Experimental Information on the Dynamics of Dry-Snow Avalanches

Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics

Volumn 11, Issue , 2003, Pages 109-160

  Issler, Dieter ^a  

^a NaDesCoR   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

POROUS MATERIALS;

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES; EXTRACT INFORMATIONS; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; FLOW REGIMES; FULL-SIZE TESTS; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; SNOW AVALANCHE; SYNOPTIC ANALYSIS;

AVALANCHES (SNOWSLIDES);

EID: 84880163691     PISSN: 16137736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-36565-5_4     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Adam, V., V. Chritin, M. Rossi, and E. van Lancker (1998) Infrasonic monitoring of avalanche activity: what do we know and where do we go from here? Annals Glaciol., 26, 324-328
2. Bagnold, R. A. (1954) Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solid spheres in a Newtonian fluid under shear. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 225, 49-63
3. Banfi, L. (1994) Turbulenzmessungen an Laborstaublawinen. Diploma thesis, ETH Ziirich, CH-8092 Ziirich, Switzerland
4. Barbolini, M., U. Gruber, C. J. Keylock, M. Naaim, and F. Savi (2000) Application of statistical and hydraulic-continuum dense-snow avalanche models to five real European sites. Cold Regions Sci. Technol., 31, 133-149
5. Bartelt, P., B. Salm, and U. Gruber (1999) Calculating dense snow avalanche runout using a Voellmy-fluid model with active/passive longitudinal straining. J. Glaciol., 45 (150), 242-254
6. Beghin, P., E. J. Hopfinger, and R. E. Britter (1981) Gravitational convection from instantaneous sources on inclined boundaries. J. Fluid Mech., 107,407-422
7. Beghin, P., and X. Olagne (1991) Experimental and theoretical study of the dynamics of powder snow avalanches. Cold Regions Sci. Technol., 19), 317-326
8. Best, J. L., A. D. Kirkbridge, and J. Peakall (2001) Mean flow and turbulence structure of sediment-laden gravity currents: new insights using ultrasonic Doppler velocity profiling. In: W. D. McCaffrey, B. C. Kneller and J. Peakall (eds.), Particulate Gravity Currents, Special Publication no. 31, Intl. Assoc. of Sedimentologists. Oxford, UK, Blackwell Science Ltd., pages 159-172
9. Bozhinskiy, A. N., and K. S. Losev (1998) The Fundamentals of Avalanche Science. Mittlg. no. 55. CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland, Eidg. Institut für Schnee-und Lawinenforschung
10. Bozhinskiy, A. N., and A. N. Nazarov (1998) Dynamics of two-layer slush flows. In: E. Hestnes, ed., 25 Years of Snow Avalanche Research, Voss, 12-16 May 1998. NGI Publ. no. 203. Norges Geotekniske Institutt, N-0806 Oslo, Norway, pages 74-78
11. Briukhanov, A. V., S. S. Grigorian, S. M. Miagkov, M. Va. Plam, I. Va. Shurova, M. E. Eglit, and Yu. L. Yakimov (1967) On some new approaches to the dynamics of snow avalanches. In Oura, H., editor, Physics of Snow and Ice, Proc. Intl. Conf. Low Temperature Science, Sapporo, Japan, 1966. Vol. I, Part 2. Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, pages 1223-1241
12. Casassa, G., H. Narita, and N. Maeno (1989) Measurements of friction coefficients of snow blocks. Annals Glacial., 13, 40-44
13. Criminale, W. O. Jr., J. L. Ericksen, and G. L. Filbey (1958) Steady shear flow of non-Newtonian fluids. Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal., 1, 4120-417
14. De Blasio, F. V., D. Issler, A. Elverhoi, C. B. Harbitz, P. Bryn, and R. Lien (2003) Dynamics and material properties of the giant Storegga slide as suggested by numerical simulations. In preparation
15. Dent, J. D. (1982) A biviscous modified Bingham model of snow avalanche motion. PhD thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, U.S.A.
