The positive (and negative) consequences of endorsing negative self-stereotypes

Self and Identity

Volumn 8, Issue 2-3, 2009, Pages 286-299

  Burkley, Melissa ^a   Blanton, Hart ^b  

^a OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Self stereotype; Stereotypes; Stigma

Indexed keywords

EID: 68249136940     PISSN: 15298868     EISSN: 15298876     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15298860802505202     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books. Biernat, M. (2003). Toward a broader view of social stereotyping. American Psychologist, 58, 1019-1027.
2. Blanton, H., Christie, C., & Dye, M. (2002). Social identity versus reference frame comparisons: The moderating role of stereotype endorsement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 253-267.
3. Blanton, H., George, G., & Crocker, J. (2001). Contexts of system justification and system evaluation: Exploring the social comparison strategies of the (not yet) contented female worker. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 4, 126-137.
4. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
5. Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475-482.
6. Brewer, M. B. (1993). The role of distinctiveness in social identity and group behavior. In M. Hogg & D. Abrams (Eds.), Group motivation: Social psychological perspectives (pp. 1-16). London: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
7. Burkley, M. (2007). The self-protective nature of negative in-group stereotypes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
8. Burkley, M., & Blanton, H. (2008). Endorsing a negative in-group stereotype as a selfprotective strategy: Sacrificing the group to save the self. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 37-49.
9. Bylsma, W. H., & Major, B. (1994). Social comparisons and contentment: Exploring the psychological costs of the gender wage gap. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 241-249.
10. Chassin, L., & Stager, S. F. (1984). Determinants of self-esteem among incarcerated delinquents. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47, 382-390.
11. Clark, K. B., & Clark, M. P. (1939). The development of consciousness of self and the emergence of racial identification of Negro schoolchildren. Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 591-599.
12. Connor, M. E. (1988). Teenage fatherhood: Issues confronting young Black males. In J. T. Gibbs (Ed.), Young, Black, and male in America: An endangered species (pp. 188-218). Dover, MA: Auburn House Publishing.
13. Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 4, 608-630.
14. Crosby, F. (1982). Relative deprivation and working women. New York: Oxford University Press.
15. Dembo, R. (1988). Delinquency among Black male youth. In J. T. Gibbs (Ed.), Young, Black, and male in America: An endangered species (pp. 129-165). Dover, MA: Auburn House Publishing.
16. Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 267-285.
17. Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
18. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140.
19. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). Ambivalent sexism. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 33, pp. 115-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Academic Press.
20. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
21. Harter, S. (1986). Processes underlying the construction, maintenance, and enhancement of the self-concept in children. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 3, pp. 136-182). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
22. Henderson, V., & Dweck, C. S. (1990). Motivation and achievement. In S. S. Feldman & D. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 308-329). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
23. Hoffman, C., & Hurst, N. (1990). Gender stereotypes: Perception or rationalization? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 197-208.
24. Jones, E. E., Faria, A., Hastorf, A. H.,Markus, H.,Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. A. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York: Freeman.
25. Jost, J. T. (2001). Outgroup favoritism and the theory of system justification: A paradigm for investigating the effects of socioeconomic success on stereotype content. In G. B. Moskowitz (Ed.), Cognitive social psychology: The Princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition (pp. 89-102). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
26. Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
27. Jost, J. T., & Burgess, D. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence and the conflict between group and system justification motives in low status groups. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 26, 293-305.
28. Levy, B. R. (1996). Improving memory in old age through implicit self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092-1107.
29. Levy, B. R., Slade, M., Kunkel, S., & Kasi, S. (2002). Longitudinal benefit of positive selfperceptions of aging on functioning health. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 57B, 409-417.
30. Lewin, K. (1948). Resolving social conflicts. New York: Harper.
31. Major, B. (1987). Gender, justice and the psychology of entitlement. In P. Shaver & C. Hendricks (Eds.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 124-148). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
32. Major, B. (1994). From social inequality to personal entitlement: The role of social comparisons, legitimacy appraisals, and group membership. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 26, pp. 293-348). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
33. Marsh, H. W. (1987). The big-fish-little-pond effect on academic self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(3), 280-295.
34. Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., & Debus, R. L. (2001). Self-handicapping and defensive pessimism: Exploring a model of predictors and outcomes from a self-protection perspective. Journal of Educational Psychology 93, 87-102.
35. Martin, A. J., Marsh, H. W., Williamson, A., & Debus, R. L. (2003). Self-handicapping, defensive pessimism, and goal orientation: A qualitative study of university students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 617-628.
36. Miller, C. T. (1984). Self-schemas, gender, and social comparison: A clarification of the related attributes hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1222-1228.
37. Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
38. Pickett, C. L., Bonner, B. L., & Coleman, J. M. (2002). Motivated self-stereotyping: Heightened assimilation and differentiation needs result in increased levels of positive and negative self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 543-562.
39. Ritsher, J. B., Otilingam, P. G., & Grajales, M. (2003). Internalized stigma of mental illness: Psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Research, 121, 31-49.
40. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
41. Rudman, L. A., Feinberg, J. M., & Fairchild, K. (2002). Minority members' implicit attitudes: In-group bias as a function of group status. Social Cognition, 20, 294-320.
42. Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1980). Uniqueness: The human pursuit of difference. New York: Plenum Press.
43. Spears, R., Doosje, B., & Ellemers, N. (1997). Self-stereotyping in the face of threats to group status and distinctiveness: The role of group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23 538-553.
44. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
45. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
46. Stone, J., Lynch, C. I., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J. M. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1213-1227.
47. Swann, W. B., Jr. (1983). Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Social psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 2, pp. 33-66). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
48. Swann, W. B., Jr., Hixon, J. G., & De La Ronde, C. (1992). Embracing the bitter truth: Negative self-concepts and marital commitment. Psychological Science, 3, 118-121.
49. Swann, W. B., Jr., Wenzlaff, R. M., Krull, D. S., & Pelham, B. W. (1992). The allure of negative feedback: Self-verification strivings among depressed persons. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101 293-306.
50. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. (1988). Illusion and well-being: Some social psychological contributions to a theory of mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
51. Twenge, J. M., & Crocker, J. (2002). Race and self-esteem: Meta-analyses comparing Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians and comment on Gray-Little and Hafdahl (2000). Psychological Bulletin, 128, 371-408.
52. Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2001). The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanism. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 797-826.
53. Whitley, B. E. (1983). Sex role orientation and self-esteem: A critical meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44, 765-778.