 38143787)
36. Cooke, WF, Liousse C, Cachier H and Feichter J: Construction of a 1 x 1 fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiation impact in the ECHAM-4 model. J Geophys Res 104: 22, 137-162, 1999. (Pubitemid 30052226)
37. Jemal A, Grauman D and Devesa S: Recent geographic patterns of lung cancer and mesothelioma mortality rates in 49 shipyard counties in the United States, 1970-1994. Am J Ind Med 37: 512-521, 2000.
38. Vineis P and Husgafvel-Pursiainen K: Air pollution and cancer: biomarker studies in human populations. Carcinogenesis 26: 1846-1855, 2005.
39. Lewtas J: Air pollution combustion emissions: characterization of causative agents and mechanisms associated with cancer, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects. Mutat Res 636: 95-133, 2007.
40. Sasco AJ, Secretan MB and Straif K: Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence. Lung Cancer 45(Suppl 2): S3-S9, 2004. (Pubitemid 39488165)
41. Castaño-Vinyals G, Cantor KP, Malats N, Tardon A, Garcia-Closas R, Serra C, Carrato A, Rothman N, Vermeulen R, Silverman D, Dosemeci M and Kogevinas M: Air pollution and risk of urinary bladder cancer in a case-control study in Spain. Occup Environ Med 65: 56-60, 2008.
42. Soll-Johanning H, Bach E, Olsen JH and Tüchsen F: Cancer incidence in urban bus drivers and tramway employees: a retrospective cohort study. Occup Environ Med 55: 594-598, 1998. (Pubitemid 28383479)
43. Guo J, Kauppinen T, Kyyrönen P, Heikkilä P, Lindbohm ML and Pukkala E: Risk of esophageal, ovarian, testicular, kidney and bladder cancers and leukemia among Finnish workers exposed to diesel or gasoline engine exhaust. Int J Cancer 111: 286-292, 2004. (Pubitemid 38924708)
44. Nagata C, Mizoue T, Tanaka K, Tsuji I, Wakai K, Inoue M, Tsugane S, and Research Group for the Development and Evaluation of Cancer Prevention Strategies in Japan: Tobacco smoking and breast cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiological evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn J Clin Oncol 36: 387-394, 2006.
45. Amaral A, Rodrigues V, Oliveira J, Pinto C, Carneiro V, Sanbento R, Cunha R and Rodrigues A: Chronic exposure to volcanic environments and cancer incidence in the Azores, Portugal. Sei Total Environ 367: 123-128, 2006. (Pubitemid 44173045)
46. Lewis-Michl EL, Melius JM, Kallenbach LR, Ju CL, Talbot TO, Orr MF and Lauridsen PE: Breast cancer risk and residence near industry or traffic in Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island, New York. Arch Environ Health 51: 255-265, 1996.
47. Crew KD, Gammon MD, Terry MB, Zhang FF, Zablotska LB, Agrawal M, Shen J, Long CM, Eng SM, Sagiv SK, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI and Santella RM: Polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair genes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007 16: 2033-2041, 2007. (Pubitemid 47621177)
48. Wu MT, Lee LH, Ho CK, Liu CL, Wu TN, Wu SC, Lin LY, Cheng BH and Yang CY: Environmental exposure to cooking oil fumes and cervical intraepithelial neoplasm. Environ Res 94: 25-32, 2004.
49. Mancini R, Romano G, Sgambato A, Flamini G, Giovagnoli MR, Boninsegna A, Carraro C, Vecchione A and Cittadini A: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in cervical smears of smokers and nonsmokers. Gynecol Oncol 75: 68-71, 1999. (Pubitemid 29477804)
50. Lüchtenborg M, White KK, Wilkens L, Kolonel LN and Le Marchand L: Smoking and colorectal cancer: different effects by type of cigarettes? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16: 1341-1347, 2007.
51. Gorham ED, Garland CF and Garland FC: Acid haze air pollution and breast and colon cancer mortality in 20 Canadian cities. Can J Public Health 80: 96-100, 1989.