16. Dent, J. D., K. J. Burrell, D. S. Schmidt, M. Y. Louge, E. E. Adams, and T. G. Jazbutis (1998) Density, velocity and friction measurements in a drysnow avalanche. Annals Glacial., 26, 247-252
17. Dent, J. D. and T. E. Lang (1982) Experiments on the mechanics of flowing snow. Cold Regions Sci. Technol., 1 (2), 109-120
18. Dent, J. D., and T. E. Lang (1983) A biviscous modified Bingham model of snow avalanche motion. Annals Glacial., 4, 42-46
19. Dufour, F., U. Gruber, P. Bartelt, and W. J. Ammann (2000) Overview of the 1999 measurements at the SLF test-site Vallee de la Sionne. In: A Merging of Theory and Practice. Proc. Inti. Snow Science Workshop, Big Sky, Montana, U.S.A., October 1st-6th, 2000. Bozeman, Montana, U.S.A., Montana State 1Jniversity, pages 327-534
20. Dufour, F., U. Gruber, D. Issler, M. Schaer, N. Dawes, and M. Hiller (1999) Grobauswertung der Lawinenereignisse 1998/1999 im Grosslawinenversuchsgel an de Vallee de la Sionne. Interner Bericht 732. CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland, Eidg. Institut für Schnee-und Lawinenforschung
21. Eckart, W., J. M. N. T. Gray, and K. Hutter (2003) Verification of the SavageHutter model with PIV measurements. This volume
22. Erismann, T. H. (1979) llechanisms of large landslides. Rock Mech., 12, 15-46
23. Erismann, T. H. (1986) Flowing, rolling, bouncing, sliding: synopsis of basic mechanisms. Acta Mechanica, 64, 101-110
24. Forster, M. (1999) Ausfiihrliche Dokumentation ausgewahlter Staublawinenereignisse und Bestimmung ihrer Eingangsparameter für die Verifikation von Staublawinenmodellen. Interner Bericht 730. CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland, Eidg. Institut für Schnee-und Lawinenforschung
25. Gauer, P. (2002) Ormen Lange slope stability assessment. Run out analyses. Intern Rapport 993016-11. N-0806 Oslo, Norway, Norges Geotekniske Institutt
26. Granada, F., O. Marco, and P. Villemain (1995) Utilisation des techniques d'imagerie pour la cartographie des vitesses a la surface d'une avalanche dense. In: Comptes Rendus du "Colloque Glaciologie et nivologie-etat des recherches Ii la fin du XXeme siecie", Grenoble, France, February 15-16, 1995. Societe Hydrotechnique de France
27. Gray, J.T., and Y. C. Tai (1998) On the inclusion of a velocitydependent basal drag in avalanche models. Annals Glacial. 26. 277-280
28. Gray, J. M. N. T., W. Vieland, and K. Hutter (1999) Gravity-driven free surface flow of granular avalanches oyer complex basal topography. Pmc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 455, 1841-1874
29. Greve, R., and K. Hutter (1993) The motion of a granular avalanche in a convex and concave curved chute. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 342, 573-604
30. Grigoryan, S. S., N. A. Vrumbayev, and I. V. Nekrasov (1982) Experimental investigation of an avalanche air blast [in Russian]. Data Glaciol. Studies, 44, 87-93
31. Gubler, H. (1987) Measurements and modelling of snow avalanche speeds. In: B. Salm and H. Gubler, eds., Avalanche Formation, Movement and Effects (Proc. of the Davos Symposium, September 1986). IAHS Publ. no. 162. IAHS Press, Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, VK, pages 405-420
32. Gubler, H. (1989) Comparison of three models of avalanche dynamics. Annals Glaciol., 13, 82-89
33. Gubler, H. V., ed. (1991) Proc. Workshop on Avalanche Dynamics, May 14-18, 1990, Weissfluhjoch/Davos (Switzerland). Mittlg. No. 48. CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland, Eidg. Institut für Schnee-und Lawinenforschung
34. Gubler, H. (1995) Auswertung Lawinenmessungen Lukmanier vom 7./8. Januar 1994. Technical note. CH-7260 Weissfluhjoch/Davos, Switzerland, ALPVG and Eidg. Institut für Schnee-und Lawinenforschung
35. Gubler, H., and M. Hiller (1984) The use of microwave FMCW radar in snow and avalanche research. Cold Regions Sci. Technol., 9, 109-119
36. Gubler, H., M. Hiller, G. Klausegger, and V. Suter (1986) Messungen an Fliesslawinen. Zwischenbericht 1986. Mittlg. No. 41. CH-7260 Weissfluhjoch/Davos, Switzerland, Eidg. Institut für Schnee-und Lawinenforschung
37. Gude, M., and D. Scherer (1998) Snowmelt and slushflows: hydrological and hazard implications. Annals Glaciol., 26, 381-384
38. Hampton, M. (1972) The role of subaqueous debris flow in generating turbidity currents. Sed. Petrology, 42 (4), 775-793
39. Harbitz, C. B., ed. (1998) A survey of computational models for snow avalanche motion. NGI Report 581220-1. Norges Geotekniske Institutt, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
40. Harbitz, C. B., G. Parker, A. Elverhoi, J. G. Marr, D. Mohrig, and P. Harff (in press) Hydroplaning of subaqueous debris flows and glide blocks: Analytical solutions and discussion. Accepted for publication in J. Geophys. Res.
