Nutrition and adults with intellectual or developmental disabilities: Systematic literature review results

Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 163-185

  Humphries, Kathleen ^a   Traci, Meg Ann ^a   Seekins, Tom ^a  

^a University of Montana Rural Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANTHROPOMETRY; ARTICLE; BODY WEIGHT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DISABLED PERSON; HUMAN; MALNUTRITION; MENTAL PATIENT; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; OBESITY; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; ANTHROPOMETRY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEFICIENCY DISEASES; DISABLED PERSONS; HUMANS; MALNUTRITION; MENTALLY DISABLED PERSONS; NUTRITION ASSESSMENT; NUTRITION SURVEYS; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT; RISK FACTORS; THINNESS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 67650914899     PISSN: 19349556     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-47.3.163     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Administration on Developmental Disabilities. (2005). ADD factsheet. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved November 14, 2006, from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/add/Factsheet.html
2. Aman, M. G. (1987). Overview of pharmacotherapy: Current status and future directions. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 31, 121-130.
3. American Dietetic Association. (2002). Position of the American Dietetic Association: Weight management. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102, 1145-1155.
4. American Dietetic Association. (2003). Position of the American Dietetic Association: Integration of medical nutritional therapy and pharmacotherapy. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103, 1363-1370.
5. American Dietetic Association. (2004). Position of the American Dietetic Association: Providing nutrition services for infants, children, and adults with developmental disabilities and special health care needs. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104, 97-107.
6. Ault, M. M., Guy, B., Rues, J., Noto, L., & Guess, D. (1994). Some educational implications for students with profound disabilities at risk for inadequate nutrition and the nontherapeutic effects of medication. Mental Retardation, 32, 200-205.
7. Baer, M. T., Blyler, E. M., Cloud, H. H., & McCamman, S. P. (1991). Providing early nutrition intervention services: Preparation of dietitians, nutritionists, and other team members. Infants and Young Children, 3, 56-66.
8. Baptista, F., Varela, A., & Sardinha, L. B. (2005). Bone mineral mass in males and females with and without Down syndrome. Osteoporosis International, 16, 380-388.
9. Beange, H., McElduff, A., & Baker, W. (1995). Medical disorders of adults with mental retardation: A population study. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 99, 595-604.
10. Bell, A. J., & Bhate, M. S. (1992). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Down's syndrome and other mentally handicapped adults living in the community. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 36, 359-364.
11. Bertoli, S., Battezzati, A., Merati, G., Margonato, V., Maggioni, M., Testolin, G., & Veicsteinas, A. (2006). Nutritional status and dietary patterns in disabled people. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 16, 100-112.
12. Blackburn, G. L. (2000). Weight gain and antipsychotic medication. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61(Suppl.), 36-41.
13. Bohmer, C. J., Niezen-de Boer, M. C., Klinkenberg-Knol, E. C., Tuynman, H. A., Voskuil, J. H., Deville, W. L., & Meuwissen, S. G. (1997). Gastroesophageal reflux disease in intellectually disabled individuals: Leads for diagnosis and the effect of omeprazole therapy. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 92, 1475-1479.
14. Bohmer, C. J., Taminiau, J., Klinkenberg-Knol, E. C., & Meuwissen, S. G. (2001). The prevalence of constipation in institutionalized people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 45, 212-218.
15. Brambilla, P., Bosio, L., Monzoni, P., Pietrobelli, A., Beccaria, L., & Chiumello, G. (1997). Peculiar body composition in patients with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65, 1369-1374.
16. Brandt, E. N., & Pope, A. M. (1997) Enabling America: Assessing the role of rehabilitation science and engineering. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
17. Braunschweig, C. L., Gomez, S., Sheean, P., Tomey, K. M., Rimmer, J., & Heller, T. (2004). Nutritional status and risk factors for chronic disease in urban-dwelling adults with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109, 186-193.
18. Bryan, F., Allan, T., & Russell, L. (2000). The move from a long-stay learning disabilities hospital to community homes: A comparison of clients' nutritional status. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 13, 265-270.
19. Bryan, F., Jones, J. M., & Russell, L. (1998). Reliability and validity of a nutrition screening tool to be used with clients with learning difficulties. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetic, 11, 41-50.