52. Goldberg MS, Parent ME, Siemiatycki J, Désy M, Nadon L, Richardson L, Lakhani R, Latreille B and Valois MF: A case-control study of the relationship between the risk of colon cancer in men and exposures to occupational agents. Am J Ind Med 39: 531-546, 2001. (Pubitemid 33067676)
53. Helleberg H, Xu H, Ehrenberg L, Hemminki K, Rannug U and Törnqvist M: Studies of dose distribution, premutagenic events and mutation frequencies for benzo[a]pyrene aiming at low dose cancer risk estimation. Mutagenesis 16: 333-337, 2001. (Pubitemid 32684784)
54. Al-Zoughool M, Dossus L, Kaaks R, Clavel-Chapelon F, Tjønneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Gauthier E, Linseisen J, Chang-Claude J, Boeing H, Schulz M, Trichopoulou A, Chryssa T, Trichopoulos D, Berrino F, Palli D, Mattiello A, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Boshuizen HC, Peeters PH, Gram IT, Braaten T, Lund E, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Agudo A, Larrañaga N, Quirós JR, Berglund G, Manjer J, Lundin E, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Allen N, Key T, Jenab M, Cust AE, Rinaldi S and Riboli E: Risk of endometrial cancer in relationship to cigarette smoking: results from the EPIC study. Int J Cancer 121: 2741-2747, 2007. (Pubitemid 350136421)
55. Weiderpass E, Pukkala E, Vasama-Neuvonen K, Kauppinen T, Vainio H, Paakkulainen H, Boffetta P and Partanen T: Occupational exposures and cancers of the endometrium and cervix uteri in Finland. Am J Ind Med 39: 572-580, 2001.
56. Jansson C, Johansson AL, Bergdahl IA, Dickman PW, Plato N, Adami J, Boffetta P and Lagergren J: Occupational exposures and risk of esophageal and gastric cardia cancers among male Swedish construction workers. Cancer Causes Control 16: 755-764, 2005. (Pubitemid 41110967)
57. Kamangar F, Strickland PT, Pourshams A, Malekzadeh R, Boffetta P, Roth MJ, Abnet CC, Saadatian-Elahi M, Rakhshani N, Brennan P, Etemadi A and Dawsey SM: High exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may contribute to high risk of esophageal cancer in northeastern Iran. Anticancer Res 25: 425-428, 2005. (Pubitemid 40470045)
58. Miller BA, Blair A and Reed EJ: Extended mortality follow-up among men and women in a U.S. furniture workers union. Am J Ind Med 25: 537-549, 1994. (Pubitemid 24112576)
59. Pereira FA, de Assunção JV, Saldiva PH, Pereira LA, Mirra AP and Braga AL: Influence of air pollution on the incidence of respiratory tract neoplasm. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 55: 83-87, 2005. (Pubitemid 40076300)
60. Pintos J, Franco EL, Kowalski LP, Oliveira BV and Curado MP: Use of wood stoves and risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract: a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 27: 936-940, 1998. (Pubitemid 29026740)
61. Elci OC, Akpinar-Elci M, Blair A and Dosemeci M. Risk of laryngeal cancer by occupational chemical exposure in Turkey. J Occup Environ Med 45: 1100-1106, 2003. (Pubitemid 37346126)
62. Becher H, Ramroth H, Ahrens W, Risch A, Schmezer P and Dietz A: Occupation, exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and laryngeal cancer risk. Int J Cancer 116: 451-457, 2005. (Pubitemid 41001394)
63. Dockery DW, Pope CA 3rd, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware JH, Fay ME, Ferris BG Jr and Speizer FE: An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N Engl J Med 329: 1753-1759, 1993.
64. Naess Ø, Nafstad P, Aamodt G, Claussen B and Rosland P. Relation between concentration of air pollution and cause-specific mortality: four-year exposures to nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter pollutants in 470 neighborhoods in Oslo, Norway. Am J Epidemiol 165: 435-443, 2007.