41. Hermann, F., and K. Hutter (1991) Laboratory experiments on the dynamics of powder snow avalanches in the runout zone. J. Glaciol., 37 (126), 281-295
42. Hestnes, E. (1998) Slushflow hazard-where, why and when? 25 years of experience with slushflow consulting and research. Annals Glaciol., 26, 370-376
43. Hestnes, E., and F. Sandersen (1998) Slushflow hazard control. A review of mitigative measures. In: E. Hestnes, ed., 25 Years of Snow Avalanche Research, Voss, 12-16 May 1998. NGI Publ. no. 203. Norges Geotekniske Institutt, N-0806 Oslo, Norway, pages 140-147
44. Hopfinger, E. J. (1983) Snow avalanche phenomena and related phenomena. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 15, 47-76
45. Hopfinger, E. J., and J.-C. Tochon-Danguy (1977) A model study of powder snow avalanches. J. Glaciol., 19 (81), 343-356
46. Hutter, K. (1988) A continuum model for finite mass avalanches having shear-flow and plug-flow regimes. Interner Bericht 651. CH-7260 Weissfluhjoch/ Davos, Switzerland, Eidg. Institut für Schnee-und Lawinenforschung
47. Hutter, K (1991) Two-and three-dimensional evolution of granular avalanche flow-theory and experiments revisited. Acta Mechanica (Suppl.), 1, 167-181
48. Hutter, K (1996) Avalanche Dynamics. In: V. P. Singh, ed., Hydrology of Disasters. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pages 317-394
49. Hutter, K, and T. Koch (1991) Motion of a granular avalanche in an exponentially curved chute: experiments and theoretical predictions. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 334, 93-138
50. Hutter, K, T. Koch, C. Pluss, and S. B. Savage (1993) Dynamics of avlanches from initiation to runout. Part II. Laboratory experiments. Acta Mechanica, 109, 127-165
51. Hutter, K, and K R. Rajagopal (1994) On flows of granular materials. Cont. Mech. Thermodyn., 6, 81-139
52. Hutter, K, F. Szidarovszky, and S. Yakowitz (1987) Granular shear flows as models for flow avalanches. In: B. Salm and H. Gubler, editors, Avalanche Formation, Movements and Effects. Proc. of the Davos Symposium, September 1986. IAHS Publication No. 162. IAHS Press, Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, pages 381-394
53. Issler. D. (1998) Modelling of snow entrainment and deposition in powder snow avalanches. Annals Glaciol., 26, 253-258
54. Issler, D. (1999) European avalanche test sites-Overview and analysis in view of coordinated experiments. Mittlg. no. 59. CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland, Eidg. Institut fur Schnee-und Lawinenforschung
55. Issler, D., P. Gauer, and M. Barbolini (1999) Continuum models of particle entrainment and deposition in snow drift and avalanche dynamics. In: H.D. Alber, R. Balean and R. Farwig, eds., Models of Continuum Mechanics in Analysis and En9ineering, Proc. of a Workshop organized by the Dept. of Mathematics, Technische Universitiit Darmstadt, Sept. 30 to Oct. 2, 1998. Aachen, Germany, Shaker Verlag, pages 58-80
56. Issler, D., P. Gauer, M. Schaer, and S. Keller (1996) Staublawinenereignisse im Winter 1995: Seewis (GR), Adelboden (BE) und Col du Pillon (VD). Interner Bericht 694. CH-7260 Weissfluhjoch/Davos, Switzerland, Eidg. Institut fur Schnee-und Lawinenforschung
57. Iverson, R. M. (1997) The physics of debris flows. Rev. Geophys., 35 (3), 245-296
58. Kawada, K, K Nishimura, and N. Maeno (1989) Experimental studies on a powder-snow avalanche. Annals Glaciol., 13, 129-134
59. Keller, S. (1995) Measurements of powder snow avalanches-Laboratory. Surveys Geophys., 16, 661-670
