Practitioner review: The assessment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 203-215

  Baroni, Argelinda ^a   Lunsford, Jessica R ^a   Luckenbaugh, David A ^b   Towbin, Kenneth B ^a   Leibenluft, Ellen ^a  

^a Emotion and Development Branch   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Assessment; Bipolar disorder; Diagnosis; Mania; Severe mood dysregulation

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AGITATION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BEHAVIOR; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISTRACTIBILITY; EUPHORIA; FAMILY HISTORY; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; IRRITABILITY; MANIA; MOOD CHANGE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICIAN; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; BRAIN; COGNITIVE DEFECT; FOLLOW UP; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MOOD DISORDER; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REPRODUCIBILITY; RESTLESSNESS;

ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MOOD DISORDERS; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 67650802903     PISSN: 00219630     EISSN: 14697610     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01953.x     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. AACAP. (2001). National Institute of Mental Health: National Institute of Mental Health Research Roundtable on prepubertal bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 871-878.
2. AACAP. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 107-125.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2001). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th edn, text rev.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
4. Angst, J., & Cassano, G. (2005). The mood spectrum: Improving the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 7(Suppl. 4), 4-12. (Pubitemid 41065244)
5. Axelson, D., Birmaher, B., Strober, M., Gill, M.K., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., Ryan, N., Leonard, H., Hunt, J., Iyengar, S., Bridge, J., & Keller, M. (2006). Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1139-1148. (Pubitemid 44498393)
6. Biederman, J., Faraóne, S.V., Chu, M.P.B., & Wozniak, J. (1999). Further evidence of a bidirectional overlap between juvenile mania and conduct disorder in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 468-476. (Pubitemid 29153119)
7. Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Wozniak, J., Mick, E., Kwon, A., & Aleardi, M. (2004). Further evidence of unique developmental phenotypic correlates of pediatric bipolar disorder: Findings from a large sample of clinically referred preadolescent children assessed over the last 7 years. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, S45-S58.
8. Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Wozniak, J., Mick, E., Kwon, A., Cayton, G.A., & Clark, S.V. (2005). Clinical correlates of bipolar disorder in a large, referred sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39, 611-622.
9. Biederman, J., Klein, R.G., Pine, D.S., & Klein, D.F. (1998). Resolved: Mania is mistaken for ADHD in prepubertal children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1091-1096; discussion 1096-1099.
10. Biederman, J., Wozniak, J., Kiely, K., Ablon, S., Faraóne, S.V., Mick, E., Mundy, E., & Kraus, I. (1995). CBCL clinical scales discriminate prepubertal children with structured interview-derived diagnosis of mania from those with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34,464-471.
11. Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Strober, M., Gill, M.K., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., Ryan, N., Leonard, H., Hunt, J., Iyengar, S., & Keller, M. (2006). Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 175-183. (Pubitemid 43213879)
12. Brotman, M.A., Kassem, K., Reising, M.M., Guyer, A.E., Dickstein, D.P., Rich, B.A., Towbin, K.E., Pine, D.S., McMahon, F.J., & Leibenluft, E. (2007). Parental diagnoses in youth with narrow phenotype bipolar disorder or severe mood dysregulation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1238-1241.
13. Brotman, M.A., Schmajuk, M., Rich, B.A., Dickstein, D.P., Guyer, A.E., Costello, E.J., Egger, H.L., Angold, A., Pine, D.S., & Leibenluft, E. (2006). Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 991-997. (Pubitemid 44739929)
14. Burke, J.D., Loeber, R., Lahey, B.B., & Rathouz, P.J. (2005). Developmental transitions among affective and behavioral disorders in adolescent boys. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1200-1210. (Pubitemid 44202678)
15. Carlson, G.A. (1998). Mania and ADHD: Comorbidity or confusion. Journal of Affective Disorders, 51, 177-187.
16. Cassidy, F., Ahearn, E.P., & Carroll, B.J. (2001a). Substance abuse in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 3, 181-188.
17. Cassidy, F., Pieper, C, & Carroll, B.J. (2001b). Subtypes of mania determined by grade of membership analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 25, 373-383. (Pubitemid 32777788)
18. Costello, E.J., Angold, A., Burns, B.J., Stangl, D.K., Tweed, D.L., Erkanli, A., & Worthman, C.M. (1996). The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth. Goals, design, methods, and the prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1129-1136. (Pubitemid 26422065)
19. Dickstein, D.P., Nelson, E.E., McClure, E.B., Grimley, M.E., Knopf, L., Brotman, M.A., Rich, B.A., Pine, D.S., & Leibenluft, E. (2007). Cognitive flexibility in phenotypes of pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 341-355 (Pubitemid 46303743)
20. Faraone, S.V., Althoff, R.R., Hudziak, J.J., Monuteaux, M., & Biederman, J. (2005). The CBCL predicts DSM bipolar disorder in children: A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 518-524. (Pubitemid 41829999)
21. Findling, R.L., Gracious, B.L., McNamara, N.K., Youngstrom, E.A., Demeter, C.A., Branicky, L.A., & Calabrese, J.R. (2001). Rapid, continuous cycling and psychiatric co-morbidity in pediatric bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 3, 202-210. (Pubitemid 32842745)
22. First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. (1995). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Patient Edition. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department.
