The privatization of global environmental governance: ISO 14000 and the developing world

Global Governance

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 295-316

  Clapp, Jennifer ^a  

^a TRENT UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0032221233     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00403004     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Virginia Haufler, "Crossing the Boundary Between Public and Private: International Regimes and Non-State Actors," in Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 101. On international regimes in general, see Stephen Krasner, ed., International Regimes (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983); Rittberger, Regime Theory.
2. Virginia Haufler, "Crossing the Boundary Between Public and Private: International Regimes and Non-State Actors," in Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 101. On international regimes in general, see Stephen Krasner, ed., International Regimes (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983); Rittberger, Regime Theory.
3. Virginia Haufler, "Crossing the Boundary Between Public and Private: International Regimes and Non-State Actors," in Volker Rittberger, ed., Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 101. On international regimes in general, see Stephen Krasner, ed., International Regimes (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983); Rittberger, Regime Theory.
4. UN, Agenda 21: Programme of Action for Sustainable Development (New York: United Nations, 1992), chap. 30.
5. Naomi Roht-Arriaza, "Shifting the Point of Regulation: The International Organization for Standardization and Global Law-Making on Trade and the Environment," Ecology Law Quarterly 22, no. 3 (1995): 494; Benchmark Environmental Consulting, ISO 14001 : An Uncommon Perspective (Portland, Me.: Benchmark, 1996), pp. 4-5.
6. Naomi Roht-Arriaza, "Shifting the Point of Regulation: The International Organization for Standardization and Global Law-Making on Trade and the Environment," Ecology Law Quarterly 22, no. 3 (1995): 494; Benchmark Environmental Consulting, ISO 14001 : An Uncommon Perspective (Portland, Me.: Benchmark, 1996), pp. 4-5.
7. Ronald Begley, "ISO 14000: A Step Toward Industry Self-Regulation," Environmental Science and Technology News 30, no. 7 (1996): 298A; "Upcoming ISO 14000 Standards Raise Concerns for US Businesses, Attorney Tells Meeting," International Environment Reporter 18, no. 7 (5 April 1995): 257.
8. Ronald Begley, "ISO 14000: A Step Toward Industry Self-Regulation," Environmental Science and Technology News 30, no. 7 (1996): 298A; "Upcoming ISO 14000 Standards Raise Concerns for US Businesses, Attorney Tells Meeting," International Environment Reporter 18, no. 7 (5 April 1995): 257.
9. Charles Denton, "Environmental Management Systems: ISO Standard 14000," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 16 (7 August 1996): 715; Benchmark, ISO 14001, p. 9.
10. Charles Denton, "Environmental Management Systems: ISO Standard 14000," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 16 (7 August 1996): 715; Benchmark, ISO 14001, p. 9.
11. See, for example, Pratap Chatterjee and Matthias Finger, The Earth Brokers (New York: Routledge, 1994).
12. Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991); Rosenau, "Governance in the Twenty-first Century," Global Governance 1, no.1 (winter 1995): 13-43.
13. Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991); Rosenau, "Governance in the Twenty-first Century," Global Governance 1, no.1 (winter 1995): 13-43.
14. Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); James N. Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991); Rosenau, "Governance in the Twenty-first Century," Global Governance 1, no.1 (winter 1995): 13-43.
15. For example, Ronnie Lipschutz, "Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society," Millennium 21, no. 3 (1992); Thomas Weiss and Leon Gordenker, NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996).
16. For example, Ronnie Lipschutz, "Reconstructing World Politics: The Emergence of Global Civil Society," Millennium 21, no. 3 (1992); Thomas Weiss and Leon Gordenker, NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996).
17. John Stopford and Susan Strange, Rival States, Rival Firms (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Haufler, "Crossing the Boundary."
18. John Stopford and Susan Strange, Rival States, Rival Firms (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Haufler, "Crossing the Boundary."
