Effects of simvastatin and carnitine versus simvastatin on lipoprotein(a) and apoprotein(a) in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 10, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 1875-1882

  Galvano, Fabio ^a   Li Volti, Giovanni ^a   Malaguarnera, Michele ^a   Avitabile, Teresio ^a   Antic, Tijana ^a   Vacante, Marco ^a   Malaguarnera, Mariano ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Apoprotein(a); Carnitine; Lipoprotein(a); Simvastatin; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN A; APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; CARNITINE; GLUCOSE; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LIPOPROTEIN A; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; SIMVASTATIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG EFFECT; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MONOTHERAPY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS; APOPROTEIN(A); BLOOD GLUCOSE; BODY MASS INDEX; CARNITINE; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; LIPOPROTEIN(A); MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SIMVASTATIN; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 68149181537     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656560903081745     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Howard BV. Dietary fat and diabetes: a consensus view. Am J Med 2002;113 (Suppl 9B):38S-40S
2. Utermann G. The mysteries of lipoprotein(a). Science 1989;246:904-910
3. Scanu AM. Lipoprotein(a): a genetically determined cardiovascular pathogen in search of a function. J Lab Clin Med 1990;116:142-146
4. Berg K. Molecular genetics and genetic epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Introductory remarks: risk factor levels and variability. Ann Med 1992;24:343-347
5. Marcovina SM, Koschinsky ML. Lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:57U-66U
6. Tsimikas S, Brilakis ES, Miller ER, et al. Oxidized phospholipids, Lp(a) lipoprotein, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005;353:46-57 (Pubitemid 41007806)
7. Carlson L, Hamsten A, Asplund A. Pronounced lowering of serum levels of lipoprotein Lp(a) in hyperlipidemic subjects treated with nicotinic acid. J Intern Med 1989;226:271-276 (Pubitemid 19230908)
8. Elisaf M, Bairaktari E, Nicolaides C, et al. The beneficial effect of tamoxifen on the serum lipoprotein Lp(a) levels:an additional anti-atherogenic property. Anticancer Res 1996;16:2725-2728 (Pubitemid 26388244)
9. Crook D, Sidhu M, Seed M, et al. Lipoprotein Lp(a) levels are reduced by danazol, an anabolic steroid. Atherosclerosis 1992;92:41-47
10. Maggi FM, Piglionica MR, De Michele L, et al. Bezafibrate lowers elevated plasma levels of fibrinogen and lipoprotein (a) in patients with type IIa and IIb dyslpoproteinaemia. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1994;4:215-220
11. Mikhailidis DP, Ganotakis ES, Spyropoulos KA, et al. Prothrombotic and lipoprotein variables in patients attending a cardiovascular risk management clinic: response to ciprofibrate of lifestyle advice. Int Angiol 1998;17:225-233
12. Elkeles RS, Diamond JR, Poulter C, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. A double-blind placebocontrolled study of bezafibrate: the St Mary's, Ealing, Northwick Park diabetes cardiovascular disease prevention (SENDCAP) study. Diabetes Care 1998;21:641-648
13. Farish E, Spowart K, Barnes JF, et al. Effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on lipoproteins including lipoprotein(a) and LDL subfractions. Atherosclerosis 1996;126:77-84 (Pubitemid 26284020)
14. Taskinen MR, Puolakka J, Pyörälä T, et al. Hormone replacement therapy lowers plasma Lp(a) concentrations. Comparison of cyclic transdermal and continuous estrogen-progestin regimens. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:1215-1221
15. Kostner GM, Gavish D, Leopold B, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors lower LDL cholesterol without reducing Lp(a) levels. Circulation 1989;80:1313-1319 (Pubitemid 19282521)
16. Hunninghake DB, Stein EA, Mellies MJ. Effects of one year of treatment with pravastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on lipoprotein(a). J Clin Pharmacol 1993;33:574-580
17. Nair DR, Papadakis JA, Jagroop IA, et al. Statins and fibrinogen. Lancet 1998;351:1430
18. Topol EJ. Intensive statin therapy-a sea change in cardiovascular prevention. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1562-1564
19. Pyorälä K, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, et al. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care 1997;20:614-620
20. Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al: CARDS investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:685-696
21. Rebouche CJ, Paulson DJ. Carnitine metabolism and function in humans. Annu Rev Nutr 1986;6:41-66
22. Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Avitabile T, et al. L-Carnitine supplementation reduces oxidized LDL cholesterol in patients with diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:71-76
23. Sirtori CR, Calabresi L, Ferrara S, et al. L-carnitine reduces plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in patients with hyper Lp(a). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2000;10:247-251
24. Derosa G, Cicero AF, Gaddi A, et al. The effect of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 2003;25:1429-1439 (Pubitemid 36677286)
25. Solfrizzi V, Capurso C, Colacicco AM, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with L-carnitine and simvastatin in lowering lipoprotein(a) serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2006;188:455-461 (Pubitemid 44313927)
26. Cain WJ, Millar JS, Himebauch AS, et al. Lipoprotein [a] is cleared from the plasma primarily by the liver in a process mediated by apolipoprotein [a]. J Lipid Res 2005;46:2681-2691
27. Hobbs HH, White AL. Lipoprotein(a): intrigues and insights. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999;10:225-236
28. Boerwinkle E, Leffert CC, Lin J, et al. Apolipoprotein(a) gene accounts for greater than 90% of the variation in plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations. J Clin Invest 1992;90:52-60
29. Luke MM, Kane JP, Liu DM, et al. A polymorphism in the protease-like domain of apolipoprotein(a) is associated with severe coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:2030-2036 (Pubitemid 47312314)
30. Jenner JL, Ordovas JM, Lamon-Fava S, et al. Effects of age, sex, and menopausal status on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels. The Framingham Offspring Study. Circulation 1993;87:1135-1141
31. Devlin CM, Lee SJ, Kuriakose G, et al. An apolipoprotein(a) peptide delays chylomicron remnant clearance and increases plasma remnant lipoproteins and atherosclerosis in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1704-1710 (Pubitemid 41098944)
32. Gaubatz JW, Hoogeveen RC, Hoffman AS, et al. Isolation, quantitation, and characterization of a stable complex formed by Lp[a] binding to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 2001;42:2058-2068
33. Nassir F, Bonen DK, Davidson NO. Apolipoprotein(a) synthesis and secretion from hepatoma cells is coupled to triglyceride synthesis and secretion. J Biol Chem 1998;273:17793-17800 (Pubitemid 28355123)
34. Mingrone G, Greco AV, Capristo E, et al. L-carnitine improves glucose disposal in type 2 diabetic patients. J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:77-82 (Pubitemid 29088689)
35. Power RA, Hulver MW, Zhang JY, et al. Carnitine revisited: potential use as adjunctive treatment in diabetes. Diabetologia 2007;50:824-832
36. Malaguarnera M, Vacante M, Motta M, et al. Effect of L-Carnitine on the size of LDL particles in the type 2 diabetic patients treated with simvastatin. Metabolism 2009 In press
37. Rubin EM, Ishida BY, Clift SM, Krauss RM. Expression of human apolipoprotein A-I in transgenic mice results in reduced plasma levels of murine apolipoprotein A-I and the appearance of two new high density lipoprotein size subclasses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:434-438
38. Van Linthout S, Spillmann F, Riad A, et al. Human apolipoprotein A-I gene transfer reduces the development of experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2008;117:1563-1573
39. Mbewu AD, Bhatnagar D, Durrington PN, et al. Serum lipoprotein(a) in patients heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, their relatives, and unrelated control populations. Arterioscler Thromb 1991;11:940-946
40. Krempler F, Kostner GM, Roscher A, et al. Studies on the role of specific cell surface receptors in the removal of lipoprotein (a) in man. J Clin Invest 1983;71:1431-1441
41. Niemeier A, Willnow T, Dieplinger H, et al. Identification of megalin/gp330 as a receptor for lipoprotein(a) in vitro. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:552-561 (Pubitemid 29135155)
42. März W, Beckmann A, Scharnagl H, et al. Heterogeneous lipoprotein (a) size isoforms differ by their interaction with the low density lipoprotein receptor and the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor. FEBS Lett 1993;325:271-275 (Pubitemid 23186491)
43. Argraves KM, Kozarsky KF, Fallon JT, et al. The atherogenic lipoprotein Lp(a) is internalized and degraded in a process mediated by the VLDL receptor. J Clin Invest 1997;100:2170-2181
44. Keesler GA, Gabel BR, Devlin CM, et al. The binding activity of the macrophage lipoprotein(a)/apolipoprotein(a) receptor is induced by cholesterol via a post-translational mechanism and recognizes distinct kringle domains on apolipoprotein(a). J Biol Chem 1996;271:32096-32104