20. Burkart, J. E., Fox, R. A., Rotatori, A. F. (1985). Obesity of mentally retarded individuals: Prevalence, characteristics, and intervention. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 303-312.
21. Butler, M. G., Bittel, D. C., Kibiryeva, N., & Garg, U. (2006). C-reactive protein levels in subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome and obesity. Genetics in Medicine, 8, 243-248.
22. Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. (1996). The food guide pyramid [Home and Garden Bulletin No. 252], Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
23. Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. (2005). MyPyramid. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved February 20, 2006, from http://www.mypyramid.gov
24. Center, J., Beange, H., & McElduff, A. (1998). People with mental retardation have an increased prevalence of osteoporosis: A population study. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 103, 19-28.
25. Cento, R. M., Proto, C., Spada, R. S., Ragusa, L., Reitano, S., Napolitano, V., & Lanzone, A. (1999). Serum leptin concentrations in obese women with Down syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome. Gynecological Endocrinology, 13, 36-41.
26. Chadwick, D. D., Jolliffe, J., & Goldbart, J. (2003). Adherence to eating and drinking guidelines for adults with intellectual disabilities and dysphagia. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 108, 202-211.
27. Cimino, J. A., Epel, R., & Cooperman, J. M. (1985). Effect of diet on vitamin deficiencies in retarded individuals receiving drugs. Drug-Nutrient Interactions, 3, 201-204.
28. Cloud, H. H. (1997). Expanding roles for dietitians working with persons with developmental disabilities. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97, 129-130.
29. Cohen, S., Glazewski, R., Khan, S., & Khan, A. (2001). Weight gain with resperidone among patients with mental retardation: Effects of calorie restriction. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62, 114-116.
30. Cole, H. S., Lopez, R., Epel, R., & Singh, B. K. (1985). Nutritional deficiencies in institutionalised mentally retarded and physically disabled individuals. American Journal on Mental Deficiency, 89, 552-555.
31. Cole, O. (1986). Medical screening of adults at social education centres: Whose responsibility? Mental Handicap, 14, 54-56.
32. Cotugna, N., & Vickery, C. E. (2003). Community health and nutrition screening for Special Olympics athletes. Journal of Community Health, 28, 451-457.
33. Cunningham, K., Gibney, M. J., Kelly, A., Kevany, J., & Mulcahy, M. (1990). Nutrient intakes in long-stay mentally handicapped persons. British Journal of Nutrition, 64, 3-11.
34. Davis, J. R., & Sherer, K. (1994). Applied nutrition and diet therapy for nurses (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
35. DelParigi, A., Tschop, M., Heiman, M. L., Salbe, A. D., Vozarova, B., Sell, S. M., Bunt, J. C., & Tataranni, P. A. (2002). High circulating ghrelin: A potential cause for hyperphagia and obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87, 5461-5464.
36. Docktor, W. J. (1998). Managing medications in developmental disabilities program-funded services. Missoula: University of Montana.
37. Draheim, C. C. (2006). Cardiovascular disease prevalence and risk factors of persons with mental retardation. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 12, 3-12.
38. Draheim, C. C., McCubbin, J. A., & Williams, D. P. (2002). Differences in cardiovascular disease risk between nondiabetic adults with mental retardation with and without Down Syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107, 201-211.
39. Draheim, C. C., Stanish, H. I., Williams, D. P., & McCubbin, J. A. (2007). Dietary intake of adults with mental retardation who reside in community settings. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112, 392-400.
40. Draheim, C. C., Williams, D. P., & McCubbin, J. A. (2002a). Physical activity, dietary intake, and the insulin resistance syndrome in nondiabetic adults with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107, 361-375.
41. Draheim, C. C., Williams, D. P., & McCubbin, J. A. (2002b). Prevalence of physical inactivity and recommended physical activity in community-based adults with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 40, 436-444.
42. Dykens, E. M. (2000). Contaminated and unusual food combinations: What do people with Prader-Willi syndrome choose? Mental Retardation, 38, 163-171.
43. Eckel, R. H. (1997). Obesity and heart disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Health Association. Circulation, 96, 3248-3250.
