L-Carnitine supplementation during suckling intensifies the early postnatal skeletal myofiber formation in piglets of low birth weight

Journal of Animal Science

Volumn 87, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 2216-2226

  Losel D ^a   Kalbe, C ^a   Rehfeldt, C ^a  

^a LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR FARM ANIMAL BIOLOGY FBN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Carnitine; Fiber number; Growth; Myogenesis; Pig; Skeletal muscle

Indexed keywords

CARNITINE;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL FOOD; ARTICLE; BIRTH WEIGHT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG EFFECT; FEMALE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MALE; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SUCKLING; SWINE;

ANIMAL FEED; ANIMAL NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, SUCKLING; BIRTH WEIGHT; CARNITINE; DIET; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FEMALE; MALE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; SWINE;

SUIDAE;

EID: 67650562086     PISSN: 00218812     EISSN: 15253163     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2527/jas.2008-1662     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Washington, DC.
2. Ashmore, C. R., P. B. Addis, and L. Doerr. 1973. Development of muscle fibers in the fetal pig. J. Anim. Sci. 36:1088-1093.
3. Bee, G. 2004. Effect of early gestation feeding, birth weight, and gender of progeny on muscle fiber characteristics of pigs at slaughter. J. Anim. Sci. 82:826-836.
4. Birkenfeld, C., H. Kluge, and K. Eder. 2006. L-carnitine supplementation of sows during pregnancy improves the suckling behaviour of their offspring. Br. J. Nutr. 96:334-342.
5. Brameld, J. M., and Z. C. T. R. Daniel. 2008. In utero effects of livestock muscle development and body composition. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 48:921-929.
6. Brown, K. R., R. D. Goodband, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, J. L. Nelssen, J. E. Minton, J. J. Higgins, X. Lin, J. Odle, J. C. Woodworth, and B. J. Johnson. 2008. Effects of feeding L-carnitine to gilts through day 70 of gestation on litter traits and the expression of insulin-like growth factor system components and L-carnitine concentration in foetal tissues. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl.) 92:660-667.
7. Burleigh, I. G. 1980. Growth curves in muscle nucleic acid and protein: problems of interpretation at the level of the muscle cell. Pages 101-136 in Growth of Animals. T. J. L. Lawrence, ed. Butterworths, London, UK.
8. Da Costa, N., R. Blackley, H. Alzuherri, and K. C. Chang. 2002. Quantifying the temporospatial expression of postnatal porcine skeletal myosin heavy chain genes. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 50:353-364.
9. Da Costa, N., C. McGillivray, and K. C. Chang. 2003. Postnatal myosin heavy chain isoforms in prenatal porcine skeletal muscles: Insights into temporal regulation. Anat. Rec. A 273A:731-740.
10. Dwyer, C. M., N. C. Stickland, and J. M. Fletcher. 1994. The influence of maternal nutrition on muscle fiber number development in the porcine fetus and on subsequent postnatal growth. J. Anim. Sci. 72:911-917.
11. Eder, K., A. Ramanau, and H. Kluge. 2001. Effect of l-carnitine supplementation on performance parameters in gilts and sows. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl.) 85:73-80.
12. Erkens, T., M. van Poucke, J. Vandesompele, K. Goossens, A. van Zeveren, and L. J. Peelman. 2006. Development of a new set of reference genes for normalization of real-time RT-PCR data of porcine backfat and longissimus dorsi muscle, and evaluation with PPARGCIA. BMC Biotechnol. 6:41.
13. Gondret, F., L. Lefaucheur, H. Juin, I. Louveau, and B. Lebret. 2006. Low birth weight is associated with enlarged muscle fiber area and impaired meat tenderness of the longissimus muscle in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:93-103.
14. Gondret, F., L. Lefaucheur, I. Louveau, B. Lebret, X. Pichodo, and Y. Le Cozler. 2005. Influence of piglet birth weight on postnatal growth performance, tissue lipogenic capacity and muscle histo-logical traits at market weight. Livest. Prod. Sci. 93:137-146.
15. Handel, S. E., and N. C. Stickland. 1987. The growth and differen-tiation of porcine skeletal muscle fibre types and the influence of birthweight. J. Anat. 152:107-119.
16. Heo, K., X. Lin, J. Odle, and I. K. Han. 2000b. Kinetics of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I are altered by dietary variables and sug-gest a metabolic need for supplemental carnitine in young pigs. J. Nutr. 130:2467-2470.
