Smoking cessation pharmacotherapy

Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 287-308

  Frishman, William H ^a  

^a NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cigarette smoking; Cigarettes; Nicotine; Nicotine replacement; Smoking cessation

Indexed keywords

3 (2,4 DIMETHOXYBENZYLIDENE)ANABASEINE; AMFEBUTAMONE; ANABASINE; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; BROMOCRIPTINE; CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CATECHOLAMINE; CLONIDINE; CYTOCHROME P450 INHIBITOR; DOXEPIN; FLUOXETINE; GLUCOSE; HYDROCORTISONE; MECAMYLAMINE; MOCLOBEMIDE; NALTREXONE; NICOTINE; NICOTINE GUM; NICOTINE PATCH; NICOTINE VACCINE; NORTRIPTYLINE; NOSE SPRAY; PLACEBO; REBOXETINE; RIMONABANT; SELEGILINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; UNINDEXED DRUG; VARENICLINE; VIGABATRIN;

AGGRESSIVENESS; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BLURRED VISION; BURPING; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; COUGHING; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIZZINESS; DROWSINESS; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; EPIPHORA; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HICCUP; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INCREASED APPETITE; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; LOCAL SKIN REACTION; LOW DRUG DOSE; LOZENGE; LUNG DISEASE; MINOR AFFECTIVE DISORDER; NAUSEA; NEOPLASM; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; NONHUMAN; NOSE IRRITATION; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RACE DIFFERENCE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; RHINORRHEA; RISK REDUCTION; SEDATION; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SMOKING CESSATION; SNEEZING; SUDDEN DEATH; SUICIDAL IDEATION; TASTE DISORDER; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; VOMITING; WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; XEROSTOMIA;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRUGS, INVESTIGATIONAL; HUMANS; NICOTINE; NICOTINIC AGONISTS; NICOTINIC ANTAGONISTS; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; TOBACCO USE DISORDER; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 68349103041     PISSN: 17539447     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1753944709335754     Document Type: Article

References (188)

1. Ahluwalia, J.S., Harris, K.J., Catley, D., Okuyemi, K.S. and Mayo, M.S. (2002) Sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation in African Americans: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 288: 468-474.
2. Al-Delaimy, W.K., Manson, J.E., Solomon, C.G., Kawachi, I., Stampfer, M.J., Willett, W.C. et al. (2002) Smoking and risk of coronary heart disease among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 162: 273-279.
3. Anonymous (2008) Varenicline (Chantix) warnings: risk versus benefit. The Medical Letter 50(Issue 1290, July 14): 53.
4. Anthonisen, N.R., Skeans, M.A., Wise, R.A., Manfreda, J., Kanner, R.E., Connett, J.E. et al. (2005) The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality. A randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 142: 233-239.
5. Aubin, H.-J. (2002) Tolerability and safety of sustained-release bupropion in the management of smoking cessation. Drugs 62(Suppl. 2): 45-52.
6. Bazzano, L.A., He, J., Muntner, P., Vupputuri, S. and Whelton, P.K. (2003) Relationship between cigarette smoking and novel risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the United States. Ann Intern Med 138: 891-897.
7. Benowitz, N. (1990) Clinical pharmacology of inhaled drugs of abuse: Implications in understanding nicotine dependence. Natl Inst Drug Abuse Res Monogr 99: 12-29.
8. Benowitz, N.L. (1991 a) Nicotine and coronary heart disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 1: 315-321.
9. Benowitz, N.L. (1991 b) Nicotine replacement therapy during pregnancy. J Am Med Assoc 266: 3174-3177.
10. Benowitz, N.L. (1993) Nicotine effects on eicosamoid formation and hemostatic function: Comparison of transdermal nicotine and cigarette smoking. J Am Coll Cardiol 22: 159-167.
11. Benowitz, N.L. (1994) Establishing nicotine threshold for addiction: The implications for tobacco regulation. New Engl J Med 331: 123-125.
12. Benowitz, N.L. (1995) Nicotine patches. Br Med J 310: 1409-1410.
13. Benowitz, N.L., Zevin, S. and Jacob III, P. (1997) Sources of variability in nicotine and cotinine levels with use of nicotine nasal spray transdermal nicotine, and cigarette smoking. Br J Clin Pharmacol 43: 259-267.
14. Blondal, T., Gudmundsson, L.J., Tomasson, K., Jonsdottir, D., Hilmarsdottir, H., Kristjansson, F. et al. (1999) The effects of fluoxetine combined with nicotine inhalers in smoking cessation - a randomized trial. Addiction 94: 1007-1015.
15. Bohadana, A., Nilsson, F., Rasmussen, T. and Martinet, Y. (2000) Nicotine inhaler and nicotine patch as a combination therapy for smoking cessation. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 160: 3128-34.
