An ecologic study of cancer mortality rates in Spain with respect to indices of solar UVB irradiance and smoking

International Journal of Cancer

Volumn 120, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 1123-1128

  Grant, William B ^a  

^a MB 101 ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Ecologic; Melanoma; Skin cancer; Smoking; Spain; Ultraviolet; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

VITAMIN D;

ARTICLE; BRAIN CANCER; BREAST CANCER; CANCER MORTALITY; COLON CANCER; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; FEMALE; GALLBLADDER CANCER; GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION (SPECIES); HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; LARYNX CANCER; LATITUDE; LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS; LUNG CANCER; MALE; MELANOMA; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; OVARY CANCER; PANCREAS CANCER; PLEURA CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECTUM CANCER; RISK REDUCTION; SMOKING; SPAIN; STOMACH CANCER; THYROID CANCER; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION; UTERUS CANCER;

ECOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEOPLASMS; SMOKING; SPAIN; SUNLIGHT; SURVIVAL RATE; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS; VITAMIN D;

EID: 33846827035     PISSN: 00207136     EISSN: 10970215     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22386     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Garland CF, Garland FC. Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer? Int J Epidemiol 1980;9:227-31.
2. Grant WB. An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the United States due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet-B radiation. Cancer 2002;94:1867-75.
3. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Rimm EB, Hollis BW, Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006;98:451-9.
4. Grant WB, Garland CF. The association of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) with reducing risk of cancer: multifactorial ecologic analysis of geographic variation in age-adjusted cancer mortality rates. Anticancer Res 2006;26:2687-700.
5. Millen AE, Tucker MA, Hartge P, Halpern A, Elder DE, Guerry D, IV, Holly EA, Sagebiel RW, Potischman N. Diet and melanoma in a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13:1042-51.
6. Berwick M, Armstrong BK, Ben-Porat L, Fine J, Kricker A, Eberle C, Barnhill R. Sun exposure and mortality from melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:195-9.
7. Hughes AM, Armstrong BK, Vajdic CM, Turner J, Grulich AE, Fritschi L, Milliken S, Kaldor J, Benke G, Kricker A. Sun exposure may protect against non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 2004;112:865-71.
8. Smedby KE, Hjalgrim H, Melbye M, Torrang A, Rostgaard K, Munksgaard L, Adami J, Hansen M, Porwit-MacDonald A, Jensen BA, Roos G, Pedersen BB, et al. Ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of malignant lymphomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:199-209.
9. van den Bemd GJ, Chang GT. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogs in cancer treatment. Curr Drug Targets 2002;3:85-94.
10. Lamprecht SA, Lipkin M. Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3:601-14.
11. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr SB, Lipkin M, Newmark HL, Giovannucci E, Wei M, Holick MF. Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005;97:179-94.
12. Mizoue T. Ecological study of solar radiation and cancer mortality in Japan. Health Phys 2004;87:532-8.
13. Grant WB. The importance of solar ultraviolet-B irradiance and vitamin D in reducing the risk of cancer in Australia and New Zealand. UV radiation and its effects: an update, sponsored by NIWA, Dunedin, between 19 and 21 April, 2006. Available at: http://www.niwascience.co.nz/rc/atmos/uvconference/2006/ Grant.pdf, (accessed August 3, 2006).
14. Robsahm TE, Tretli S, Dahlback A, Moan J. Vitamin D3 from sunlight may improve the prognosis of breast-, colon- and prostate cancer (Norway). Cancer Causes Control 2004;15:149-58.
15. Zhou W, Suk R, Liu G, Park S, Neuberg DS, Wain JC, Lynch TJ, Giovannucci E, Christiani DC. Vitamin D is associated with improved survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:2303-9.
