The new corporate social responsibility

Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Volumn 33, Issue , 2008, Pages 413-435

  Auld, Graeme ^a   Bernstein, Steven ^b   Cashore, Benjamin ^a  

^a Yale School of the Environment   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Codes of conduct; Environmental management; Environmental standards; Legitimacy; NSMD governance; Partnerships

Indexed keywords

CODES OF CONDUCT; ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS; LEGITIMACY; NSMD GOVERNANCE; PARTNERSHIPS;

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT;

CODES (STANDARDS);

EID: 68049125108     PISSN: 15435938     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.environ.32.053006.141106     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Vogel D. 2005. The Market forVirtue: The Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility.Washington, DC: Brookings Inst.
2. Young OR. 1999. The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes: Causal Connections and Behavioral Mechanisms. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 326 pp.
3. Levy DL, Newell PJ, eds. 2005. The Business of Global Environmental Governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
4. Gunningham N, Grabosky PN, Sinclair D. 1998. Smart Regulation: Designing Environmental Policy. Oxford/New York: Clarendon/Oxford Univ. Press. 494 pp.
5. Porter ME, Van Der Linde C. 1995. Green and competitive: ending the stalemate. Harv. Bus. Rev. 73:120-134
6. Esty DC, Winston AS. 2006. Green to Gold: How Smart Companies Use Environmental Strategy to Innovate, Create Value, and Build Competitive Advantage. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press. 366 pp.
7. Matten D, Moon J. 2008. 'Implicit' and 'explicit' CSR: a conceptual framework for a comparative understanding of corporate social responsibility. Acad. Manag. Rev. 33:404-424
8. Prakash A. 2000. Greening of the Firm: The Politics of Corporate Environmentalism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 181 pp.
9. Andrews RNL. 1998. Environmental regulation and business 'self-regulation.' Policy Sci. 31:177-197
10. Reinhardt F. 1999. Market failure and the environmental policies of firms. J. Ind. Ecol. 3:9-21
11. Portney PR. 2005. Corporate social responsibility: An economic and public policy perspective. In Environmental Protection and the Social Responsibility of Firms: Perspectives from Law, Economics, and Business, ed. BL Hay, RN Stavins, RHK Vietor, pp. 107-31.Washington, DC: Resour. Future
12. Prakash A, Potoski M. 2006. The Voluntary Environmentalists: Green Clubs, ISO 14001, and Voluntary Regulations. Cambridge, UK/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. 211 pp.
13. Prakash A, Potoski M. 2007. Collective action through voluntary environmental programs: a club theory perspective. Policy Stud. J. 35:773-792
14. Lyon TP, Maxwell JW. 2007. Environmental public voluntary programs reconsidered. Policy Stud. J. 35:723-750
15. Besley T, Ghatak M. 2007. Retailing public goods: the economics of corporate social responsibility. J. Public Econ. 91:1645-1663
16. Baron DP. 2001. Private politics, corporate social responsibility, and integrated strategy. J. Econ. Manag. Strategy 10:7-45
17. Prakash A. 2001. Why do firms adopt "beyond-compliance" environmental policies? Bus. Strategy Environ. 10:286-299
18. Kollman K, Prakash A. 2001. Green by choice: cross-national variations in firms' responses to EMS-based environmental regimes. World Polit. 53:399-430
19. Rondinelli DA, Berry MA. 2000. Corporate environmental management and public policy: bridging the gap. Am. Behav. Sci. 44:168-187
20. Bullis C, Ie F. 2007. Corporate environmentalism. In The Debate over Corporate Social Responsibility, ed. S May, G Cheney, J Roper, pp. 321-335 Oxford/New York: Oxford Univ. Press
21. Bansal P, Hunter T. 2003. Strategic explanations for the early adoption of ISO 14001. J. Bus. Ethics 46:289-299
22. Hoffman AJ. 2001. Linking organizational and field-level analyses-the diffusion of corporate environmental practice. Organ. Environ. 14:133-156
23. Margolis JD, Walsh JP. 2003. Misery loves companies: rethinking social initiatives by business. Adm. Sci. Q. 48:268-305
24. Fishman C. 2006. The Wal-Mart effect and a decent society: Who knew shopping was so important? Acad. Manag. Perspect. 20:6-25
25. Taylor JG, Scharlin PJ. 2004. Smart Alliance: How a Global Corporation and Environmental Activists Transformed a Tarnished Brand. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press. 278 pp.