16. Bolliger, C., Zellweger, J.P., Danielsson, M.A., van Biljon, X. and Robidou, A. (2000) Smoking reduction with oral nicotine inhalers: double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Br Med J 321: 329-33.
17. Botteri, E., Iodice, S., Bagnardi V.,, Raimondi, S., Lowenfels, A.B. and Maisonneuve, P. (2008) Smoking and colo-rectal cancer. A meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc 300: 2765-2778.
18. Breslau, N., Schulz, L.R., Johnson, E.O., Peterson, F.L. and Davis, G.C. (2005) Smoking and the risk of suicidal behavior: a prospective study of a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62: 328-334.
19. Buchhalter, A.R., Fant, R.V. and Henningfield, J.E. (2008) Novel pharmacological approaches for treating tobacco dependence and withdrawal: current status. Drugs 68: 1067-88.
20. Burke, M.V., Ebbert, J.O. and Hays, J.T. (2008) Treatment of tobacco dependence. Mayo Clin Proc 83: 479-484.
21. Celtic Pharma (2008) Celtic Pharma completes rapid enrollement in phase IIb study for TA-NIC, the nicotine vaccine for smoking cessation. Available at: http://www.celticpharma.com/news/pr/release_102907.pdf
22. Cesaroni, G., Forastiere, F., Agabiti, N., Valente, P., Zuccaro, P. and Perucci, C.A. (2008) Effect of the Italian smoking ban on population rates in acute coronary events. Circulation 117: 1183-1188.
23. Christakis, N.A. and Fowler, J.H. (2008) The collective dynamics of smoking in a large social network. New Engl J Med 358: 2249-2258.
24. Cohen, C., Bergis, O.E., Galli, F., Lochead, A.W., Jegham, S., Biton, B. et al. (2003) SSR591813, a novel selective and partial alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor agonist with potential as an aid to smoking cessation. J Pharm Exp Ther 306: 407-420.
25. Cohen, C., Perrault, G., Griebel, G. and Soubrié, P. (2005) Nicotine associated cues maintain nicotine-seeking behavior in rats several weeks after nicotine withdrawal: reversal by the cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonist, rimonabant (SR141716). Neuropsychopharmacol 30: 145-155.
26. Colby, S.M. and Gwaltney, C.J. (2007) Pharmacotherapy of adolescent smoking cessation (commentary). J Am Med Assoc 298: 2182-2184.
27. Coleman, T., Britton, J. and Thornton, J. (2004) Nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy. Br Med J 328: 965-966.
28. Connolly, G.N., Winn, D.M., Hecht, S.S., Heinningfield, J.E., Walker Jr, B. and Hoffmann, D. (1986) The reemergence of smokeless tobacco. New Engl J Med 314: 1020-1027.
29. Cook, J.W., Spring, B., McChargue, D.E., Borrelli, B., Hitsman, B., Niaura, R. et al. (2004) Influence of fluoxetine on positive and negative affect in a clinic-based smoking cessation trial. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 173: 153-159.
30. Corrigall, W.A., Coen, K.M., Zhang, J. and Adamson, L. (2002) Pharmacological manipulations of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the rat reduce self-administration of both nicotine and cocaine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 160: 198-205.
31. Corringer, P.J., Sallette, J. and Changeux, J.P. (2006) Nicotine enhances intracellular nicotinic receptor maturation: a novel mechanism of neural plasticity? J Physiol Paris 99: 162-171.
32. Covey, L.S. and Glassman, A.H. (1991) A meta-analysis of double-blind placebo controlled trials of clonidine for smoking cessation. Br J Addict 86: 991-998.
33. Critchley, J.A. and Capewell, S. (2003) Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease. J Am Med Assoc 290: 86-97.
34. Critchley, J.A. and Unal, B. (2004) Is smokeless tobacco a risk factor for coronary heart disease? A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 11: 101-112.
35. Curfman, G.D., Morrissey, S. and Drazen, J.M. (2008) The FDA and tobacco regulation (editorial). New Engl J Med 359: 1056-1057.
36. da Costa, C.L., Younes, R.N. and Lourenco, M.T. (2002) Stopping smoking: a prospective randomized, double-blind study comparing nortriptyline to placebo. Chest 122: 403-408.
37. Dale, L.C., Hurt, R.D., Offord, K.P., Lawson, G.M., Croghan, T.I. and Schroeder, D.R. (1995) High-dose nicotine patch therapy. Percentage of replacement and smoking cessation. J Am Med Assoc 274: 1353-1358.
38. Daughton, D.M., Heatley, S.A., Prendergast, J.J., Causey, D., Knowles, M., Rolf, C. et al. (1991) Effect of transdermal nicotine delivery as an adjunct to low-intervention smoking cessation therapy. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Arch Intern Med 151: 749-752.
39. Dawood, N., Vaccarino, V., Reid, K.J., Spertus, J.A., Hamid, N. and Parashar, S. for the PREMIER Registry Investigators (2008) Predictors of smoking cessation after a myocardial infarction. The role of institutional smoking cessation programs in improving success. Arch Intern Med 168: 1961-1967.