19. Craig Murphy, International Organization and Industrial Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
20. Haufler, "Crossing the Boundary," p. 95; Claire Cutler, Virginia Haufler, and Tony Porter, "Private Authority and Global Governance" (mimeograph, August 1996), p. 18.
21. Haufler, "Crossing the Boundary," p. 95; Claire Cutler, Virginia Haufler, and Tony Porter, "Private Authority and Global Governance" (mimeograph, August 1996), p. 18.
22. Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 5-10.
23. Cutler, Haufler, and Porter, "Private Authority," pp. 21-22.
24. A. Claire Cutler, "Global Capitalism and Liberal Myths: Dispute Settlement in Private International Trade Relations," Millennium 24, no. 3 (1995).
25. For a survey of the measures incorporated in these and other voluntary industry self-regulatory schemes, see Jennifer Nash and John Ehrenfeld, "Code Green," Environment 37, no. 1 (January-February 1996): 16-45; UNCTAD, Division on Transnational Corporations and Investment, Self Regulation of Environmental Management (Geneva: United Nations, 1996).
26. For a survey of the measures incorporated in these and other voluntary industry self-regulatory schemes, see Jennifer Nash and John Ehrenfeld, "Code Green," Environment 37, no. 1 (January-February 1996): 16-45; UNCTAD, Division on Transnational Corporations and Investment, Self Regulation of Environmental Management (Geneva: United Nations, 1996).
27. The ISO 14000 Environment (March 1996): 2.
28. ISO Bulletin (February 1996): 7.
29. Denton, "Environmental Management Systems," p. 715.
30. Joseph Cascio, "The Increasing Importance of International Standards to the US Industry Community and the Impact of ISO 14000," EM (November 1996): p. 18.
31. These requirements are outlined in more detail in Benchmark, ISO 14001, p. 3.
32. Denton, "Environmental Management Systems," p. 715.
33. ISO, "Introduction to the ISO," home page (online) http://www.iso.ch/ infoe/intro.html
34. UNCTAD, ISO 14001: International Environmental Management Systems Standards: Five Key Questions for Developing Country Officials, draft report, Geneva, 1996, p. 9.
35. Klaus Gunter Lingner, ISO official, interviewed by the author, Geneva, 9 July 1996; UNCTAD, ISO 14001 .
36. Klaus Gunter Lingner, ISO official, interviewed by the author, Geneva, 9 July 1996; UNCTAD, ISO 14001 .
37. ISO, ISO Members (Geneva: ISO, 1996). There are some exceptions - for example, Japan's member body is a government department and Argentina's is a private organization.
38. UNCTAD, ISO 14001, pp. 8; 21-22.
39. Ibid., p. 22.
40. ISO 14000 Environment, p. 2.
41. UNCTAD, ISO 14001, p. 29.
42. Nash and Ehrenfeld, "Code Green," p. 37.
43. "Environment: ISO 14000 Standards Focus on the User," ISO Bulletin 27, no. 2 (February 1996): 6-7.
44. ISO 14000 Environment, p. 8.
45. Benchmark, ISO 14001, p. 12.
46. Nash and Ehrenfeld, "Code Green," p. 37.
47. UNCTAD, ISO 14001, p. 33.
48. "WWF Calls on ISO to Clear Up Confusion Surrounding Extension of ISO 14001 to Forestry," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 19 (18 September 1996): 811.
49. "Japan Establishes National Standards Based on ISO 14000 Environmental Series," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 23 (13 November 1996): 1013; "ISO 14000 Series to Be Adopted April 1 as State Policy in China," International Environment Reporter 20, no. 5 (5 March 1997): 198.
50. "Japan Establishes National Standards Based on ISO 14000 Environmental Series," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 23 (13 November 1996): 1013; "ISO 14000 Series to Be Adopted April 1 as State Policy in China," International Environment Reporter 20, no. 5 (5 March 1997): 198.