65. Gunter MJ, Probst-Hensch NM, Cortessis VK, Kulldorff M, Haile RW and Sinha R: Meat intake, cooking-related mutagens and risk of colorectal adenoma in a sigmoidoscopy-based case-control study. Carcinogenesis 26: 637-642, 2005. (Pubitemid 41214154)
66. Boffetta P, Jourenkova N and Gustavsson P: Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Causes Control 8: 444-472, 1997. (Pubitemid 27297808)
67. Kaerlev L, Teglbjaerg PS, Sabroe S, Kolstad HA, Ahrens W, Eriksson M, González AL, Guénel P, Hardell L, Launoy G, Merler E, Merletti F, Suárez-Varela MM and Stang A: Occupation and small bowel adenocarcinoma: a European case-control study. Occup Environ Med 57: 760-766, 2000. (Pubitemid 30797795)
68. Chen MR, Tsai PJ and Wang YF: Assessing inhalatory and dermal exposures and their resultant health-risks for workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in oil mists in a fastener manufacturing industry. Environ Int 34: 971-975, 2008.
69. Pesch B, Haerting J, Ranft U, Klimpel A, Oelschlägel B and Schill W: Occupational risk factors for urothelial carcinoma: agent-specific results from a case-control study in Germany. MURC Study Group. Multicenter Urothelial and Renal Cancer. Int J Epidemiol 29: 238-247, 2000.
70. Singh GK, Miller BA and Hankey BF: Changing area socioeconomic patterns in U.S. cancer mortality, 1950-1998: Part II - Lung and colorectal cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 94: 916-925, 2002.
71. Kaldor J, Harris JA, Glazer E, Glaser S, Neutra R, Mayberry R, Nelson V, Robinson L and Reed D: Statistical association between cancer incidence and major-cause mortality, and estimated residential exposure to air emissions from petroleum and chemical plants. Environ Health Perspect 54: 319-332, 1984. (Pubitemid 14094134)
72. Gottlieb MS, Carr JK and Morris DT: Cancer and drinking water in Louisiana: colon and rectum. Int J Epidemiol 10: 117-125, 1981. (Pubitemid 11052448)
73. Gottlieb MS and Carr JK: Case-control cancer mortality study and chlorination of drinking water in Louisiana. Environ Health Perspect 46: 169-177, 1982. (Pubitemid 13194266)
74. Cantor KP, Lynch CF, Hildesheim ME, Dosemeci M, Lubin J, Alavanja M and Craun G: Drinking water source and chlorination byproducts. I. Risk of bladder cancer. Epidemiology 9: 21-28, 1998.
75. Grant WB, Garland CF and Holick, MF: Comparisons of estimated economic burdens due to insufficient solar ultraviolet irradiance and vitamin D and excess solar UV irradiance for the United States. Photochem Photobiol 81: 1276-1286, 2005.
76. Grant WB: Roles of solar ultraviolet radiation and vitamin D in human health and how to obtain vitamin D. Expert Rev Dermatol 2: 563-577, 2007.
77. Grant WB, Garland CF and Gorham ED: An estimate of cancer mortality rate reductions in Europe and the U.S. with 1,000 I.U. of oral vitamin D per day. Rec Results Cancer Res 174: 225-234, 2007.
78. Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, Recker RR and Heaney RP: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 85: 1586-1591, 2007. (Pubitemid 46890428)
79. Ruchirawat M, Settachan D, Navasumrit P, Tuntawiroon J and Autrup H: Assessment of potential cancer risk in children exposed to urban air pollution in Bangkok, Thailand. Toxicol Lett 168: 200-209, 2007. (Pubitemid 46110945)
80. Tuntawiroon J, Mahidol C, Navasumrit P, Autrup H and Ruchirawat M: Increased health risk in Bangkok children exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from traffic-related sources. Carcinogenesis 28: 816-822, 2007. (Pubitemid 46523338)