60. Keller, S. (1996) Physikalische Simulation von Staublawinen-Experimente zur Dynamik im dreidimensionalen Auslauf. Mittlg. no. 141. CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland, YAW, ETH Zurich
61. Kobayashi, D. (1972) Studies in snow transport of low-level drifting snow. Contrib. Inst. Low Temp. Sci. Ser. A, 24. Sapporo, Japan, Inst. of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
62. Koch, T., R. Greve, and K Hutter (1994) Unconfined flow of granular avalanches along a partly curved surface. Part II: Experiments and numerical computations. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 445, 415-435
63. Kozik, S. M. (1962) Raschet dvizheniya snezhnykh lavin [Calculation of movement of snow avalanches]. Moscow, Russia, Gidrometeoizdat
64. Lied, K, and S. Bakkehoi (1980) Empirical calculation of snow-avalanche runout distance based on topographical parameters. J. Glaciol., 26 (94), 165-177
65. Lied, K, A. Moe, K Kristensen, and D. Issler (2002) Ryggfonn. Full scale avalanche test site and the effect of the catching dam. NGI Report 581200-35. Postboks 3930 UllevaJ Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway, Norges Geotekniske Institutt
66. Lied, K, and R. Toppe (1989) Calculation of maximum snow-avalanche runout. Annals Glaciol., 13, 164-169
67. Louge, M. Y., R. Steiner, S. C. Keast, R. Decker, J. D. Dent, and M. Schneebeli (1997) Application of capacitance instrumentation to the measurement of density and velocity of flowing snow. Cold Regions Sci. Technol., 25, 47-63
68. Marco, O. (1995) Instrumentation d'un site avalancheux. Etudes du CEMAGREF: Equipements pour l'eau et l'environnement, vol. 16. B. P. 22. F-92162 Antony CEDEX, CEMAGREF-Dicova
69. Martinet, G. (1991) St-Venant-modele pour la simulation d'avalanches de neige humide. Neige et Avalanches, 53/54, 34-40.
70. Martinet, G. (1992) Contribution Ii la modelisation numerique des avalanches de neige dense et des laves torrentielles. PhD thesis, Universite J. Fourier-Grenoble I, France
71. McClung, D. M., and P. A. Schaerer (1985) Characteristics of flowing snow and avalanche impact pressures. Annals Glaciol., 6, 9-14
72. McElwaine, J., and K Nishimura (2001) Ping-pong ball avalanche experiments. Annals Glaciol., 32, 241-250
73. Mohrig, D., A. ElverhOi, and G. Parker (1999) Experiments on the relative mobility of muddy subaqueous and subaerial debris flows, and their capacity to remobilize antecedent deposits. Marine. Geol., 154, 117-129
74. Mohrig, D., K X. Whipple, M. Hondzo, C. Ellis, and G. Parker (1998) Hydroplaning of subaqueous debris flows. GSA Bull., 110 (3), 387-394
75. Naaim, M., and C. Ancey (1995) Modelisation of dense avalanches. In: Brugnot, G., editor, Universite europeenne d'ete sur les risques naturels. Session 1992: Neige et avalanches. BP 22, F-92162 Antony CEDEX, CEMAGREFDicova, cemagref editions, pages 173-181
76. Nakamura, T., H. Nakamura, O. Abe, A. Sato, and N. Numano (1987) A newly designed chute for snow avalanche experiments. In: B. Salm and H. Gubler, editors, Avalanche Formation, Movements and Effects. Pmc. of the Davos Symposium, September 1986. IAHS Publication no. 162. IAHS Press, Institute of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, pages 441-451
77. Nishimura, K (1990) Studies on the fluidized snow dynamics. Contr. Inst. Low Temp. Sci. A 37. Sapporo, Japan, The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
78. Nishimura, K, and Y. Ito (1997) Velocity distribution in snow avalanches. J. Geophys. Res., 102 (B12), 27297-27303