51. "APEC Ministers Agree to Push for 'Dramatic Progress' on Ocean Cleanup," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 15 (24 July 1996): 647.
52. "ISO 14001, 14004 Standards Finalized; UK to Withdraw Its Measure in March," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 20 (2 October 1996): 863.
53. "Ireland Adopts Draft ISO 14001 as National Standard Along with EMAS, IS 310," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 13 (26 June 1996): 560; "Mexico, Canada, US to Share Information, Technology Linked to ISO 14000 Compliance," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 3 (7 February 1996): 92.
54. "Ireland Adopts Draft ISO 14001 as National Standard Along with EMAS, IS 310," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 13 (26 June 1996): 560; "Mexico, Canada, US to Share Information, Technology Linked to ISO 14000 Compliance," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 3 (7 February 1996): 92.
55. Roht-Arriaza, "Shifting the Point of Regulation," pp. 515-516.
56. Benchmark, ISO 14001, pp. 4-5.
57. UNCTAD, ISO 14001, pp. 54-58.
58. UN, Agenda 21, chap. 20, para. 20.29.
59. Roht-Arriaza, "Shifting the Point of Regulation," p. 528.
60. UNCTAD, ISO 14001, p. 23.
61. Ibid., pp. 22-38.
62. Anwar El Tawil, ISO developing countries program official, interviewed by the author, Geneva, 9 July 1996.
63. "Research Director Sees Growing Interest Among Asian Nations in ISO 14000 Standard," International Environment Reporter 18, no. 10 (17 May 1995): 366-367; "Mexico, Canada, US to Share Information, Technology," pp. 91-92; "Growing Number of Brazilian Firms Seeking Certification Under ISO 14000," International Environment Reporter 20, no. 6 (19 March 1997): 226-227; "South African Firms Seek Certification Under ISO 14000 as International Trade Grows," International Environment Reporter 20, no. 7 (2 April 1997): 334-335.
64. "Research Director Sees Growing Interest Among Asian Nations in ISO 14000 Standard," International Environment Reporter 18, no. 10 (17 May 1995): 366-367; "Mexico, Canada, US to Share Information, Technology," pp. 91-92; "Growing Number of Brazilian Firms Seeking Certification Under ISO 14000," International Environment Reporter 20, no. 6 (19 March 1997): 226-227; "South African Firms Seek Certification Under ISO 14000 as International Trade Grows," International Environment Reporter 20, no. 7 (2 April 1997): 334-335.
65. "Research Director Sees Growing Interest Among Asian Nations in ISO 14000 Standard," International Environment Reporter 18, no. 10 (17 May 1995): 366-367; "Mexico, Canada, US to Share Information, Technology," pp. 91-92; "Growing Number of Brazilian Firms Seeking Certification Under ISO 14000," International Environment Reporter 20, no. 6 (19 March 1997): 226-227; "South African Firms Seek Certification Under ISO 14000 as International Trade Grows," International Environment Reporter 20, no. 7 (2 April 1997): 334-335.
66. "Research Director Sees Growing Interest Among Asian Nations in ISO 14000 Standard," International Environment Reporter 18, no. 10 (17 May 1995): 366-367; "Mexico, Canada, US to Share Information, Technology," pp. 91-92; "Growing Number of Brazilian Firms Seeking Certification Under ISO 14000," International Environment Reporter 20, no. 6 (19 March 1997): 226-227; "South African Firms Seek Certification Under ISO 14000 as International Trade Grows," International Environment Reporter 20, no. 7 (2 April 1997): 334-335.
67. "More Work Needed in ISO 14000 Process on Certification, Says Committee Member," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 15 (24 July 1996): 647; "Mexico, Canada, US to Share Information, Technology," pp. 91-92; "Singapore Launching Program to Help SMEs Understand Requirements of ISO 14000 Series," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 23 (13 November 1996):1013.