40. de Villiers, S.H.L., Lindblom, N., Kalayanov, G., Gordon, S., Malmerfelt, A., Johansson, A.M. et al. (2002) Active immunization against nicotine suppresses nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens shell. Respiration 69: 247-253.
41. Dierker, L. and Donny, E. (2008) The role of psychiatric disorders in the relationship between cigarette smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among young adults. Nicotine Tob Res 10: 439-446.
42. Di Marzo, V., Bifulco, M. and de Petrocellis, L. (2004) The endocannabinoid system and its therapeutic exploitation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 3: 771-784.
43. Epstein, A. and King, A. (2004) Naltrexone attenuates acute cigarette smoking behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77: 29-37.
44. Epstein, R.S. (2008) What's needed for personalized therapy in smoking cessation. Clin Pharm Therap 84: 309-310.
45. Escobedo, L.G. and Caspersen, C.J. (1997) Risk factors for sudden coronary death in the United States. Epidemiology 8: 175-180.
46. Escobedo, L.G. and Zack, M.M. (1996) Comparison of sudden and nonsudden coronary deaths in the United States. Circulation 93: 2033-2036.
47. Etter, J.F. (2006) Cytisine for smoking cessation: a literature review and a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 166: 1553-1559.
48. Fichtenberg, C.M. and Glantz, S.A. (2000) Association of the California tobacco control program with declines in cigarette consumption and mortality from heart disease. New Engl J Med 343: 1772-1777.
49. Fiore, M.C. and Jaén, C.R. (2008) A clinical blueprint to accelerate the elimination of tobacco use (commentary). J Am Med Assoc 299: 2083-2085.
50. Fiore, M.C., Jorenby, D.E., Baker, T.B. and Kenford, S.L. (1992) Tobacco dependence and the nicotine patch. Clinical guidelines for effective use. J Am Med Assoc 268: 2687-2694.
51. Fisher, S.D., Zareba, W., Moss, A.J., Marder, J.V., Sparks, C.E., Hochman, J. et al. (2000) Effect of smoking on lipid and thrombogenic factors two months after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 86: 813-818.
52. Ford, C.L. and Zlabek, J.A. (2005) Nicotine replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc 80: 652-656.
53. Fossati, R., Apolone, G., Negri, E., Compagnoni, A., La Vecchia, C., Mangano, S. et al. (2007) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of bupropion for smoking cessation in primary care. Arch Intern Med 167: 1791-1797.
54. Foulds, J., Burke, M., Steinberg, M., Williams, J.M. and Ziedonis, D.M.L. (2004) Advances in pharmacotherapy for tobacco dependence. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 9: 39-53.
55. Fowler, J.S., Logan, J., Wang, G.J. and Volkow, N.D. (2003) Monoamine oxidase and cigarette smoking. Neurotoxicol 24: 75-82.
56. Frishman, W.H. (2007) Smoking cessation pharmacotherapy: nicotine and non-nicotine preparations. Prevent Cardiol 10(2 Suppl 1): 10-12.
57. Frishman, W.H., Ky, T. and Ismail, A. (2003) Tobacco smoking, nicotine and nicotine and non-nicotine smoking cessation therapies. In Frishman, W.H., Sonnenblick, E.H. and Sica, D.A. (eds) Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapeutics. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw Hill, 369-380.
58. Frishman, W.H., Mitta, W., Kupersmith, A. and Ky, T. (2006) Nicotine and non-nicotine smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. Cardiol Rev 14: 57-73.
59. George, T.P., Vessicchio, J., Termine, A., Jatlow, P.I., Kosten, T.R. and O'Malley, S.S. (2003) A preliminary placebo-controlled trial of selegiline hydrochloride for smoking cessation. Biol Psychiatry 53: 136-143.
60. Glantz, L.H. and Annas, G.J. (2000) Tobacco, the Food and Drug Administration, and Congress. New Engl J Med 343: 1802-1806.
61. Goldenberg, I., Jonas, M., Tenenbaum, A., Boyko, V., Matetzky, S., Shotan, A. et al. (2003) Current smoking, smoking cessation, and the risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med 163: 2301-2305.
62. Gonzales, D., Rennard, S.I., Nides, M., Oncken, C., Azoulay, S., Billing, C.B. et al. (2006) Varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 296: 47-55.
63. Gonzalez, S., Cascio, M.G., Fernandez-Ruiz, J., Fezza, F., Di Marzo, V., Ramos, J.A. et al. (2002) Changes in endocannabinoid contents in the brain of rats chronically exposed to nicotine, ethanol or cocaine. Brain Res 954: 73-81.
64. Goodwin, R.D., Zvolensky, M.J. and Keyes, K.M. (2008) Nicotine dependence and mental disorders among adults in the USA: evaluating the role of the mode of administration. Psychol Med 38: 1277-1286.