26. Pedersen ER, Andersen M. 2006. Safeguarding corporate social responsibility in global supply chains: how codes of conduct are managed in buyer-supplier relationships. J. Public Aff. 6:228-240
27. De Tienne KB, Lewis LW. 2005. The pragmatic and ethical barriers to corporate social responsibility disclosure: the Nike case. J. Bus. Ethics 60:359-376
28. Bowd R, Bowd L, Harris P. 2006. Communicating corporate social responsibility: an exploratory case study of a major UK retail centre. J. Public Aff. 6:147-155
29. Iles A. 2007. Seeing sustainability in business operations: US and British food retailer experiments with accountability. Bus. Strategy Environ. 16:290-301
30. Doubleday R. 2004. Institutionalising nongovernmental organisation dialogue at Unilever: framing the public as 'consumer-citizens.' Sci. Public Policy (SPP) 31:117-126
31. Werther WB Jr, Chandler DB. 2006. Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility: Stakeholders in a Global Environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 356 pp.
32. Paine L, Deshpande R, Margolis JD, Bettcher KE. 2005. Up to code. Harv. Bus. Rev. 83:122-133
33. Kolk A, Walhain S, Wateringen SVD. 2001. Environmental reporting by the Fortune Global 250: exploring the influence of nationality and sector. Bus. Strategy Environ. 10:15-28
34. Bansal P, Roth K. 2000. Why companies go green: a model of ecological responsiveness. Acad. Manag. J. 43:717
35. Cowan R. 1990. Nuclear-power reactors-a study in technological lock-in. J. Econ. Hist. 50:541-567
36. Gunningham N, Kagan RA, Thornton D. 2003. Shades of Green: Business, Regulation, and Environment. Stanford, CA: Stanford Law Polit.
37. Reinhardt FL. 1998. Environmental product differentiation: implications for corporate strategy. Calif. Manag. Rev. 40:43-73
38. Nehrt C. 1996. Timing and intensity effects of environmental investments. Strateg. Manag. J. 17:535-547
39. Ashman D. 2001. Civil society collaboration with business: bringing empowerment back in. World Dev. 29:1097-1113
40. Hartman CL, Hofman PS, Stafford ER. 1999. Partnerships: a path to sustainability. Bus. Strategy Environ. 8:255-266
41. Rondinelli DA, London T. 2003. How corporations and environmental groups cooperate: assessing cross-sector alliances and collaborations. Acad. Manag. Exec. 17:61-76
42. Livesey SM. 1999. McDonald's and the environmental defense fund: a case study of a green alliance. J. Bus. Commun. 36:5-39
43. Constance DH, Bonanno A. 2000. Regulating the global fisheries: the World Wildlife Fund, Unilever, and the Marine Stewardship Council. Agric. Hum. Values 17:125-139
44. Auld G. 2006. Choosing how to be green: an examination of Domtar Inc.'s approach to forest certification. J. Strateg. Manag. Educ. 3:37-92
45. WorldWide Fund. Nat. 2007. The Global Forest and Trade Network. Gland, Switz: WWF
46. Lang JT, Hallman WK. 2005. Who does the public trust? The case of genetically modified food in the United States. Risk Anal. 25:1241-1252
47. Stafford ER, Hartman CL. 1996. Green alliances: strategic relations between businesses and environmental groups. Bus. Horiz. 39:50-59
48. Plummer J, Heymans C. 2002. Focusing Partnerships: A Sourcebook for Municipal Capacity Building in Public-Private Partnerships. London/Sterling, VA: Earthscan. 341 pp.
49. Börzel TA, Risse T. 2005. Public-private partnerships: effective and legitimate tools of transnational governance. In Complex Sovereignty: Reconstituting Political Authority in the 21st Century, ed. E Grande, LWPauly, pp. 195-216. Toronto: Univ. Toronto
50. Linder SH. 1999. Coming to terms with the public-private partnership-a grammar of multiple meanings. Am. Behav. Sci. 43:35-51
51. Rosenau PV. 1999. Introduction-the strengths and weaknesses of public-private policy partnerships. Am. Behav. Sci. 43:10-34
52. Gentry B, Fernandez LO. 1997. Evolving public-private partnerships: general themes and lessons from the urban water sector. In OECD Workshop on Globalization and the Environment: New Challenges for the Public and Private Sectors. Paris: OECD
53. Warhurst A. 2005. Future roles of business in society: the expanding boundaries of corporate responsibility and a compelling case for partnership. Futures Ethical Corp. 37:151-168
54. Rittberger V. 2001. Global Governance and the United Nations System. Tokyo/New York: United Nations Univ. Press. 252 pp.