44. Economic Research Service. (n.d.). Briefing rooms: Vulnerable populations. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved August 2006, from http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/VulnerablePopulations/
45. Ellman, G., Salfi, M., Fong, A., Murphy, P., Silverstein, C. I., Smith, J., & Zingarelli, G. (1986). Vitamin B6 status measures of an institutionalized mentally retarded population. American Journal on Mental Deficiency, 91, 30-34.
46. Emerson, E. (2005). Underweight, obesity and exercise among adults with intellectual disabilities in supported accommodation in northern England. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 134-143.
47. Fischer, M., Adkins, W., Hall, L., Scaman, P., Hsi, S., & Marlett, J. (1985) The effects of dietary fibre in a liquid diet on bowel function of mentally retarded individuals. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 29(Part 4), 373-381.
48. Frey, B., & Rimmer, J. H. (1995). Comparison of body composition between German and American adults with mental retardation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20, 1439-1443.
49. Fujiura, G. T., Fitzsimons, N., Marks, B., & Chicoine, B. (1997). Predictors of BMI among adults with Down syndrome: The social context of health promotion. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 18, 261-274.
50. Fujiura, G. T., & Yamaki, K. (1997). Analysis of ethnic variations in developmental disability prevalence and household economic status. Mental Retardation, 35, 286-294.
51. Gabre, P., Martinsson, T., & Gahnberg, L. (2002). Move of adults with intellectual disability from institutions to community-based living: Changes of food arrangements and oral health. Swedish Dental Journal, 26, 81-88.
52. Gibson, R. S. (2005). Principles of nutritional assessment. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
53. Golden, E., & Hatcher, J. (1997). Nutrition knowledge and obesity of adults in community residences. Mental Retardation, 35, 177-184.
54. Goldstone, A. P., Brynes, A. E., Thomas, E. L., Bell, J. D., Frost, G., Holland, A., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (2002). Resting metabolic rate, plasma leptin concentrations, leptin receptor expression, and adipose tissue measured by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in women with Prader-Willi syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75, 468-475.
55. Goldstone, A. P., Patterson, M., Kalingag, N., Ghatei, M. A., Brynes, A. E., Bloom, S. R., Grossman, A. B., & Korbonits, M. (2005). Fasting and postprandial hyperghrelinemia in Prader-Willi syndrome is partially explained by hypoinsulinemia, and is not due to peptide YY3-36 deficiency or seen in hypothalamic obesity due to craniopharyngioma. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90, 2681-2690.
56. Goldstone, A. P., Thomas, E. L., Brynes, A. E., Castroman, G., Edwards, R., Ghatei, M. A., Frost, G., Holland, A. J., Grossman, A. B., Korbonits, M., Bloom, S. R., & Bell, J. D. (2004). Elevated fasting plasma ghrelin in Prader-Willi syndrome adults is not solely explained by their reduced visceral adiposity and insulin resistance. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89, 1718-1726.
57. Gravestock, S. (2000). Eating disorders in adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44, 625-637.
58. Hand, J. E. (1994). Report of a national survey of older people with lifelong intellectual handicap in New Zealand. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 38, 275-287.
59. Harris, N., Rosenberg, A., Jangda, S., O'Brien, K., & Gallagher, M. L. (2003). Prevalence of obesity in international Special Olympic athletes as determined by body mass index. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103, 235-237.
60. Havercamp, S. M., Scandlin, D., & Roth, M. (2004). Health disparities among adults with developmental disabilities, adults with other disabilities, and adults not reporting disability in North Carolina. Public Health Reports, 119, 418-426.
61. Hayden, M. F. (1998). Mortality among people with mental retardation living in the United States: Research review and policy application. Mental Retardation, 36, 345-359.
62. Helfrich-Miller, K. R., Rector, K. L., & Straka, J. A. (1986). Dysphagia: Its treatment in the profoundly retarded patient with cerebral palsy. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 67, 520-525.
63. Hellings, J. A., Zarcone, J. R., Crandall, K., Wallace, D., & Schroeder, S. R. (2001). Weight gain in a controlled study of resperidone in children, adolescents, and adults with mental retardation and autism. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 11, 229-238.