79. Nishimura, K, and K Izumi (1997) Seismic signals induced by snow avalanche flow. Natural Hazards, 15,89-100
80. Nishimura, K, S. Keller, J. McElwaine, and Y. Nohguchi (1998) Ping-pong ball avalanche at a ski jump. Granular Matter, 1(2), 51-56
81. Nishimura, K, N. Maeno, and K Kawada (1987) Internal structure of largescale avalanches revealed by a frequency analysis of impact forces. Low Temp. Sci, Ser. A, 46, 91-98
82. Nishimura, K, and N. Maeno (1987) Contribution of viscous forces to avalanche dynamics. Annals Glacial., 13, 202-206
83. Nishimura, K, N. Maeno, K. Kawada, and K Izumi (1993a) Structures of snow cloud in dry-snow avalanches. Annals Glacial., 18, 173-178
84. Nishimura, K., N. Maeno, F. Sandersen, K. Kristensen, H. Norem, and K. Lied (1993b) Observations of the dynamic structure of snow avalanches. Annals Glacial., 18, 313-316
85. Norem, H., F. Irgens, and B. Schieldrop (1987) A continuum model for calculating snow avalanche velocities. In: B. Salm and H. Gubler, eds., Avalanche Formation, Movements and Effects. Pmc. of the Davos Symposium, September 1986. IAHS Publication no. 162. IAHS Press, Inst. of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, pages 363-380
86. Norem, H., F. Irgens, and B. Schieldrop (1989) Simulation of snow-avalanche flow in run-out zones. Annals Glacial., 13, 218-225
87. Perla, R. I., T. T. Cheng, and D. M. McClung (1980) A two-parameter model of snow-avalanche motion. J. Glacial., 26 (94), 197-207
88. Perla, R., Klied, and K Kristensen (1984) Particle simulation of snow avalanche motion. Cold Regions Sci. Technol., 9, 191-202
89. Perov, V. F. (1998) Slushflows: Basic properties and spreading. In: E. Hestnes, ed., 25 Years of Snow Avalanche Research, Voss, 12-16 May 1998. NGI Pubi. no. 203. Norges Geotekniske Institutt, N-0806 Oslo, Norway, pages 203-209
90. Rammer, L. (1992) Dynamische Messungen an Staublawinen. In: Internationales Symposion INTERPRAEVENT 1992-BERN, pages 421-431
91. Rammer, L. (2000a) Avalanche dynamics measurement facility "GroBer Graben", avalanche on Feb. 21st, 2000. In: G. Fiebiger, ed., Pmc. IUFRO Intl. Workshop "Hazard Mapping in Avalanching Areas", St. Christoph/St. Anton, Tyrol, Austria, April 2-7, 2000. A-5027 Salzburg, Austria, International Union of Forestry Research Organisations (IUFRO), pages 211-223
92. Rammer, L. (2000b) Velocity measurements of avalanches by a pulsed Doppler radar. In: G. Fiebiger, ed., Pmc. IUFRO Intl. Workshop "Hazard Mapping in Avalanching Areas", St. Christoph/St. Anton, Tyrol, Austria, April 2-7, 2000. A-5027 Salzburg, Austria, International Union of Forestry Research Organisations (IUFRO), pages 103-120
93. Rodi, W. (1984) Turbulence Models and Their Application in Hydraulics-State-of-the-Art Report. NL-2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands, IntI. Assoc. for Hydraulic Research, 2nd edition
94. Sabot, F., M. Naaim, F. Granada, E. Surifiach, R. Planet, and G. Furdada (1998) Study of the avalanche dynamics by means of seismic methods, imageprocessing techniques and numerical models. Annals Glacial., 26, 319-323
95. Salm, B. (1964) Anlage zur Untersuchung dynamischer Wirkungen von bewegtem Schnee. ZAMP, 15, 357-375
96. Salm, B. (1966) Contribution to avalanche dynamics. In: Scientific Aspects of Snow and Ice Avalanches, Pmc. of the Davos Symposium, 5-10 April 1965. IAHS Publication no. 69. IAHS Press, Inst. of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK, pages 199-214
97. Salm, B., and H. Gubler (1985) Measurement and analysis of the motion of dense flow avalanches. Annals Glacial., 6, 26-34.