65. Gorsline, J., Benowitz, N.L., Rolf, C.N. et al. (1992) Comparison of plasma nicotine concentrations for nicotine transdermal system (NTS), cigarette smoking and nicotine polacrilex (nicotine gum) [abstract]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51: 129.
66. Gostin, L.O. (2008) Global regulatory strategies for tobacco control (commentary). J Am Med Assoc 299: 763.
67. Gupta, R., Gurm, H. and Bartholomew, J.R. (2004) Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular risk. Arch Intern Med 164: 1845-1849.
68. Hall, W. (2002) The prospects for immunotherapy in smoking cessation. Lancet 360: 1089-1091.
69. Hall, S.M., Reus, V.I., Munoz, R.F., Sees, K.L., Humfleet, G., Hartz, D.T. et al. (1998) Nortriptyline and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of cigarette smoking. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55: 683-690.
70. Hammond, E.C. and Horn, D. (1958) Smoking and death rates. Report on forty-four months of follow up of 187,783 men: I. Total mortality. J Am Med Assoc 166: 1159-1264.
71. Hatsukami, D.K., Rennard, S., Patel, M.K., Kotlyar, M., Malcolm, R., Nides, M.A. et al. (2004) Effects of sustained-release bupropion among persons interested in reducing but not quitting smoking. Am J Med 116: 151-157.
72. Hayford, K.E., Patten, C.A., Rummans, T.A., Schroeder, D.R., Offord, K.P., Croghan, T.I. et al. (1999) Efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in smokers with a former history of major depression or alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry 174: 173-178.
73. Hays, T.J. and Ebbert, J.O. (2003) Bupropion sustained release for treatment of tobacco dependence. Mayo Clinic Proceed 78: 1020-1024.
74. He, J., Vupputuri, S., Allen, K., Prerost, M.R., Hughes, J. and Whelton, P.K. (1999) Passive smoking and the risk of coronary heart disease - a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. New Engl J Med 340: 920-926.
75. Henningfield, J.E. (1993) Higher levels of nicotine in arterial than venous blood after cigarette smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend 33: 23-29.
76. Henningfield, J.E., Radzius, A., Cooper, T.M. and Clayton, R.R. (1990) Drinking coffee and carbonated beverages blocks absorption of nicotine from nicotine polacrilex gum. J Am Med Assoc 264: 1560-64.
77. Hieda, Y., Keyler, D.E., van De Voort, J.T., Niedbala, R.S., Raphael, D.E., Ross, C.A. et al. (1999) Immunization of rats reduces nicotine distribution to brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 143: 150-157.
78. Hilleman, D.E., Mohiuddin, S.M. and Packard, K.A. (2004) Comparison of conservative and aggressive smoking cessation treatment strategies following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Chest 125: 435-438.
79. Hioki, Y., Aoki, N., Kawano, K., Homori, M., Hasumura, Y., Yasumura, T. et al. (2001) Acute effects of cigarette smoking on platelet-dependent thrombin generation. Eur Heart J 22: 56-61.
80. Hughes, J.R. (1998) Dependence on and abuse of nicotine replacement: an update. In Benowitz, N.L. (ed.) Nicotine Safety and Toxicity. New York: Oxford University Press, 147-60.
81. Hughes, J.R., Goldstein, M.G., Hurt, R.D. and Shiffman, S. (1999) Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of smoking. J Am Med Assoc 281: 72-76.
82. Hughes, J.R., Stead, L.F. and Lancaster, T. (2004) Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews CD000031.
83. Hurt, R.D., Sachs, D.P.L., Glover, E.D., Offord, K.P., Johnston, J.A., Dale, L.C. et al. (1997) A comparison of sustained release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. New Engl J Med 337: 1195-1202.
84. Jacobs, E.J., Thun, M.J. and Apicella, L.F. (1999 a) Cigar smoking and death from coronary heart disease in a prospective study of US men. Arch Intern Med 159: 2413-2418.
85. Jacobs Jr, D.R., Adachi, H., Mulder, I., Kromhout, D., Menotti, A., Nissinen, A. et al. (1999 b) Cigarette smoking and mortality risk. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the Seven Countries Study. Arch Intern Med 159: 733-740.
86. Jarvis, M.J. (2004) ABC of smoking cessation. Why people smoke. Br Med J 328: 277-279.
87. Jee, S.H., Suh, I., Kim, I.S. and Appel, L.J. (1999) Smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in men with low levels of serum cholesterol. The Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study. J Am Med Assoc 282: 2149-2155.
88. Jorenby, D. (2002) Clinical efficacy of bupropion in the management of smoking cessation. Drugs 62 (Suppl. 2): 25-35.
89. Jorenby, D.E., Hays, J.T., Rigotti, N.A., Azoulay, S., Watsky, E.J., Williams, K.E. et al. (2006) Efficacy of varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation. A randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 296: 56-63.