64. Hennequin, M., Allison, P. J., Faulks, D., Orliaguet, T., & Feine, J. (2005). Chewing indicators between adults with Down syndrome and controls. Journal of Dental Research, 84, 1057-1061.
65. Hine, R. J., Cloud, A. H., Carrithers, T., Hickey, C., & Hinton, A. W. (1989). Early nutrition intervention services for children with special health care needs. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 89, 1636-1639.
66. Hoffman, C. J., Aultman, D., & Pipes, P. (1992). A nutrition survey of and recommendations for individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome who live in group homes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 92, 823-830.
67. Hogan, S. E., & Evers, S. E. (1997). A nutritional rehabilitation program for persons with severe physical and developmental disabilities. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97, 162-166.
68. Holland, A. J., Treasure, J., Coskeran, P., & Dallow, J. (1995). Characteristics of the eating disorder in Prader-Willi syndrome: Implications for treatment. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 373-381.
69. Hove, O. (2004). Prevalence of eating disorders in adults with mental retardation living in the community. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109, 501-506.
70. Hoybye, C., Barkeling, B., Espelund, U., Petersson, M., & Thoren, M. (2003). Peptides associated with hyperphagia in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome before and during GH treatment. Growth Hormone and IGF Research, 13, 322-327.
71. Humphries, K., Traci, M. A., & Seekins, T. (2002). Nutrition and disability. Rural disability and rehabilitation research progress report #14. Missoula: University of Montana Rural Institute.
72. Humphries, K., Traci, M. A., & Seekins, T. (2004). A preliminary assessment of the nutrition foodsystem environment of adults with intellectual disabilities living in supported arrangements in the community. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 43, 517-532.
73. Humphries, K., Traci, M. A., & Seekins, T. (2005a). Eat well to feel well: Your plan for good health. Missoula: University of Montana Rural Institute.
74. Humphries, K., Traci, M. A., & Seekins, T. (2005b). Nutrition for individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities: Nutrition standards of care. Missoula: University of Montana Rural Institute.
75. Humphries, K., Traci, M., & Seekins, T. (2008). Food on Film: Pilot test of an innovative method for recording food intake of adults with intellectual disabilities living in the community. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 21, 168-173.
76. Janicki, M. P., Davidson, P. W., Henderson, C. M., McCallion, P., Taets, J. D., Force, L. T., Sulkes, S. B., Frangenberg, E., & Ladrigan, P. M. (2002). Health characteristics and health services utilization in older adults with intellectual disability living in community residences. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 46, 287-298.
77. Jelliffe, D. B. (1966). The assessment of the nutritional status of the community [Monograph No. 53]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
78. Johnson, R. K., Goran, M. I., Ferrara, M. S., & Poehlman, E. T. (1996). Athetosis increases resting metabolic rate in adults with cerebral palsy. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 96, 145-148.
79. Kennedy, M., McCombie, L., Dawes, P., McConnell, K. N., & Dunnigan, M. G. (1997). Nutritional support for patients with intellectual disability and nutrition/dysphagia disorders in community care. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41, 430-436.
80. Komori, T., Yoshida, F., Nakamura, J., Miyazaki, S., Miura, H., & Iguchi, A. (2004). Metformin ameliorates treatment of obese type 2 diabetic patients with mental retardation; its effects on eating behavior and serum leptin levels. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, 112, 422-428.
81. Krahn, G. L., Hammond, L., & Turner, A. (2006). A cascade of disparities: Health and health care access for people with intellectual disabilities. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 12, 70-82.
82. Kumanyika, S. K., Tell, G. S., Shemanski, L., Martel, J., & Chinchilli, V. M. (1997). Dietary assessment using a picture-sort approach. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65(Suppl.), 1123S-1129S.
83. Lindeman, A. K. (1991). Resident managers' nutrition concerns for staff and residents of group homes for mentally retarded adults. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 91, 602-604.
84. Lindquist, C. H., Cummings, T., & Goran, M. I. (2000). Use of tape-recorded food records in assessing children's dietary intake. Obesity Research, 8, 2-11.