23. Geller, B., Tillman, R., & Bolhofner, K. (2007). Proposed definitions of bipolar I disorder episodes and daily rapid cycling phenomena in preschoolers, schoolaged children, adolescents, and adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 17, 217-222. (Pubitemid 46828917)
24. Geller, B., Tillman, R., Bolhofner, K., Zimmerman, B., Strauss, N.A., & Kaufman, P. (2006). Controlled, blindly rated, direct-interview family study of a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar I disorder phenotype: morbid risk, age of onset, and comorbidity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1130-1138. (Pubitemid 44498392)
25. Geller, B., Tillman, R., Craney, J.L., & Bolhofner, K. (2004). Four-year prospective outcome and natural history of mania in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 459-467. (Pubitemid 38620844)
26. Geller, B., Warner, K., Williams, M., & Zimerman, B. (1998a). Prepubertal and young adolescent bipolarity versus ADHD: Assessment and validity using the WASH-U-KSADS, CBCL and TRF. Journal of Affective Disorders, 5, 93-100.
27. Geller, B., Williams, M., Zimerman, B., Frazier, J., Beringer, L., & Warner, K.L. (1998b). Prepubertal and early adolescent bipolarity differentiate from ADHD by manic symptoms, grandiose delusions, ultra-rapid or ultradian cycling. Journal of Affective Disorders, 51, 81-91. (Pubitemid 29101682)
28. Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., Bolhofner, K., & Craney, J.L. (2001). Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 125-127.
29. Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., DelBello, M.P., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J.L., Frazier, J., Beringer, L., & Nickelsburg, M.J. (2002). DSM-IV mania symptoms in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention-deficit hyperactive and normal controls. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 12, 11-25.
30. Goes, F.S., Zandi, P.P., Miao, K., McMahon, F.J., Steele, J., Willour, V.L., Mackinnon, D.F., Mondimore, F.M., Schweizer, B., Nurnberger, J.I. Jr, Rice, J.P., Scheftner, W., Coryell, W., Berrettini, W.H., Kelsoe, J.R., Byerley, W., Murphy, D.L., Gershon, E.S., Bipolar Disorder Phenome Group, Depaulo, J.R. Jr, McInnis, M.G., & Potash, J.B. (2007). Mood-incongruent psychotic features in bipolar disorder: Familial aggregation and suggestive linkage to 2p11-q14 and 13q21-33. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 236-247.
31. Goldberg, J.F., Harrow, M., & Whiteside, J.E. (2001). Risk for bipolar illness in patients initially hospitalized for unipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1265-1270. (Pubitemid 32717701)
32. Goldstein, T.R., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Ryan, N.D., Strober, M.A., Gill, M.K., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., Leonard, H., Hunt, J., Bridge, J.A., Brent, D.A., & Keller, M. (2005). History of suicide attempts in pediatric bipolar disorder: Factors associated with increased risk. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 525-535. (Pubitemid 41830000)
33. Goodwin, F.K., & Jamison, K.R. (2007). Manic-depressive illness: Bipolar disorder and recurrent depression (2nd edn). New York: Oxford University Press.
34. Guyer, A.E., McClure, E.B., Adler, A.D., Brotman, M.A., Rich, B.A., Kimes, A.S., Pine, D.S., Ernst, M., & Leibenluft, E (2007). Specificity of face emotion labeling deficits in childhood psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychology, 48, 863-871.
35. James, A.C., & Javaloyes, A.M. (2001). The treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 439-449.
36. Judd, L.L., Akiskal, H.S., Schettler, P.J., Endicott, J., Maser, J., Solomon, D.A., Leon, A.C., Rice, J.A., & Keller, M.B. (2002). The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 530-537. (Pubitemid 34602935)
37. Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C, Moreci, P., Williamson, D., & Ryan, N. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980-988.
38. Kovacs, M. (1996). Presentation and course of major depressive disorder during childhood and later years of the life span. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 705-715.
39. Kyte, Z.A., Carlson, G.A., & Goodyer, I.M. (2006). Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of child and adolescent bipolar disorder. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1197-1211.
40. Lapalme, M., Hodgins, S., & LaRoche, C (1997). Children of parents with bipolar disorder: A metaanalysis of risk for mental disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry - Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 42, 623-631.
41. Leibenluft, E., Charney, D.S., Towbin, K.E., Bhangoo, R.K., & Pine, D.S. (2003). Defining clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 430-437.
42. Leibenluft, E., Cohen, P., Gorrindo, T., Brook, J.S., & Pine, D. S. (2006). Chronic versus episodic irritability in youth: A community-based, longitudinal study of clinical and diagnostic associations. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 16, 456-466.