90. Jorenby, D.E., Leischow, S.J., Nides, M.A., Rennard, S.I., Johnston, J.A., Hughes, A.R. et al. (1999) A controlled trial of sustained release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. New Engl J Med 340: 685-691.
91. Jorenby, D.E., Smith, S.S., Fiore, M.C., Hurt, R.D., Offord, K.P., Croghan, T.I. et al. (1995) Varying nicotine patch dose and type of smoking cessation counseling. J Am Med Assoc 274: 1347-1352.
92. Kahan, M. (1999) Treatment: nortriptyline was associated with an increased rate of 6 month smoking cessation. Evid Based Cardiovasc Med 3: 15-17.
93. Kato, M., Roberts-Thomson, P., Phillips, B.G., Narkiewicz, K., Haynes, W.G., Pesek, C.A. et al. (1999) The effects of short-term passive smoke exposure on endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation. J Hypertens 17: 1395-1401.
94. Kendler, K.S., Neale, M.C., Sullivan, P., Corey, L.A., Gardner, C.O. and Prescott, C.A. (1999) A population-based twin study in women of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. Psychol Med 29: 299-308.
95. Kenfield, S.A., Stampfer, M.J., Rosner, B.A. and Colditz, G.A. (2008) Smoking and smoking cessation in relation to mortality in women. J Am Med Assoc 299: 2037-2047.
96. Kessler, D. (2001) A Question of Intent: A Great American Battle with a Deadly Industry. New York: Public Affairs.
97. Keyler, D., Shoeman, D. and Lesage, M. (2003) Maternal vaccination against nicotine reduce nicotine distribution to fetal brain in rats. JPET 305: 587-592.
98. Kimmel, S.E., Berlin, J.A., Miles, C. et al. (2001) Risk of acute myocardial infarction and use of nicotine patches in a general population. J Am Coll Cardiol 37: 1297-1302.
99. Krishman-Sarin, S., Meandzija, B. and O'Malley, S. (2003) Naltrexone and nicotine patch smoking cessation: a preliminary study. Nicotine Tob Res 5: 851-857.
100. Kuehn, B.M. (2009) Studies linking smoking-cessation drug with suicide risk spark concerns. J Am Med Assoc 301: 1007-1008.
101. Lanca, A.J., Adamson, K.L., Coen, K.M., Chow, B.L. and Corrigall, W.A. (2000) The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the role of cholinergic neurons in nicotine self-administration in the rat: a correlative neuroanatomical and behavioral study. Neuroscience 96: 735-742.
102. Lancaster, T. and Stead, L.F. (2000) Mecamylamine (a nicotine antagonist) for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD001009.
103. Lauro, S. and Paxeras, J.A. (2004) Update on the treatment of smoking dependence. Arch Bronconeumol 40: 123-132.
104. Lerman, C. and Niaura, R. (2002) Applying genetic approaches to the treatment of nicotine dependence. Oncogene 21: 7412-7420.
105. Li, M.D. (2006) The genetics of nicotine dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep 8: 158-164.
106. Lindblom, N., de Villiers, S.H.L., Kalayanov, G., Gordon, S., Johansson, A.M. and Svensson, T.H. (2002) Active immunization against nicotine prevents reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats. Respiration 69: 254-260.
107. Lu, J.T. and Creager, M.A. (2004) The relationship of cigarette smoking to peripheral arterial disease. Rev Cardiovasc Med 5: 189-193.
108. Ludvig, J., Miner, B. and Eisenberg, M.J. (2005) Smoking cessation in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 149: 565-572.
109. Lunell, E., Molander, L. and Andersson, S.R. (1997) Temporary dependency of the release and bioavailability of nicotine from nicotine vapour inhaler: in vitro / in vivo correlation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 52: 495-500.
110. Mauer, P. and Bachmann, M.F. (2007) Vaccination against nicotine: an emerging therapy for tobacco dependence. Expert Topin Investig Drug 16: 1775-1783.
111. Malin, D.H., Alvarado, C.L., Woodhouse, K.S., Karp, H., Urdiales, E., Lay, D. et al. (2002) Passive immunization against nicotine attenuates nicotine discrimination. Life Sci 70: 2793-2798.
112. Matetzky, S., Tani, S., Kangavari, S., Dimayuga, P., Yano, J., Xu, H. et al. (2000) Smoking increases tissue factor expression in atherosclerotic plaques. Implications for plaque thrombogenicity. Circulation 102: 602-604.
113. Mathieu-Kia, A.M., Kellogg, S.H., Butelman, E.R. and Kreek, M.J. (2002) Nicotine addiction: insights from recent animal studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 162: 102-118.
114. Meine, T.J., Patel, M.R., Washam, J.B., Pappas, P.A. and Jollis, J.G. (2005) Safety and effectiveness of transdermal nicotine patch in smokers admitted with acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 95: 976-978.