85. Litchford, M. D., & Wakefield, L. M. (1985). Nutrient intake of institutionalized developmentally disabled individuals: Impact of the nutrition knowledge of paraprofessionals. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 85, 690-692.
86. Lucas, B. L. (1990). Interdisciplinary nutrition training: Children with special health care needs. Topics in Clinical Nutrition, 5, 24-30.
87. Macario, E., Emmons, K., Sorensen, G., Hunt, M. K., & Rudd, R. (1998). Factors influencing nutrition education for patients with low literacy skills. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 98, 559-564.
88. Macdonald, N. J., McConnell, K. N., Stephen, M. R., & Dunnigan, M. G. (1989). Hypernatraemic dehydration in patients in a large hospital for the mentally handicapped. British Medical Journal, 299, 1426-1428.
89. Mann, J., Zhou, H., McDermott, S., & Poston, M. B. (2006) Health behavior change of adults with mental retardation: Attendance in a health promotion program. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 111, 62-73.
90. Marge, M. (1988). Health promotion for persons with disabilities: Moving beyond rehabilitation. American Journal of Health Promotion, 2, 29-44.
91. Marshall, D., McConkey, R., & Moore, G. (2003). Obesity in people with intellectual disabilities: the impact of nurse-led health screenings and health promotion activities. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41, 147-153.
92. McGuire, B. E., Daly, P., & Smyth, F. (2007) Lifestyle and health behaviours of adults with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51, 497-510.
93. Melville, C. A., Cooper, S. A., McGrother, C. W., Thorp, C. F., & Collacott, R. (2005). Obesity in adults with Down syndrome: A case-control study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 125-133.
94. Mercer, K. C., & Ekvall, S. W. (1992). Comparing the diets of adults with mental retardation who live in intermediate care facilities and in group homes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 92, 356-358.
95. Merriman, S., Haw, C., Kirk, J., & Stubbs, J. (2005). Risk factors for coronary heart disease among inpatients who have mild intellectual disability and mental illness. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 309-316.
96. Molteno, C., Smit, I., Mills, J., & Huskisson, J. (2000). Nutritional status of patients in a longstay hospital for people with mental handicap. South African Medical Journal, 90, 1135-1140.
97. Morad, M., Gringols, M., Kandel, I., & Merrick, J. (2005). Vitamin B12 deficiency in persons with intellectual disability in a vegetarian residential care community. Scientific World, 5, 58-61.
98. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (1984). Behavioral risk factor surveillance survey. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
99. National Center for Health Statistics. (2002). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
100. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. (2005, March). Health topics: Peak bone mass in women. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. Retrieved December 2005, from http://www.niams.nih.gov/bone/hi/bone_mass.htm
101. National Research Council. (1989). Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th edition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
102. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. (2000). Overweight, obesity, and health risk. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167, 898-904.
103. Obesity Education Initiative. (1998). Clinical guidelines on identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: Evidence report [NIH Publication 98-4083]. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.
104. O'Brien, G., & Whitehouse, A. M. (1990). A psychiatric study of deviant eating behaviour among mentally handicapped adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 281-284.
105. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2000). Healthy people 2010: Understanding and improving health (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
106. Olmstead v. L.C., 527 U.S. 581 (1999).
107. Pesce, K. A., Wodarski, L. A., & Wang, M. (1989). Nutritional status of institutionalized children and adolescents with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 10, 33-51.
108. Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1999). Comorbidities of overweight and obesity: Current evidence and research issues. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(Suppl.1), S602-S608.
109. Pitetti, K. H., & Campbell, K. D. (1991). Mentally retarded individuals-A population at risk? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23, 586-593.
110. Ponder, K. B., & Bergman, J. S. (1980). Court-ordered dietary standards: RDAs and mental retardation. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 77, 428-433.
111. Pope, A. M., & Tarlov, A. R. (1991). Disability in America: Toward a national agenda for prevention. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
112. Prasher, V. P. (1995). Overweight and obesity amongst Down's syndrome adults. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 437-441.
113. Proto, C., Romualdi, D., Cento, R. M., Romano, C., Campagna, G., & Lanzone, A. (2007). Free and total leptin serum levels and soluble leptin receptors levels in two models of genetic obesity: The Prader-Willi and the Down syndromes. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental, 56, 1076-1080.