98. Salm, B., A. Burkard, and H. U. Gubler (1990) Berechnung von Fliesslawinen. Eine Anleitung fur Praktiker mit Beispielen. Mittlg. no. 47. CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland, Eidg. Institut für Schnee-und Lawinenforschung
99. Savage, S. B., and K. Hutter (1989) The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline. J. Fluid Mech., 199, 177-215
100. Savage, S. B., and K. Hutter (1991) The dynamics of avalanches of granular materials from initiation to runout. Part I: Analysis. Acta Mechanica, 86, 201-223
101. Savage, S. B., and M. Sayed (1984) Stresses developed by dry granular materials in an annular shear cell. J. Fluid Mech., 142,391-430
102. Schaer, M., and D. Issler (2001) Particle densities, velocities, and size distributions in large avalanches from impact-sensor measurements. Annals Glacial., 32,321-327
103. Schaerer, P. A., and A. A. Salway (1980) Seismic and impact-pressure monitoring of flowing avalanches. J. Glacial., 26 (94), 179-187
104. Scheiwiller, T. (1986) Dynamics of powder-snow avalanches. Mittlg. no. 81. CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland, VAW, ETH Zurich
105. Scheiwiller, T., K. Hutter, and F. Hermann (1987) Dynamics of powder snow avalanches. Annales Geophysicae, 5B (6), 569-588
106. Scherer, D., M. Gude, M. Gempeler, and E. Parlow (1998) Atmospheric and hydrological boundary conditions for slushflow initiation due to snowmelt. Annals Glacial., 26, 377-380
107. Schreiber, H., W. L. Randeu, H. Schaflhauser, and L. Rammer (2001) A valanche dynamics measurement by pulsed Doppler radar. Annals Glacial., 32,275-280
108. Shimizu, H., E. Huzioka, E. Akitaya, H. Narita, M. Nakagawa, and K. Kawada (1980) A study on high-speed avalanches in the Kurobe canyon, Japan. J. Glacial., 26, 141-151
109. Simpson, J. E. (1987) Gravity Currents: In the Environment and the Laboratory. Ellis Horwood Series in Environmental Science. Chichester, West Sussex, England, Ellis Horwood Ltd.
110. Sovilla, B., F. Sommavilla, and A. Tomaselli (2001) Measurements of mass balance in dense snow avalanche events. Annals Glacial., 32, 230-236
111. Tai, Y. C., J. M. N. T. Gray, K. Hutter, and S. Noelle (2001) Flow of dense avalanches past obstructions. Annals Glacial., 32, 281-284
112. Tiefenbacher, F., and M. A. Kern (2003) Experimental devices to determine snow avalanche basal friction and velocity profiles. Submitted to Cold Regions Sci. Technol.
113. Vallet, J., U. Gruber, and F. Dufour (2001) Photogrammetric avalanche measurements at Vallee de la Sionne, Switzerland. Annals Glacial., 32, 141-146
114. Voellmy, A. (1955). Uber die ZerstOrungskraft von Lawinen. Schweiz. Bauzeitung, 73, 159-165, 212-217, 246-249, 280-285
115. Zwinger, T. (2000) Dynamik einer Trockenschneelawine auf beliebig geformten Berghangen. PhD thesis, Technische Universitat Wien, Wien, Austria
116. Zwinger, T., A. Kluwick, and P. Sampl (2003) Numerical simulation of drysnow avalanche flow over natural terrain. This volume