16. Porojnicu AC, Robsahm TE, Ree AH, Moan J. Season of diagnosis is a prognostic factor in Hodgkin's lymphoma: a possible role of sun-induced vitamin D. Br J Cancer 2005;93:571-4.
17. Lim HS, Roychoudhuri R, Peto J, Schwartz G, Baade P, Moller H. Cancer survival is dependent on season of diagnosis and sunlight exposure. Int J Cancer 2006;119:1530-36.
18. Boniol M, Armstrong BK, Dore JF. Variation in incidence and fatality of melanoma by season of diagnosis in new South Wales, Australia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:524-6.
19. Grant WB. Epidemiology of disease risks in relation to vitamin D insufficiency. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2006;92:65-79.
20. Atlas of cancer mortality and other causes of death in spain 1978-1992. Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer Madridqq, 1996. Avilable at: http://www2.uca.es/hospital/ atlas92/www/Atlas92.html (accessed August 2, 2006).
21. Errezola M, Lopez-Abente G, Escolar A. Geographical patterns of cancer mortality in Spain. Recent Results Cancer Res 1989;114:154-62.
22. Vioque J, Gonzalez Saez L, Cayuela Dominguez A. [Cancer of the pancreas: an ecologic study]. Med Clin (Barc) 1990;95:121-5 (in Spanish).
23. Ocana-Riola R, Sanchez-Cantalejo C, Rosell J, Sanchez-Cantalejo E, Daponte A. Socio-economic level, farming activities and risk of cancer in small areas of Southern Spain. Eur J Epidemiol 2004;19:643-50.
24. Lopez-Abente G, Aragones N, Ramis R, Hernandez-Barrera V, Perez-Gomez B, Escolar-Pujolar A, Pollan M. Municipal distribution of bladder cancer mortality in Spain: possible role of mining and industry. BMC Public Health 2006;6:17.
25. Moreiras O, Carbajal A, Perea I, Varela-Moreiras V. The influence of dietary intake and sunlight exposure on the vitamin D status in an elderly Spanish group. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1992;62:303-7.
26. Gonzalez-Clemente JM, Martinez-Osaba MJ, Minarro A, Delgado MP, Mauricio D, Ribera F. [Hypovitaminosis D: its high prevalence in elderly outpatients in Barcelona. Associated factors]. Med Clin (Barc) 1999;113:641-5 (in Spanish).
27. Gonzalez Bonillo J, Murillo Ramos JJ, Sanz Perez B, Bonilla Polo A. [Intake of calcium and vitamin D by the Pyrenean population]. Nutr Hosp 1997;12:318-20 (in Spanish).
28. Vaquero MP, Sanchez-Muniz FJ, Carbajal A, Garcia-Linares MC, Garcia-Fernandez MC, Garcia-Arias MT. Mineral and vitamin status in elderly persons from Northwest Spain consuming an Atlantic variant of the Mediterranean diet. Ann Nutr Metab 2004;48:125-33.
29. English DR, Armstrong BK, Kricker A, Winter MG, Heenan PJ, Randell PL. Case-control study of sun exposure and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Int J Cancer 1998;77:347-53.
30. De Hertog SA, Wensveen CA, Bastiaens MT, Kielich CJ, Berkhout MJ, Westendorp RG, Vermeer BJ, Bouwes Bavinck JN;Leiden Skin Cancer Study. Relation between smoking and skin cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:231-8.
31. Milan T, Verkasalo PK, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Lifestyle differences in twin pairs discordant for basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:115-23.
32. Kuper H, Boffetta P, Adami HO. Tobacco use and cancer causation: association by tumour type. J Intern Med 2002;252:206-24.
33. Thun MJ, Henley SJ, Calle EE. Tobacco use and cancer: an epidemiologic perspective for geneticists. Oncogene 2002;21:7307-25.
34. Sasco AJ, Secretan MB, Straif K. Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence. Lung Cancer 2004;45 (Suppl 2):S3-S9.
35. Grant WB. A meta-analysis of second cancers after a diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancer: additional evidence that solar ultraviolet-B irradiance reduces the risk of internal cancers. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, in press.
36. Peller S, Stephenson CS. Skin irritation and cancer in the United States Navy. Am J Med Sci 1937;194:326-33.
37. Goldacre MJ, Wotton CJ, Seagroatt V, Yeates D. Multiple sclerosis after infectious mononucleosis: record linkage study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004;58:1032-5.