114. Prouty, R. W., & Lakin, K. C. (2006). Residential services for persons with developmental disabilities: Status and trends through 2005. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Research and Training Center on Community Living.
115. Razagui, I. B., Barlow, P. J., Izmeth, M. G., & Taylor, K. D. (1991). Iron status in a group on long-stay mentally handicapped menstruating women: Some dietary considerations. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 45, 331-340.
116. Reiss, S., & Aman, M. G. (1997). The international consensus process of psychopharmacology and intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41, 445-448.
117. Rimmer, J. H., & Braddock, D. (2002). Health promotion for people with physical, cognitive, and sensory disabilities: An emerging national priority. American Journal of Health Promotion, 16, 220-224.
118. Rimmer, J. H., Braddock, D., & Fujiura, G. (1993). Prevalence of obesity in adults with mental retardation: Implications for health promotion and disease prevention. Mental Retardation, 31, 105-110.
119. Rimmer, J. H., Braddock, D., & Fujiura, G. (1994). Cardiovascular risk factor levels in adults with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 98, 510-518.
120. Rimmer, J. H., Braddock, D., & Marks, B. (1995). Health characteristics and behaviors of adults with mental retardation residing in three living arrangements. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 16, 489-499.
121. Rimmer, J. H., & Wang, E. (2005). Obesity prevalence among a group of Chicago residents with disabilities. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 86, 1461-1464.
122. Rimmer, J. H., & Yamaki, K. (2006). Obesity and intellectual disability. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 12, 22-27.
123. Robertson, J., Emerson, E., Gregary, N., Hatton, C., Rutner, S., Kessissoglou, S., & Hallam, A. (2000). Lifestyle related risk factors for poor health in residential settings for people with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 21, 469-486.
124. Rubin, S., Rimmer, J., Chicoine, B., Braddock, D., & McGuire, D. (1998). Overweight prevalence in persons with Down syndrome. Mental Retardation, 36, 175-181.
125. Sakadamis, A., Angelopoulou, N., Matziari, C., Papameletiou, V., & Souftas, V. (2002). Bone mass, gonadal function and biochemical assessment in young men with trisomy 21. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 100, 208-212.
126. Sanders, K. D., Cox, K., Cannon, R., Blanchard, D., Pitcher, J., Papathakis, P., Varella, L., & Maughan, R. (1990). Growth response to enteral feeding by children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 14, 23-26.
127. Santos-Teachout, R., Evenhuis, H., Stewart, L., Kerr, M., McElduff, A., Fraser, W., Böhmer, C. J. M., Davis, R., Beange, H., Lennox, N., & Turner, G. (2002). Health guidelines for adults with an intellectual disability. London: International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disability.
128. Schoeller, D. A., Levitsky, L. L., Bandini, L. G., Dietz, W. W., & Walczak, A. (1988). Energy expenditure and body composition in Prader-Willi syndrome. Metabolism, 37, 115-120.
129. Seekins, T., Traci, M., Bainbridge, D., & Humphries, K. (2005). Chapter 13: Secondary conditions risk appraisal for adults. In W. Nehring (Ed.), Health promotion for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities: The state of scientific evidence (pp. 325-342). Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
130. Sepulveda, D., Allison, D., Gomez, J., Kreibich, K., Brown, R., Pierson, R., & Heymsfield, S. (1995). Low spinal and pelvic bone mineral density among individuals with Down syndrome. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 100, 109-114.
131. Shepherd, K., Roberts, D., Golding, S., Thomas, B. J., & Shepherd, R. W. (1991). Body composition in myelomeningocele. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53, 1-6.
132. Sheppard, J. J., Liou, J., Hochman, R., Laroia, S., & Langlois, D. (1988). Nutritional correlates of dysphagia in individuals institutionalized with mental retardation. Dysphagia, 3, 85-89.
133. Simila, S., & Niskanen, P. (1991). Underweight and overweight cases among the mentally retarded. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 35(Part 2), 160-164.
134. Smith, A. F. (1993). Cognitive psychological issues of relevance to the validity of dietary reports. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 47(Suppl. 2), S6-S18.