17. Heo, K., J. Odle, I. K. Han, W. Cho, S. Seo, E. van Heugten, and D. H. Pilkington. 2000a. Dietary l-carnitine improves nitrogen utilization in growing pigs fed low energy, fat-containing diets. J. Nutr. 130:1809-1814.
18. Hoffman, L. A., D. J. Ivers, M. R. Ellersieck, and T. L. Veum. 1993. The effect of l-carnitine and soybean oil on performance and nitrogen and energy utilization by neonatal and young pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 71:132-138.
19. Huber, K., J. Petzold, C. Rehfeldt, K. Ender, and I. Fiedler. 2007. Muscle energy metabolism: structural and functional features in different types of porcine striated muscles. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 28:249-258.
20. Kalbe, C., M. Mau, and C. Rehfeldt. 2008. Developmental changes and the impact of isoflavones on mRNA expression of IGF-I receptor, EGF receptor and related growth factors in porcine skeletal muscle cell cultures. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 18:424-433.
21. Kuhn, G., K. Ender, and K. Nürnberg. 1994. Influence of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) on the chemical composition of the edible whole body and individual body fractions in pigs. Arch. Anim. Breed. 37:623-631.
22. Kuhn, G., E. Kanitz, M. Tuchscherer, G. Nürnberg, M. Hartung, K. Ender, and C. Rehfeldt. 2004. Growth and carcass quality of offspring in response to porcine somatotropin (pST) treatment of sows during early pregnancy. Livest. Prod. Sci.85:103-112.
23. Lefaucheur, L., F. Edom, P. Ecolan, and G. S. Butler-Browne. 1995. Pattern of muscle fiber type formation in the pig. Dev. Dyn. 203:27-41.
24. Mascarello, F., M. L. Stecchini, A. Rowlerson, and E. Ballocchi. 1992. Tertiary myotubes in postnatal growing pig muscle detected by their myosin isoform composition. J. Anim. Sci. 70:1806-1813.
25. Musser, R. E., R. D. Goodband, K. Q. Owen, D. L. Davis, M. D. Tokach, S. S. Dritz, and J. L. Nelssen. 2001. Determining the effect of increasing l-carnitine additions on sow performance and muscle fiber development of the offspring. J. Anim. Sci. 79(Suppl. 2):157. (Abstr.)
26. Musser, R. E., R. D. Goodband, M. D. Tokach, K. Q. Owen, J. L. Nelssen, S. A. Blum, R. G. Campbell, R. Smits, S. S. Dritz, and C. A. Civis. 1999b. Effects of l-carnitine fed during lactation on sow and litter performance. J. Anim. Sci. 77:3296-3303.
27. Musser, R. E., R. D. Goodband, M. D. Tokach, K. Q. Owen, J. L. Nelssen, S. A. Blum, S. S. Dritz, and C. A. Civis. 1999a. Effects of l-carnitine fed during gestation and lactation on sow and litter performance. J. Anim. Sci. 77:3289-3295.
28. Nissen, P. M., P. F. Jorgensen, and N. Oksbjerg. 2004. Within-litter variation in muscle fiber characteristics, pig performance, and meat quality traits. J. Anim. Sci. 82:414-421.
29. Novikoff, A. B., W. Shin, and J. Drucker. 1961. Mitochondrial localization of oxidative enzymes: Staining results with two tetrazolium salts. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 9:47-61.
30. Ontell, M., and K. Kozeka. 1984. The organogenesis of murine striated muscle: A cytoarchitectural study. Am. J. Anat. 171:133-148.
31. Owen, K. Q., H. Jit, C. V. Maxwell, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodband, M. D. Tokach, G. C. Tremblay, and S. I. Koo. 2001b. Dietary l-carnitine suppresses mitochondrial branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase activity and enhances protein accretion and car-cass characteristics of swine. J. Anim. Sci. 79:3104-3112.
32. Owen, K. Q., J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodband, M. D. Tokach, and K. G. Friesen. 2001a. Effect of dietary l-carnitine on growth performance and body composition in nursery and growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1509-1515.
33. Owen, K. Q., J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodband, T. L. Weeden, and S. A. Blum. 1996. Effect of l-carnitine and soybean oil on growth performance and body composition of early-weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 74:1612-1619.
34. Pearson, D. J., P. K. Tubbs, and J. F. A. Chase. 1974. Carnitine and acylcarnitines. Pages 1758-1771 in Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. H. U. Bergmeyer, ed. Academic Press, New York, NY.
35. Peterson, G. L. 1977. A simplification of the protein assay method of Lowry et al. which is more generally applicable. Anal. Biochem. 83:346-356.
36. Pfaffl, M. W. 2001. A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:2002-2007.