115. Miller, M., Hemenway, D. and Rimm, E. (2000) Cigarettes and suicide: a prospective study of 50,000 men. Am J Public Health 90: 768-773.
116. Murphy, J.K., Edwards, N.B., Downs, A.D., Ackerman, B.J. and Rosenthal, T.L. (1990) Effects of doxepin on withdrawal symptoms in smoking cessation. Am J Psychiatry 147: 1353-1357.
117. Murphy, M., Hey, K., Johnstone, E., Munafo, M., Walton, R., Willis, B. et al. (2002) Bromocriptine use is associated with decreased smoking rates. Addict Biol 7: 325-328.
118. Murray, R.P., Bailey, W.C., Daniels, K., Bjornson, W.M., Kurnow, K., Connett, J.E. et al. (1996) Safety of nicotine polacrilex gum used by 3,094 participants in the Lung Health Study. Chest 109: 438-445.
119. Nabi Biopharmaceuticals (2006) Nabi Biopharmaceuticals initiates phase IIb ‘proof of concept’ study for NicVAX (press release). Boca Raton, FL: Nabi Biopharmaceuticals.
120. Narkiewicz, K., van de Borne, P.J.H., Hausberg, M., Cooley, R.L., Winniford, M.D., Davison, D.E. et al. (1998) Cigarette smoking increases sympathetic outflow in humans. Circulation 98: 528-534.
121. Newby, D.E., Wright, R.A., Labinjoh, C., Ludlam, C.A., Fox, K.A., Boon, N.A. et al. (1999) Endothelial dysfunction, impaired endogenous fibrinolysis, and cigarette smoking. A mechanism for arterial thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Circulation 99: 1411-1415.
122. NicVAX® (nicotine conjugate vaccine) (2008) Available at: www.Nabi.com/pipeline/clinicaltrials.php
123. Nides, M., Oncken, C., Gonzales, D., Rennard, S., Watsky, E.J., Anziano, R. et al. (2006) Smoking cessation with varenicline, a selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: results from a 7-week, randomized, placebo- and bupropion-controlled trial with 1-year follow up. Arch Intern Med 166: 1561-1568.
124. Oncken, C., Gonzales, D., Nides, M., Rennard, S., Watsky, E., Billing, C.B. et al. (2006) Efficacy and safety of the novel selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, varenicline, for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med 166: 1571-1577.
125. Otsuka, R., Watanabe, H., Hirata, K., Tokai, K., Muro, T., Yoshiyama, M. et al. (2001) Acute effects of passive smoking on the coronary circulation in healthy young adults. J Am Med Assoc 286: 436-441.
126. Page, F., Coleman, G. and Conduit, R. (2006) The effect of transdermal nicotine patches on sleep and dreams. Physiol Behav 88: 425-432.
127. Panagiotakos, D., Pitsavos, C., Chrysohoou, C., Skoumas, J., Masoura, C., Toutouzos, P. et al. (2004) Effect of secondhand smoke on markers of inflammation: the ATTICA Study. Am J Med 116: 145-150.
128. Patterson, F., Benowitz, N., Shields, P., Kaufmann, V., Jepson, C., Wileyto, P. et al. (2003) Individual differences in nicotine intake per cigarette. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12: 468-471.
129. Patterson, F., Schnoll, R.A., Wileyto, E.P., Pinto, A., Epstein, L.H., Shields, P.G. et al. (2008) Toward personalized therapy for smoking cessation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial of bupropion. Nature 84: 320-325.
130. Pentel, P. and Malin, D. (2002) A vaccine for nicotine dependence: targeting the drug rather than the brain. Respiration 69: 193-197.
131. Picciotto, M.R. and Corrigall, W.A. (2002) Neuronal systems underlying behaviors related to nicotine addiction: neural circuits and molecular genetics. J Neurosci 22: 3338-3341.
132. Pomerleau, O.F. (1992) Nicotine and the central nervous system: biobehavioral effects of cigarette smoking. Am J Med 93: 2S-7S.
133. Pomerleau, O.F. and Pomerleau, C.S. (1984) Neuroregulators and the reinforcement of smoking: Towards a biobehavioral explanation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 8: 503-513.
134. Prichard, B.N. (1988) Drug treatment of hypertension. Drugs 35(Suppl. 6): 40-52.
135. Prochazka, A. (2000) New developments in smoking cessation. Chest 117(4 Suppl. 1): 169S-175S.
136. Prochazka, A.V., Kick, S., Steinbrunn, C., Miyoshi, T. and Fryer, G.E. (2004) A randomized trial of nortriptyline combined with transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med 164: 2229-2233.
137. Rauhut, A., Mullins, S., Dwoskin, L. and Bardo, M. (2002) Reboxetine: attenuation of intravenous nicotine self-administration in Rats. J Pharm Exp Ther 303: 664-672.
