Measured shear rates in large dry and wet snow avalanches

Journal of Glaciology

Volumn 55, Issue 190, 2009, Pages 327-338

  Kern, Martin ^a,b   Bartelt, Perry ^a   Sovilla, Betty ^a   Buser, Othmar ^a  

^a WSL INSTITUTE FOR SNOW AND AVALANCHE RESEARCH SLF   (Switzerland)

^b BFW Institute for Natural Hazards and Alpine Timberline   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AVALANCHE; ESTIMATION METHOD; FLOW VELOCITY; HEIGHT; MEASUREMENT METHOD; SHEAR; SNOW; TESTING METHOD;

CENTRAL EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; SIONNE VALLEY; SWITZERLAND; VALAIS;

EID: 67650924877     PISSN: 00221430     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3189/002214309788608714     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Baillifard, M.-A. 2007. Interaction between snow avalanches and catching dams. (PhD thesis, ETH Zürich.)
2. Baillifard, M.-A., M. Kern and S. Margreth. 2007. Dimensionnement de digue d'árret pour avalanches: demarche à suivre. Davos, Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research.
3. Bouchet, A., M. Naaim, F. Ousset, zH. Bellotand D. Cauvard. 2003. Experimental determination of constitutive equations for dense and dry avalanches: presentation of the set-up and first results. Surv. Ceophys., 24 (5-6), 525-541.
4. Dent, J. D., K. J. Burrell, D. S. Schmidt, M. Y. Louge, E. E. Adams and T. G. Jazbutis. 1998. Density, velocity and friction measurements in a dry-snow avalanche. Ann. Claciol., 26, 247-252.
5. Gauer, P., M. Kern, K. Kristensen, K. Lied, L. Rammer and H. Schreiber. 2007. On pulsed Doppler radar measurements of avalanches and their implication to avalanche dynamics. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 50 (1-3), 55-71.
6. Gray, J. M. N. T., Y.-C. Tai and S. Noelle. 2003. Shock waves, dead zones and particle-free regions in rapid granular free-surface flows. J. Fluid Mech., 491, 161-181.
7. Gubler, H. 1987. Measurements and modelling of snow avalanche speeds. IAHS Publ. 162 (Symposium at Davos 1986 - Avalanche Formation, Movement and Effects), 405-420.
8. Hakonardóttir, K. M. and A. J. Hogg. 2005. Oblique shocks in rapid granular flows. Phys. Fluids, 17 (7), 077101. (10.1063/1.1950688.)
9. Hákonardóttir, K. M., T. Jóhannesson, F. Tiefenbacher and M. Kern. 2001. A laboratory study of the retarding effect of breaking mounds in 3, 6 and 9 m long chutes. Reykjavík, Veõurstofa Íslands. (Technical Report V01007.)
10. Hákonardóttir, K. M., A. J. Hogg, T. Jóhannesson, M. Kern and F. Tiefenbacher. 2003. Large-scale avalanche braking mound and catching dam experiments with snow: a study of the airborne jet. Surv. Ceophys.., 24 (5-6), 543-554.
11. Issler, D., ed. 1999. European avalanche test sites. Overview and analysis in view of coordinated experiments. Eidg. Inst. Schnee- Lawinenforsch. Mitt. 59.
12. Issler, D. 2003. Experimental information on the dynamics of drysnow avalanches. In Hutter, K. and N. Kirchner, eds. Dynamic response of granular and porous materials under large and catastrophic deformations. Berlin, Springer, 109-160.
13. Kern, M., F. Tiefenbacher and J. McElwaine. 2004. The rheology of snow in large chute flows. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 39 (2-3), 181-192.
14. Kern, M., O. Buser, J. Peinke, M. Siefert and L. Vulliet. 2005. Stochastic analysis of single particle segregational dynamics. Phys. Lett. A, 336 (4-5), 428-433.
15. Lied, K., A. Moe, K. Kristensen and D. Issler. 2002. Full scale avalanche test site and the effect of the catching dam. Oslo, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute. (NGI Report 581200-35.)
16. Lied, K., A. Moe, K. Kristensen and D. Issler. 2004. Ryggfonn. Full scale avalanche test site and the effect of the catching dam. In Naaim, M. and F. Naaim-Bouvet, eds. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Snow and Avalanche Test Sites, Grenoble, 22-23 November 2001. Grenoble, Cemagref, 25-98.
17. Louge, M. Y., R. Steiner, S. C. Keast, R. Decker, J. D. Dent and M. Schneebeli. 1997. Application of capacitance instrumentation to the measurement of density and velocity of flowing snow. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 25 (1), 47-63.
18. McElwaine, J. N. and F. Tiefenbacher. 2003. Calculating internal avalanche velocities from correlation with error analysis. Surv. Ceophys., 24 (5-6), 499-524.
19. McElwaine, J. N. and B. Turnbull. 2005. Air pressure data from the Vallée de la Sionne avalanches of 2004. J. Geophys. Res., 110 (F3), F03010. (10.1029/2004JF000237.)
20. Nishimura, K., N. Maeno, F. Sandersen, K. Kristensen, H. Norem and K. Lied. 1993. Observations of the dynamic structure of snow avalanches. Ann. Claciol., 18, 313-316.
21. Rammer, L. 2004. The measurements on powder snow avalanches at the tube bridge in BSCHLABS Avalanche on Feb. 21 st 2000. In Naaim, M. and F. Naaim-Bouvet, eds. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Snow and Avalanche Test Sites, Grenoble, 22-23 November 2001. Grenoble, Cemagref, 185-203.
22. Rammer, L., K. Kristensen, K. Lied, H. Schreiber and W. L. Randeu. 1998. Radar measurements of snow avalanche full scale experiment in Ryggfonn. In Hestnes, E., ed. 25 Years of Snow Avalanche Research at NCI. Proceedings of the Anniversary Conference, 12-16 May 1998, Voss, Norway. Oslo, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, 215-219. (NGI Publication 203.)
23. Rammer, L., M. A. Kern, U. Gruber and F. Tiefenbacher. 2007. Comparison of avalanche-velocity measurements by means of pulsed Doppler radar, continuous wave radar and optical methods. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 50 (1-3), 35-54.
24. Schaer, M. and D. Issler. 2001. Particle densities, velocities and size distributions in large avalanches from impact-sensor measurements. Ann. Claciol., 32, 321-327.
25. Schaerer, P. A. and A. A. Salway. 1980. Seismic and impact-pressure monitoring of flowing avalanches. J. Claciol., 26 (94), 179-187.
26. Sovilla, B., P. Burlando and P. Bartelt. 2006. Field experiments and numerical modelling of mass entrainment in snow avalanches. J. Geophys. Res., 111 (F3), F03007. (10.1029/2005JF000391.)
27. Sovilla, B., M. Schaer, M. Kern and P. Bartelt. 2008a. Impact pressures and flow regimes in dense snow avalanches observed at the Vallée de la Sionne test site. J. Geophys. Res., 113 (F1), F01010. (10.1029/2006JF000688.)
28. Sovilla, B., M. Schaer and L. Rammer. 2008b. Measurements and analysis of full-scale avalanche impact pressure at the Vallée de la Sionne test site. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 51 (2-3), 122-137.
29. Tiefenbacher, F. and M. Kern. 2004. Experimental devices to determine snow avalanche basal friction and velocity profiles. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 38 (1), 17-30.