38. Garland FC, White MR, Garland CF, Shaw E, Gorham ED. Occupational sunlight exposure and melanoma in the U.S. Navy. Arch Environ Health 1990;45:261-7.
39. Moan J, Dahlback A, Setlow RB. Epidemiological support for an hypothesis for melanoma induction indicating a role for UVA radiation. Photochem Photobiol 1999;70:243-7.
40. Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED. Epidemiologic evidence for different roles of ultraviolet A and B radiation in melanoma mortality rates. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:395-404.
41. Gandini S, Sera F, Cattaruzza MS, Pasquini P, Picconi O, Boyle P, Melchi CF. Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: II. Sun exposure. Eur J Cancer 2005;41:45-60.
42. Goggins WB, Finkelstein DM, Tsao H. Evidence for an association between cutaneous melanoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer 2001;91:874-80.
43. McKenna DB, Stockton D, Brewster DH, Doherty VR. Evidence for an association between cutaneous malignant melanoma and lymphoid malignancy: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Scotland. Br J Cancer 2003;88:74-8.
44. Leistikow B. Lung cancer rates as an index of tobacco smoke exposures: validation against black male approximate non-lung cancer death rates, 1969-2000. Prev Med 2004;38:511-5.
45. Grant WB. Lower vitamin-D production from solar ultraviolet-B irradiance may explain some differences in cancer survival rates. J Natl Med Assoc 2006;98:357-64.
46. De Stefani E, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Mendilaharsu M, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Ronco A, Olivera L, Kasdorf H. Diet and adenocarcinoma of the lung: a case-control study in Uruguay. Lung Cancer 2002;35:43-51.
47. Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2002: cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. Lyon: IARC Press, IARC CancerBase No. 5. version 2.0, 2004. (Avilable at: http://www.dep.iarc.fr/ accessed August 3, 2006).
48. Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. The evolution of human skin coloration. J Hum Evol 2000;39:57-106.
49. Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED. Epidemiologic evidence for different roles of ultraviolet A and B radiation in melanoma mortality rates. Ann Epidemiol 2003;13:395-404.
50. Grant WB. Ecologic studies of solar UV-B radiation and cancer mortality rates. Recent Results Cancer Res 2003;164:371-7.
51. Greenlee H, White E, Patterson RE, Kristal AR; Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) Study Cohort. Supplement use among cancer survivors in the Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) study cohort. J Altern Complement Med 2004;10:660-6.
52. Schallreuter KU, Levenig C, Berger J. Cutaneous malignant melanomas with other coexisting neoplasms: a true association? Dermatology 1993;186:12-7.
53. Schenk M, Severson RK, Pawlish KS. The risk of subsequent primary carcinoma of the pancreas in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer 1998;82:1672-6.
54. Bhatia S, Estrada-Batres L, Maryon T, Bogue M, Chu D. Second primary tumors in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer 1999;86:2014-20.
55. Wassberg C, Thorn M, Yuen J, Ringborg U, Hakulinen T. Second primary cancers in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a population-based study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 1999;80:511-5.
56. Wassberg C, Thorn M, Yuen J, Hakulinen T, Ringborg U. Cancer risk in patients with earlier diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma in situ. Int J Cancer 1999;83:314-17.
57. Retsas S, Mohith A, Bell J, Horwood N, Alexander H. Melanoma and additional primary cancers. Melanoma Res 2000;10:145-52.
58. Schmid-Wendtner MH, Baumert J, Wendtner CM, Plewig G, Volkenandt M. Risk of second primary malignancies in patients with cutaneous melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:981-5.
59. Crocetti E, Carli P. Risk of second primary cancers, other than melanoma, in an Italian population-based cohort of cutaneous malignant melanoma patients. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004;13:33-7.
60. Jiang W, Ananthaswamy HN, Muller HK, Ouhtit A, Bolshakov S, Ullrich SE, El-Naggar AK, Kripke ML. UV irradiation augments lymphoid malignancies in mice with one functional copy of wild-type p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:9790-5.