138. Rigotti, N.A., Munafo, M.R. and Stead, L.F. (2008) Smoking cessation interventions for hospitalized smokers. A systematic review. Arch Intern Med 168: 1950-1960.
139. Riley, E., Dasari, V., Frishman, W.H. and Sperber, K. (2008) Vaccines in development to prevent and treat atherosclerotic disease. Cardiol Rev 16: 288-300.
140. Rodriguez, J.J., Al Dashti, R. and Schwarz, E.R. (2005) Linking erectile dysfunction and coronary artery disease. Int J Impot Res 17(Suppl. 1): S12-S18.
141. Rose, J.E., Behm, F.M., Westman, E.C., Levin, E.D., Stein, R.M. and Ripka, G.V. (1994) Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation beyond nicotine patch treatment alone. Clin Trials Ther 56: 86-99.
142. Rosner, S.A. and Stampfer, M.J. (2006) The heart-breaking news about tobacco: it's all bad. Lancet 368: 621-622.
143. Russell, M.A.H., Peto, J. and Patel, U.A. (1974) The classification of smoking by factorial structure of motives. J R Statist Soc 137: 313-342.
144. Sabia, S., Marmot, M., Dufouil, C. and Singh-Manoux, A. (2008) Smoking history and cognitive function in middle age from the Whitehall II study. Arch Intern Med 168: 1165-1173.
145. Sachs, D.P. (1995) Effectiveness of the 4 mg dose of nicotine polacrilex for the initial treatment of high-dependent smokers. Arch Intern Med 155: 1973-80.
146. Sandyk, R., Gillman, M.A., Iacono, R.P. and Bamford, C.R. (1987) Clonidine in neuropsychiatric disorders: a review. Int J Neurosci 35: 205-215.
147. Schneider, N.G., Lunell, E., Olmstead, R.E. and Fagerstrom, K.O. (1996) Clinical pharmacokinetics of nasal nicotine delivery: a review and comparison to other nicotine systems. Clin Pharmacokin 31: 65-80.
148. Schneider, N.G., Olmstead, R.E., Franzon, M.A. and Lunell, E. (2001) The nicotine inhaler. Clinical pharmacokinetics and comparison with other nicotine treatments. Clin Pharmacokin 40: 66-84.
149. Schuh, K.J., Schuh, L.M., Henningfield, J.E. and Stitzer, M.L. (1997) Nicotine nasal spray and vapor inhaler: abuse liability assessment. Psychopharmacol 130: 352-61.
150. Sellers, E.M. (1998) Pharmacogenetics and ethnoracial differences in smoking. J Am Med Assoc 280: 179-180.
151. Sellers, E.M., Ramamoorthy, Y., Zeman, M.V., Djordjevic, M.V., Tyndale, R.F. et al. (2003) The effect of methoxsalen on nicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNI) metabolism in vivo. Nicotine Tob Res 5: 891-899.
152. Shields, A.E., Blumenthal, D., Weiss, K.B., Comstock, C.B., Currivan, D. and Lerman, C. (2005) Barriers to translating emerging genetic research on smoking into clinical practice. Perspectives of primary care physicians. J Gen Intern Med 20: 131-138.
153. Silagy, C., Lancaster, T., Stead, L., Mant, D. and Fowler, G. (2004) Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD000146.
154. Slater, Y., Houlihan, L., Maskell, P., Exley, R., Bermudez, I., Lukas, R.J. et al. (2003) Halogenated cytisine derivatives as agonists at human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. Neuropharmacol 44: 503-515.
155. Sobczak, A., Wardas, W., Zielinska-Danch, W. and Pawlicki, K. (2004) The influence of smoking on plasma homocysteine and cysteine levels in passive and active smokers. Clin Chem Lab Med 42: 408-414.
156. Stapleton, J. (1998) Cigarette smoking prevalence, cessation and relapse. Stat Methods Med Res 7: 187-203.
157. Steinberg, M.B., Schmelzer, A.C., Richardson, D.L. and Foulds, J. (2008) The case for treating tobacco dependence as a chronic disease. Ann Intern Med 148: 554-556.
158. Stenvinkel, P. (2003) Interactions between inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in end-stage renal disease. J Ren Nutr 13: 144-148.
159. Strandberg, A.Y., Strandberg, T.E., Pitkala, K., Salomaa, V.V., Tilvis, R.S. and Miettinen, T.A. (2008) The effect of smoking in midlife on health-related quality of life in old age. Arch Intern Med 168: 1968-1974.
160. Suskin, N., Sheth, T., Negassa, A. and Yusuf, S. (2001) Relationship of current and past smoking to mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 37: 1677-1682.
161. Sutherland, G. (2002) Current approaches to the management of smoking cessation. Drugs 62(Suppl. 2): 53-61.
162. Swan, G.E., McAfee, T., Curry, S.J., Jack, L.M., Javitz, H., Dacey, S. et al. (2003) Effectiveness of bupropion sustained release for smoking cessation in a health care setting. Arch Intern Med 163: 2337-2344.