37. Ramanau, A., H. Kluge, and K. Eder. 2005. Effects of l-carnitine supplementation on milk production, litter gains and back-fat thickness in sows with a low energy and protein intake during lactation. Br. J. Nutr. 93:717-721.
38. Ramanau, A., H. Kluge, J. Spilke, and K. Eder. 2002. Reproductive performance of sows supplemented with dietary l-carnitine over three reproductive cycles. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 56:287-296.
39. Ramanau, A., H. Kluge, J. Spilke, and K. Eder. 2004. Supplementation of sows with l-carnitine during pregnancy and lactation improves growth of the piglets during the suckling period through increased milk production. J. Nutr. 134:86-92.
40. Ramanau, A., H. Kluge, J. Spilke, and K. Eder. 2008. Effects of dietary supplementation of l-carnitine on the reproductive performance of sows in production stocks. Livest. Sci. 113:34-42.
41. Ramanau, A., R. Schmidt, H. Kluge, and K. Eder. 2006. Body com-position, muscle fibre characteristics and postnatal growth capacity of pigs born from sows supplemented with l-carnitine. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 60:110-118.
42. Randle, P. J., P. B. Garland, C. N. Hales, and E. A. Newsholme. 1963. The glucose-fatty acid cycle: Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1:785-789.
43. Rehfeldt, C., I. Fiedler, G. Dietl, and K. Ender. 2000. Myogenesis and postnatal skeletal muscle cell growth as influenced by selection. Livest. Prod. Sci. 66:177-188.
44. Rehfeldt, C., I. Fiedler, and J. Wegner. 1987. Veränderungen der Mikrostruktur des Muskelgewebes bei Labormäusen, Rindern und Schweinen während des Wachstums. Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch. 101:669-680.
45. Rehfeldt, C., M. Henning, and I. Fiedler. 2008b. Consequences of pig domestication for skeletal muscle growth and cellularity. Livest. Sci. 116:30-41.
46. Rehfeldt, C., and G. Kuhn. 2006. Consequences of birth weight for postnatal growth performance and carcass quality in pigs as re-lated to myogenesis. J. Anim. Sci. 84 (E. Suppl.):E113-E123.
47. Rehfeldt, C., G. Kuhn, G. Nürnberg, E. Kanitz, F. Schneider, M. Beyer, K. Nürnberg, and K. Ender. 2001. Effects of exogenous somatotropin during early gestation on maternal performance, fetal growth, and compositional traits in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1789-1799.
48. Rehfeldt, C., P. M. Nissen, G. Kuhn, M. Vestergaard, K. Ender, and N. Oksbjerg. 2004. Effects of maternal nutrition and porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment during gestation on endocrine and metabolic factors in sows, fetuses and pigs, skeletal muscle development, and postnatal growth. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 27:267-285.
49. Rehfeldt, C., A. Tuchscherer, M. Hartung, and G. Kuhn. 2008a. A second look at the influence of birth weight on carcass and meat quality in pigs. Meat Sci. 78:170-175.
50. 3H] label in cultured muscle cells. Anal. Biochem. 251:294-297.
51. Rincker, M. J., S. D. Carter, D. E. Real, J. L. Nelssen, M. D. Tokach, R. D. Goodband, S. S. Dritz, B. W. Senne, R. W. Fent, L. A. Pettey, and K. Q. Owen. 2003. Effects of increasing dietary L-carnitine on growth performance of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci.81:2259-2269.
52. Romeis, B. 1989. Mikroskopische Technik. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich, Germany.
53. Stephens, F. B., D. Constantin-Teodosiu, and P. L. Greenhaff. 2007. New insights concerning the role of carnitine in the regulation of fuel metabolism in skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 581:431-444.
54. Wigmore, P. M., and N. C. Stickland. 1983. Muscle development in large and small pig fetuses. J. Anat. 137:235-245.
55. Wolter, B. F., M. Ellis, B. P. Corrigan, and J. M. DeDecker. 2002. The effect of birth weight and feeding of supplemental milk replacer to piglets during lactation on preweaning and postweaning growth performance and carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 80:301-308.
56. Woodworth, J. C., M. D. Tokach, J. L. Nelssen, R. D. Goodband, S. S. Dritz, S. I. Koo, J. E. Minton, and K. Q. Owen. 2007. Influence of dietary l-carnitine and chromium picolinate on blood hormones and metabolites of gestating sows fed one meal per day. J. Anim. Sci. 85:2524-2537.
57. Xi, L., K. Brown, J. Woodworth, K. Shim, B. Johnson, and J. Odle. 2008. Maternal dietary l-carnitine supplementation influences fetal carnitine status and stimulates carnitine palmitoyltrans-ferase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activities in swine. J. Nutr. 138:2356-2362.