61. Levi F, Randimbison L, La Vecchia C, Erler G, Te VC. Incidence of invasive cancers following squamous cell skin cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:734-9.
62. Hemminki K, Dong C. Subsequent cancers after in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:647-51.
63. Freedman DM, Sigurdson A, Doody MM, Rao RS, Linet MS. Risk of melanoma in relation to smoking, alcohol intake, and other factors in a large occupational cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2003;14:847-57.
64. Grant WB. Ecological study of dietary and smoking links to lymphoma. Altern Med Rev 2000;5:563-72.
65. Nieters A, Deeg E, Becker N. Tobacco and alcohol consumption and risk of lymphoma: results of a population-based case-control study in Germany. Int J Cancer 2006;118:422-30.
66. Baker JA, Odunuga OO, Rodabaugh KJ, Reid ME, Menezes RJ, Moysich KB. Active and passive smoking and risk of ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006;16:211-8.
67. Voigt LF, Weiss NS. Epidemiology of endometrial cancer. Cancer Treat Res 1989;49:1-21.
68. Elizondo JJ, Guillen F, Aguinaga I. [Disparities in food consumption and nutrient intake among in relation to smoking.] An Sist Sanit Navar 2006;29:37-46 (in Spanish).
69. Isaia G, Giorgino R, Rini GB, Bevilacqua M, Maugeri D, Adami S. Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in elderly women in Italy: clinical consequences and risk factors. Osteoporos Int 2003;14:577-82.
70. Jorde R, Saleh F, Figenschau Y, Kamycheva E, Haug E, Sundsfjord J. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in smokers and non-smokers. The fifth Tromso study. Eur J Endocrinol 2005;152:39-45.
71. Need AG, Kemp A, Giles N, Morris HA, Horowitz M, Nordin BE. Relationships between intestinal calcium absorption, serum vitamin D metabolites and smoking in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2002;13:83-8.
72. Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:362-71.
73. Peterlik M, Cross HS. Vitamin D and calcium deficits predispose for multiple chronic diseases. Eur J Clin Invest 2005;35:290-304.
74. Grant WB, Holick MF. Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review. Altern Med Rev 2005;10:94-111.
75. Holick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:353-73.
76. Zittermann A. Vitamin D and disease prevention with special reference to cardiovascular disease. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2006;92:39-48.
77. Grant WB, Garland CF, Holick MF. Comparisons of estimated economic burdens due to insufficient solar ultraviolet irradiance and vitamin D and excess solar UV irradiance for the United States. Photochem Photobiol 2005;81:1276-86.
78. Whiting SJ, Calvo MS. Dietary recommendations to meet both endocrine and autocrine needs of Vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005;97:7-12.
79. Working Group of the Australian and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society; Endocrine Society of Australia; Osteoporosis Australia. Vitamin D and adult bone health in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement. Med J Aust 2005;182:281-285.
80. Canadian Cancer Society. National health groups recognize benefits of Vitamin D. May 25, 2006. Avilable at: http://www.cancer.ca/ccs/internet/ mediareleaselist/0,3208,3172_615815452_1056572186_langId-en.00.html (accessed August 8, 2006).
81. Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED, Lipkin M, Newmark H, Mohr SB, Holick MF. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am J Public Health 2006;96:252-61.
82. Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:204-10.
83. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326:469.
84. Grant WB, Garland CF, Gorham ED. An estimate of cancer mortality rate reductions in Europe and the U.S. with 1000 I.U. of oral vitamin D per day. Recent Results Cancer Res, in press.
85. Espinosa Arranz J, Sanchez Hernandez JJ, Bravo Fernandez P, Gonzalez-Baron M, Zamora Aunon P, Espinosa Arranz E, Jalon Lopez JI, Ordonez Gallego A. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and sun exposure in Spain. Melanoma Res 1999;9:199-205.