163. Tate, J.C. (1994) Pharmacological and nonpharmacological smoking motives: A replication and extension. Addiction 89: 321-330.
164. Taylor Jr, D.H., Hasselblad, V., Henley, S.J., Thun, M.J., Sloan, F.A. et al. (2002) Benefits of smoking cessation for longevity. Am J Public Health 92: 990-996.
165. Teo, K.K., Ounpuu, S. and Hawken, S. (2006) Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case control study. Lancet 368: 647-658.
166. Thorndike, A.N., Regan, S., McKool, K., Pasternak, R.C., Swartz, S., Torres-Finnerty, N. et al. (2008) Depressive symptoms and smoking cessation after hospitalization for cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 168: 186-191.
167. Tonnesen, P., Paoletti, P., Gustavsson, G., Russell, M.A., Saracci, R., Gulsvik, A. et al. (1999) Higher dosage nicotine patches increase one-year smoking cessation rates: Results from the European CEASE trial. Eur Respir J 13: 238-246.
168. Tonstad, S. (2006) Rimonabant: A cannabinoid receptor blocker for the treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 16: 156-62.
169. Tonstad, S., Farsang, C., Klaene, G., Lewis, K., Manolis, A., Perruchoud, A.P. et al. (2003) Bupropion SR for smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular disease: A multicenter randomized study. Eur Heart J 24: 946-955.
170. Tonstad, S., Tonnesen, P., Hajek, P., Williams, K.E., Billing, C.B., Reeves, K.R. et al. (2006) Effect of maintenance therapy with varenicline on smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 296: 64-71.
171. True, W.R., Xian, H., Scherrer, J.F., Madden, P.A., Bucholz, K.K., Heath, A.C. et al. (1999) Common genetic vulnerability for nicotine and alcohol dependence in men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56: 655-661.
172. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare ( 1979) Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General's Office on Smoking and Health. DHEW PHS 79-50066. Washington, DC: DHHS.
173. US Department of Health and Human Services ( 1983) The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cardiovascular Disease. A Report of the Surgeon General's Office on Smoking and Health. DHHS (PHS) 84-50204. Rockville, MD: DHHS.
174. US Department of Health and Human Services ( 1986) The Health Consequences of Using Smokeless Tobacco: A Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General. NIH 86-2874. Washington, DC: DHHS.
175. US Department of Health and Human Services ( 1988) The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction. A Report of the Surgeon General. CDC 88-8406. Washington, DC: DHHS.
176. US Department of Health and Human Services ( 1990) The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General. CDC 90-8416. Washington DC: DHHS.
177. US Preventive Services Task Force (2009) Counseling and interventions to prevent tobacco use and tobacco-caused disease in adults and pregnant women: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med 150: 551-55.
178. US Public Health Service (1964) Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service Center for Disease Control. PHS No. 1103. Washington, DC: DHHS.
179. van Domburg, R.T., Scholte op Reimer, W., Hoeks, S.E., Kappetein, A.P. and Bogers, A.D.J.J.C. (2008) Three life-years gained from smoking cessation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a 30-year follow up study. Am Heart J 156: 473-476.
180. West, R. (2001) Glucose for smoking cessation: does it have a role ? CNS Drugs 15: 261-265.
181. West, R.J., Jarvis, M.J., Russell, M.A.H. and Feyeraband, C. (1984) Plasma nicotine concentrations from repeated doses of nasal nicotine solution. Br J Addict 79: 443-45.
182. Wickelgren, I. (1998) Drug may suppress the craving for nicotine. Science 282: 1797-1799.
183. Working Group for the Study of Transdermal Nicotine in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease (1994) Nicotine replacement therapy for patients with coronary artery disease. Arch Intern Med 154: 989-995.
184. Xenova Group (2005) Anti-smoking vaccine TA-NIC preliminary 12 month clinical trial results (press release). Xenova Group: Berkshire.
185. Zedler, B.K., Kinser, R., Oey, J., Nelson, B., Roethig, H.J., Walk, R.A. et al. (2006) Biomarkers of exposure and potential harm in adult smokers of 3-7 mg tar yield (Federal Trade Commission) cigarettes and in adult non-smokers. Biomarkers 11: 201-220.
186. Zhu, P.J. and Chiappinelli, A.V. (2002) Nicotinic receptors mediate increased GABA release in brain through a tetrodotoxin-insensitive mechanism during prolonged exposure to nicotine. Neuroscience 115: 137-144.
187. Zickler, P. (2003 a) Manipulating dopamine levels changes smoking behavior. Natl Institute on Drug Abuse Notes, Research Findings 18 (1).
188. Zickler, P. (2003 b) Hard-to-treat smokers may benefit from medication that acts on dopamine. Natl Institute on Drug Abuse Notes, Research Findings 18 (5).