135. Springer, N. S. (1987). From institution to foster care: Impact on nutritional status. American Journal on Mental Deficiency, 91, 321-327.
136. Stewart, L., Beange, H., & Mackerras, D. (1994). A survey of dietary problems of adults with learning disabilities in the community. Mental Handicap Research, 7, 41-50.
137. Sutherland, G., Couch, M. A., & Iacono, T. (2002). Health issues for adults with developmental disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 422-445.
138. Sutton, E., Factor, A. R., Hawjubs, B. A., Heller, T., & Seltzer, G. B. (Eds.). (1993). Older adults with developmental disabilities. Optimizing choice and change. Baltimore: Brookes.
139. Tannenbaum, T. N., Lipworth, L., & Baker, S. (1989). Risk of fractures in an intermediate care facility for persons with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 444-451.
140. Taylor, R. (1990). Management of constipation: High fibre diets work. British Medical Journal, 300, 1063-1064.
141. Tohill, C. (1997). A study into the possible link between anti-epileptic drugs and the risk of fractures in Muckamore Abbey Hospital. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 22, 281-292.
142. Traci, M., Geurts, S., Seekins, T., Burke, R., Humphries, K., & Brennan, L. (2001). Health status of adult Montanans in supported and semi-independent living arrangements: Overall summary of the Secondary Conditions Surveillance Report. Missoula: University of Montana Rural Institute.
143. Traci, M., Seekins, T., Szalda-Petree, A., & Ravesloot, C. (2002). Assessing secondary conditions among adults with developmental disabilities: A preliminary study. Mental Retardation, 40, 119-131.
144. U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). American factfinder. P122. Imputation of mental disability for the civilian, noninstitutionalized population 5 years and over [Census 2000 Summary File 3]. Retrieved November 28, 2006, from http:// www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html
145. U.S. Department of Agriculture & U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005) Dietary guidelines for Americans [Home and Garden Bulletin No. 232-CP]. Washington, DC: Authors.
146. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). The 2005 Surgeon General's call to action to improve the health and wellness of persons with disabilities: Calling you to action. Washington DC: Office of the Surgeon General.
147. U.S. Public Health Service. (2002). Closing the gap: A national blueprint for improving the health of individuals with mental retardation. Report of the Surgeon General's conference on health disparities and mental retardation. Washington, DC: Author.
148. van Staveren, W. A., de Groot, L. C. P. G. M., Blauw, Y. H., & van der Wielen, R. P. J. (1994). Assessing diets of elderly people: Problems and approaches. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59(Suppl.), 221S-223S.
149. Walter, A., Cohen, N. L., & Swicker, R. C. (1997). Food safety training needs exist for staff and consumers in a variety of community-based homes for people with developmental disabilities. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97, 619-625.
150. Weigle,D. S.,Ganter, S. L., Kuijper, J. L., Leonetti, D. L., Boyko, E. J., & Fujimoto, W. Y. (1997). Effect of regional fat distribution and Prader-Willi syndrome on plasma leptin levels. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 82, 566-570.
151. Wells, M. B., Turner, S., Martin, D. M., & Roy, A. (1997). Health gain through screening-Coronary health disease and stroke: Developing primary health care services for people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 22, 251-263.
152. Wodarski, L.A. (1985). Nutritional intervention in developmental disabilities: An interdisciplinary approach. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 85, 218-221.
153. Wong, T. S. F., Lau, V. M. H., Lim, W., & Fung, G. (2006) A survey of vitamin D level in people with learning disability in long-stay hospital wards in Hong Kong. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 10, 47-59.
154. Wood, T. (1994). Weight status of a group of adults with intellectual disabilities. British Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 22, 97-99.
155. Yamaki, K. (2005). Body weight status among adults with intellectual disability in the community. Mental Retardation, 43, 1-10.
156. Yamaki, K., & Fujiura, G. T. (2002). Employment and income status of adults with developmental disabilities living in the community. Mental Retardation, 40, 132-141.
157. Zubillaga, P., Garrido, A., Mugica, I., Ansa, J., Zabalza, R., & Emparanza, J. I. (2006). Effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on bone turnover in institutionalized adults with Down's syndrome. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 605-609.