68. "More Work Needed in ISO 14000 Process on Certification, Says Committee Member," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 15 (24 July 1996): 647; "Mexico, Canada, US to Share Information, Technology," pp. 91-92; "Singapore Launching Program to Help SMEs Understand Requirements of ISO 14000 Series," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 23 (13 November 1996):1013.
69. "More Work Needed in ISO 14000 Process on Certification, Says Committee Member," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 15 (24 July 1996): 647; "Mexico, Canada, US to Share Information, Technology," pp. 91-92; "Singapore Launching Program to Help SMEs Understand Requirements of ISO 14000 Series," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 23 (13 November 1996):1013.
70. "Kenyan Industry Found to Lack Information on Upcoming ISO 14000 Environmental Series," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 12 (12 June 1996): 480-481.
71. Anwar El Tawil, ISO developing countries program official, Geneva, 9 July 1996.
72. UNCTAD, ISO 14001.
73. For an important critique, see Benchmark, ISO 14001. See also RohtArriaza, "Shifting the Point of Regulation"; Gareth Porter, "Little Effect on Environmental Performance," Environmental Forum 12, no. 6 (November-December 1995): 43-44.
74. For an important critique, see Benchmark, ISO 14001. See also RohtArriaza, "Shifting the Point of Regulation"; Gareth Porter, "Little Effect on Environmental Performance," Environmental Forum 12, no. 6 (November-December 1995): 43-44.
75. For an important critique, see Benchmark, ISO 14001. See also RohtArriaza, "Shifting the Point of Regulation"; Gareth Porter, "Little Effect on Environmental Performance," Environmental Forum 12, no. 6 (November-December 1995): 43-44.
76. "ISO 14001 Should Not Be Required by Law or Regulation, Attorney Says," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 4 (21 February 1996): 122.
77. Ann Thayer, "Chemical Companies Take Wait and See Stance Toward ISO 14000 Standards," Chemical and Engineering News 74, no. 14 (1 April 1996): 11.
78. "Foreign Firms Expected to Lead the Way on ISO 14000 Certification in Thailand," International Environment Reporter 18, no. 27 (1 November 1995): 84.
79. Cited in Roht-Arriaza, "Shifting the Point of Regulation," p. 506.
80. Cited in "ISO 14000 Standards Tailored to Meet the Needs of All Countries," Quality Progress 28, no. 6 (June 1995): 21.
81. Cascio, "The Increasing Importance of International Standards," p. 18.
82. See, for example, Begley, "ISO 14000," p. 298A; "Upcoming ISO 14000 Standards," p. 257; Rick Mullin and Kara Sissell, "Merging Business and Envi-ronment," Chemical Week 158, no. 38 (9 October 1996).
83. See, for example, Begley, "ISO 14000," p. 298A; "Upcoming ISO 14000 Standards," p. 257; Rick Mullin and Kara Sissell, "Merging Business and Envi-ronment," Chemical Week 158, no. 38 (9 October 1996).
84. See, for example, Begley, "ISO 14000," p. 298A; "Upcoming ISO 14000 Standards," p. 257; Rick Mullin and Kara Sissell, "Merging Business and Envi-ronment," Chemical Week 158, no. 38 (9 October 1996).
85. Lawrence Speer, "From Command-and-Control to Self-Regulation: The Role of Environmental Management Systems," International Environment Reporter 20, no. 5 (5 March 1997): 227-228.
86. UNCTAD, ISO 14001, p. 78.
87. "Hong Kong Firms Indicate ISO 14000 Will Affect Suppliers, Contractors," International Environment Reporter 19, no. 20 (2 October 1996): 890.
88. UNCTAD, ISO 14001, p. 87; "Singapore Launching Program to Help SMEs Understand Requirements of ISO 14000 Series," p. 1013.
89. UNCTAD, ISO 14001, p. 87; "Singapore Launching Program to Help SMEs Understand Requirements of ISO 14000 Series," p. 1013.