43. Malkoff-Schwartz, S., Frank, E., Anderson, B., Sherrill, J.T., Siegel, L., Patterson, D., & Kupfer, D.J. (1998). Stressful life events and social rhythm disruption in the onset of manic and depressive bipolar episodes: A preliminary investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 702-707.
44. Masi, G., Perugi, G., Millepiedi, S., Mucci, M., Toni, C., Bertini, N., Pfanner, C., Berloffa, S., & Pari, C. (2006). Developmental differences according to age at onset in juvenile bipolar disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 16, 679-685.
45. Mick, E., Biederman, J., Pandina, G., & Faraone, S.V. (2003). A preliminary meta-analysis of the child behavior checklist in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 1021-1027.
46. Mick, E., Spencer, T., Wozniak, J., & Biederman, J. (2005). Heterogeneity of irritability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subjects with and without mood disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 58, 576-582.
47. Moreno, C., Laje, G., Blanco, C., Jiang, H., Schmidt, A.B., & Olfson, M. (2007). National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 1032-1039.
48. Mortensen, P.B., Pedersen, C.B., Melbye, M., Mors, O., & Ewald, H. (2003). Individual and familial risk factors for bipolar affective disorders in Denmark. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1209-1215.
49. Pavuluri, M.N., Herbener, E.S., & Sweeney, J.A. (2004). Psychotic symptoms in pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80, 19-28.
50. Pavuluri, M.N., Henry, D.B., Devineni, B., Carbray, J.A., & Birmaher, B. (2006). Child mania rating scale: Development, Reliability, and Validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 550-560.
51. Rao, U., Ryan, N., Birmaher, B., Dahl, R., Williamson, D., Kaufman, J., Rao, R., & Nelson, B. (1995). Unipolar depression in adolescents: Clinical outcome in adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 566-578.
52. Rende, R., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Strober, M., Gill, M., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., Ryan, N., Leonard, H., Hunt, J., Iyengar, S., & Keller, M. (2007). Childhoodonset bipolar disorder: Evidence for increased familial loading of psychiatric illness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 197-204.
53. Rich, B.A., Grimley, M.B., Schmajuk, M., Blair, K., Pine, D.S., Blair, R.J.R., & Leibenluft, E. (in press). Face emotion labeling deficits in children with bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation. Development and Psychopathology.
54. Rich, B.A., Schmajuk, M., Perez-Edgar, K.E., Fox, N.A., Pine, D.S., & Leibenluft, E. (2007). Different psychophysiological and behavioral responses elicited by frustration in pediatric bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 309-317.
55. Singh, M.K., DelBello, M.P., Kowatch, R.A., & Strakowski, S.M. (2006). Co-occurrence of bipolar and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders in children. Bipolar Disorders, 8, 710-720.
56. Tillman, R., & Geller, B. (2003). Definitions of rapid, ultrarapid, and ultradian cycling and of episode duration in pediatric and adult bipolar disorders: A proposal to distinguish episodes from cycles. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 267-271.
57. Tillman, R., Geller, B., Craney, J.L., Bolhofner, K., Williams, M., & Zimerman, B. (2004). Relationship of parent and child informants to prevalence of mania symptoms in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1278-1284.
58. Volk, H.E., & Todd, R.D. (2007). Does the Child Behavior Checklist juvenile bipolar disorder phenotype identify bipolar disorder? Biological Psychiatry, 62, 115-120.
59. Wagner, K., Hirschfeld, R., Emslie, G., Findling, R., Gracious, B., & Reed, M.L. (2006). Validation of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire for bipolar disorders in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67, 827-830.
60. Welner, A., Welner, Z., & &hman, R. (1979). Psychiatric adolescent inpatients: Eight- to ten-year follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 698-700.
61. Wilens, T., Biederman, J., Kwon, A., Ditterline, J., Forkner, P., Moore, H., et al. (2004). Risk of substance use disorders in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 1380-1386.
62. World Health Organization. (1992). International classification of diseases 10th edition: Classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Geneva: WHO.
63. Wozniak, J., Biederman, J., Kiely, K., Ablon, J.S., Faraóne, S.V., Mundy, E., & Mennin, D. (1995). Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 867-876.
64. Youngstrom, E., Meyers, O., Youngstrom, J.K., Calabrese, J.R., & Findling, R.L. (2006). Diagnostic and measurement issues in the assessment of pediatric bipolar disorder: Implications for understanding mood disorder across the life cycle. Development and Psychopathohgy, 18, 989-1021.
65. Youngstrom, E.A., Findling, R.L., Youngstrom, J., & Calabrese, J.R. (2005). Toward an evidence-based assessment of pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 433-448.
66. Youngstrom, E.A.P., & Duax, J.B.A. (2005). Evidencebased assessment of pediatric bipolar disorder, Part I: Base rate and family history. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 712-717.
67. Youngstrom, E.A.P., Findling, R.L.M., Calabrese, J.R.M., Gracious, B.L.M., Demeter, C., Bedoya, D.D., & Price, M. (2004). Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of six potential screening instruments for bipolar disorder in youths aged 5 to 17 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 847-858.