55. Khanna M. 2001. Non-mandatory approaches to environmental protection. J. Econ. Surv. 15:291-324
56. Carmin J, Darnall N, Mil-Homens J. 2003. Stakeholder involvement in the design of US voluntary environmental programs: Does sponsorship matter? Policy Stud. J. 31:527-543
57. Darnall N, Carmin J. 2005. Greener and cleaner? The signaling accuracy of U.S. voluntary environmental programs. Policy Sci. 38:71-90
58. Eisner MA. 2004. Corporate environmentalism, regulatory reform, and industry self-regulation: toward genuine regulatory reinvention in the United States. Governance 17:145-167
59. Arora S, Cason TN. 1996. Why do firms volunteer to exceed environmental regulations? Understanding participation in EPA's 33/50 program. Land Econ. 72:413-432
60. Clinton B, Gore A. 1995. Reinventing Environmental Regulation.Washington, DC: Counc. Environ. Qual.
61. Borkey P, Glachant M, Leveque F. 1999. Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Policy: An Assessment. Paris: Organ. Econ. Coop. Dev.
62. Ruggie JG. 2004. Reconstituting the global public domain-issues, actors, and practices. Eur. J. Int. Relat. 10:499-531
63. Therien J-P, Pouliot V. 2006. The Global Compact: shifting the politics of international development? Glob. Gov. 12:55-75
64. Howlett M, Ramesh M. 2003. Studying Public Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems. Toronto: Oxford Univ. Press
65. Percival RV, Schroeder CH, Miller AS, Leape JP. 2003. Environmental Regulation: Law, Science, and Policy. New York: Aspen. 1202 pp.
66. Prakash A. 2001. Why do firms adopt "beyond-compliance" environmental policies? Bus. Strategy Environ. 10:286-299
67. Arora S, Cason TN. 1995. An experiment in voluntary environmental regulation: participation in EPA's 33/50 program. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 28:271-286
68. Bird LA. 2002. Understanding the environmental impacts of electricity: product labeling and certification. Corp. Environ. Strategy 9:129-136
69. Jordan A, Wurzel RKW, Zito A. 2005. The rise of 'new' policy instruments in comparative perspective: has governance eclipsed government? Polit. Stud. 53:477-496
70. Harrison K, Antweiler W. 2003. Incentives for pollution abatement: regulation, regulatory threats, and non-governmental pressures. J. Public Policy Anal. Manag. 22:361-382
71. Pearson R, Seyfang G. 2001. New hope or false dawn? Voluntary codes of conduct, labour regulation and social policy in a globalizing world. Glob. Soc. Policy 1:49-78
72. Willis A. 2003. The role of the global reporting initiative's sustainability reporting guidelines in the social screening of investments. J. Bus. Ethics 43:233-237
73. Kollman K, Prakash A. 2002. EMS-based environmental regimes as club goods: examining variations in firm-level adoption of ISO 14001 and EMAS in UK, US, and Germany. Policy Sci. 35:43-67
74. Clapp J. 1998. The privatization of Global Environmental Governance: ISO 14000 and the developing world. Environ. Gov. 4:295-316
75. Bowers D. 2006. Making social responsibility the standard. Qual. Prog. 39:35-38
76. Castka P, Balzarova MA. 2008. The impact of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 on standardization of social responsibility-an inside perspective. Int. J. Prod. Econ. In press
77. Kolk A, van der Tulder R, Welters C. 1999. International codes of conduct and corporate social responsibility: Can transnational corporations regulate themselves? Transnatl. Corp. 8:143-180
78. Jenkins R. 2001. Corporate Codes of Conduct. Self-Regulation in a Global Economy. Geneva: UNRISD
79. Webb K. 2004. Understanding the voluntary codes phenomenon. In Voluntary Codes: Private Governance, the Public Interest, and Innovation, ed. K Webb, pp. 3-32. Ottawa, Can: Carleton Res. Unit Innov., Sci. Environ.
80. Fliess B, Gordon K. 2001. Better business behaviour. OECD Observer, Oct. 26, p. 53
81. Prakash A. 2000. Responsible care: an assessment. Bus. Soc. 39:183-209
82. Cashore B, Auld G, Newsom D. 2003. The United States' race to certify sustainable forestry: non-state environmental governance and the competition for policy-making authority. Bus. Polit. 5:219-259
83. Carr CJ, Scheiber HN. 2002. Dealing with a resource crisis: regulatory regimes for managing the world's marine fisheries. Stanford Environ. Law J. 21:45-79
84. Gardiner PR, Viswanathan KK. 2004. Ecolabelling and Fisheries Management.WorldFish Center Studies and Reviews 27. Penang, Malays.:WorldFish Cent. 44 pp.
85. King AA, Lenox MJ. 2000. Industry self-regulation without sanctions: the chemical industry's Responsible Care Program. Acad. Manag. J. 43:698-716
86. Sasser EN. 2003. Gaining leverage: NGO influence on certification institutions in the forest products sector. In Forest Policy for Private Forestry, ed. L Teeter, B Cashore, D Zhang, pp. 229-244 Oxon, UK: CAB Int.
87. Garcia-Johnson R. 2001. Multinational corporations and certification institutions: moving first to shape a Green Global Production Context. Presented at the Int. Stud. Assoc. Conv., Chicago, 20-24 Febr.
88. Raynolds LT, Murray D, Heller A. 2007. Regulating sustainability in the coffee sector: a comparative analysis of third-party environmental and social certification initiatives. Agric. Hum. Values 24:147-163
89. Giovannucci D, Ponte S. 2005. Standards as a new form of social contract? Sustainability initiatives in the coffee industry. Food Policy 30:284-301
90. Daviron B, Ponte S. 2005. The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development. London/New York: Zed Books
91. King A. 2007. Cooperation between corporations and environmental groups: a transaction cost perspective. Acad. Manag. Rev. 32:889-900
92. Moffet J, Bregha F, MiddelKoop MJ. 2004. Responsible care: a case study of a voluntary environmental initiative. In Voluntary Codes: Private Governance, the Public Interest and Innovation, ed. KWebb, pp. 177- 207. Ottawa, Can: Carleton Unit Innov., Sci. Environ.
93. Equator Principles. 2008. Frequently asked questions about the equator principles. http://www.equatorprinciples.com/faq.shtml.
94. Conroy ME. 2006. Branded: How the 'Certification Revolution' is Transforming Global Corporations.Gabriola Island, BC: New Soc. 335 pp.
95. Richardson BJ. 2005. The Equator Principles: the voluntary approach to environmentally sustainable finance. Eur. Environ. Law Rev. 14:280-290
96. OECD. 2000. The OECD declaration and decision on international investment and multinational enterprises. Paris: OECD
97. Wilkie C. 2004. Enhancing global governance: corporate social responsibility and the international trade and investment framework. See Ref. 99, pp. 288-322
98. Glob. Report. Initiat. 2008. Global Reporting Initiative. About GRI. http://www.globalreporting.org/ AboutGRI/
99. Kirton JJ, Michael J, ed. 2004. Hard Choices, Soft Law: Voluntary Standards in Global Trade, Environment and Social Governance. Hants: Ashgate
100. Cashore B. 2002. Legitimacy and the privatization of environmental governance: how nonstate marketdriven (NSMD) governance systems gain rule-making authority. Governance 15:503-529
101. Cashore B, Auld G, Newsom D. 2004. Governing Through Markets: Forest Certification and the Emergence of Non-State Authority. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
102. Bernstein S, Cashore B. 2007. Can nonstate global governance be legitimate? An analytical framework. Regul. Gov. 1:347-371
103. Bruce RA. 1998. The comparison of the FSC forest certification and ISO environmental management schemes and their impact on a small retail business. MBA thesis. Univ. Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. 44 pp.
104. Moffat AC. 1998. Forest certification: an examination of the compatibility of the Canadian Standards Association and Forest Stewardship Council Systems in the maritime region.MES thesis. Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, Nova Scotia. 253 pp.
105. Overdevest C. 2004. Codes of conduct and standard setting in the forest sector-Constructing markets for democracy? Relat. Ind.-Ind. Relat. 59:172-197
106. Overdevest C. 2005. Treadmill politics, information politics and public policy-toward a political economy of information. Organ. Environ. 18:72-90
107. Fairtrade Label. Organ. 2008. Fairtrade producers. http://www.fairtrade. net/producers.html
108. Bartley T. 2003. Certifying forests and factories: states, social movements, and the rise of private regulation in the apparel and forest products fields. Polit. Soc. 31:1-32
109. Bartley T. 2007. Institutional emergence in an era of globalization: the rise of transnational private regulation of labor and environmental conditions. Am. J. Sociol. 113:297-351
110. Courville S. 2003. Social accountability audits: challenging or defending democratic governance? Law Policy 25:269-297
111. O'Rourke D. 2003. Outsourcing regulation: analyzing nongovernmental systems of labor standards and monitoring. Policy Stud. J. 31:1
112. Gulbrandsen LH. 2005. Mark of sustainability? Environment 47:8-23
113. Auld G, Balboa C, Bartley T, Cashore B, Levin K. 2007. The spread of the certification model: understanding the evolution of nonstate market driven governance. Presented at 48th Conv. Int. Stud. Assoc., Chicago, Illinois
114. ISEAL Alliance. 2006. ISEAL Code of Good Practice for Setting Social and Environmental Standards. London, UK: ISEAL Alliance
115. ISEAL Alliance. 2008. The ISEAL Alliance: Mission: History. London, UK: ISEAL Alliance
116. Rivera J, de Leon P. 2004. Is greener whiter? Voluntary environmental performance of western ski areas. Policy Stud. J. 32:417-437
117. Kimerling J. 2001. Corporate ethics in the era of globalization: the promise and peril of international environmental standards. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 14:425-455
118. Potoski M, Prakash A. 2005. Green clubs and voluntary governance: ISO 14001 and firms' regulatory compliance. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 49:235-248
119. Ronit K, Schneider V. 1999. Global governance through private organizations. Governance 12:243-266
120. Rivera J. 2004. Institutional pressures and voluntary environmental behavior in developing countries: evidence from the Costa Rican hotel industry. Soc. Nat. Resour. 17:779-797
121. Rivera J, De Leon P. 2005. Chief executive officers and voluntary environmental performance: Costa Rica's certification for sustainable tourism. Policy Sci. 38:107-127
122. Howard-Grenville JA. 2006. Inside the "black box"-how organizational culture and subcultures inform interpretations and actions on environmental issues. Organ. Environ. 19:46-73
123. Reinhardt FL. 2000. Down to Earth: Applying Business Principles to Environmental Management. Boston, MA: Harv. Bus. Sch. Press. 291 pp.
124. Hall D, Lobina E. 2004. Private and public interests in water and energy. Nat. Resour. Forum 28:268-277
125. Tiffen P. 2002. A chocolate-coated case for alternative international business models. Dev. Pract. 12:383-397
126. Bendell J. 2005. In whose name? The accountability of corporate social responsibility. Dev. Pract. 15: 362-374
127. Garvey N, Newell P. 2005. Corporate accountability to the poor? Assessing the effectiveness of community-based strategies. Dev. Pract. 15:389-404
128. Jenkins R. 2005. Globalization, corporate social responsibility and poverty. Int. Aff. 81:525-540
129. Lund-Thomsen P. 2005. Corporate accountability in South Africa: the role of community mobilizing in environmental governance. Int. Aff. 81:619-633
130. Palacios JJ. 2004. Corporate citizenship and social responsibility in a globalized world. Citizenship Stud. 8:383-402
131. Labuschagne C, Brent AC, van Erck RPG. 2005. Assessing the sustainability performances of industries. J. Cleaner Prod. 13:373-385
132. Vives A. 2004. The role of multilateral development institute in fostering corporate social responsiblity. Development 47:45-52
133. Graham D, Woods N. 2006. Making corporate self-regulation effective in developing countries. World Dev. 34:868-883
134. Frame B. 2005. Corporate social responsibility: a challenge for the donor community. Dev. Pract. 15:422-432
135. Goddard T. 2005. Corporate citizenship: creating social capacity in developing countries. Dev. Pract. 15:433-438
136. Fair Labor Assoc. 2003. Fair labor association issues first public report; global companies go public with independent auditrs of labor practices in factories around the world.Washington, DC: Fair Labor Assoc.
137. Rodriguez-Garavito CA. 2005. Global governance and labor rights: codes of conduct and anti-sweatshop struggles in global apparel factories in Mexico and Guatemala. Polit. Soc. 33:203-233