Renegotiating the swedish social democratic settlement: From pension fund socialism to neoliberalization

Politics and Society

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 257-288

  Belfrage, Claes ^a   Ryner, Magnus ^b  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Financialization; Mass investment culture; Neoliberalism; Pension reform; Swedish welfare state

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650467544     PISSN: 00323292     EISSN: 15527514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0032329209333994     Document Type: Article

References (177)

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22. See Salvador Valdes-Prieto, "Social Security Coverage in Chile, 1990-2001," Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and Caribbean Region, The World Bank, Background Paper for Regional Study on Social Security Reform 30495 (2001).
23. World Bank, Averting the Old Age Crisis.
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26. Mark Vail, "The Better Part of Valour: The Politics of French Welfare Reform," Journal of European Social Policy 9, no. 4 (1999): 311-29;
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29. Leonard Seabrooke, US Power in International Finance: The Victory of Dividends (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001);
30. Gérard Duménil and Dominique Lévy, "The Economics of U.S. Imperialism at the Turn of the 21st Century," Review of International Political Economy 11, no. 4 (2004): 657-76.
31. Inter alia Matthew Watson, "Embedding the 'New Economy' in Europe: A Study in the Institutional Specificities of Knowledge-Based Growth," Economy and Society 3, no. 4 (2001): 504-23.;
32. Seabrooke, U.S. Power in International Finance; Duménil and Lévy, "The Economics of U.S. Imperialism at the Turn of the 21st Century";
33. Alan Cafruny and Magnus Ryner, Europe at Bay: In the Shadow of U.S. Hegemony (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2007).
34. Gordon L. Clark, "European Pensions and Global Finance: Continuity or Convergence?" New Political Economy 7, no. 1 (2002): 67-91;
35. Hans-Jürgen Bieling, "EMU, financial integration and global economic governance," Review of International Political Economy 13, no. 3 (2006): 420-48.
36. European Parliament and the European Council, "On the activities and supervision of institutions for occupational retirement provision," EU Pension Directive 2003/41/EC, June 3, 2003.
37. Caroline de la Porte and Patrizia Nanz, "The OMC - A Deliberative-Democratic Mode of Governance? The Cases of Employment and Pensions," Journal of European Public Policy 11, no. 2 (April, 2004): 267-88;
38. Christine Erhel, Lou Mandin, and Bruno Palier, "The Leverage Effect. The Open Method of Coordination in France," in The Open Method of Co-ordination in Action, Phillipe Pochet and Jonathan Zeitlin, eds. (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2005): 217-47.
39. Jane Jenson and Phillipe Pochet, "Employment and Social Policy Since Maastricht: Standing up to the European Monetary Union," The Year of the Euro. The Cultural, Social, and Political Import of Europe's Common Currency, Robert M. Fishman and Anthony M. Messina, eds. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005): 161-85.
40. Einar Overbye, "How do Politicians Get Away with Path-Breaking Pension Reforms? The Political Psychology of Pension Reform in Democracies," in Martin Kohli and Camilla Arza, eds., Pension Reform in Europe. Politics, Policies and Outcomes (London: Routledge, 2008), 70.
41. Urban Lundberg, Juvelen i kronan: Socialdemokratin och den allämnapensionen (Stockholm, Sweden: Hjalmarson & Högberg, 2003).
42. Urban Lundberg, "Medborgare och investerare. Inledning," in Mellan folkbildning och fondrädgivning. Nya perspektiv på pensionssystemet, Urban Lundberg, ed., (Stockholm, Sweden: Institutet for Framtidsstudier, 2008): 16.
43. A number of different rules relating to primarily birth year, marital status, and years of residence determine the gar antipension. In case a certain minimum pension is still not reached, another form of pensions (äldreförsörfningsstöd) ensures a minimum level of pensions. Rental support also adds to retirement income (see http://www.for-sakringskassan.se/sprak/eng/, accessed March 18, 2008).
44. World Bank, "Notional Accounts. Notional defined contribution plans as a pension reform strategy," World Bank Pension Reform Printer (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001): 2.
45. Annika Sundén, "The Future of Retirement in Sweden," Pension Research Council working paper 16 (2004): 9.
46. Ole Settergren, "The Automatic Balance Mechanism of the Swedish Pension System," Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter A (2001): 16-19.
47. Dick Forslund, "Return to mechanical solidarity. Reflections on the First Four Years of the New Pension System in Sweden," paper presented at the 7th Alternative Perspectives on Finance Conference (Stockholm 8-10/8, 2004);
48. Anette Nyqvist, "lnuti det orange kuvertet," in Mellan folkbildning och fondrädgivning, Lundberg, ed., 27-46.
49. Henrik Cronqvist, and Richard H. Thaler, "Design Choices in Privatised Social Security Systems: Learning from the Swedish Experience," Memos to the Council of Behavioral-Economics Advisors 94, no. 2 (2007): 424-28.
50. Forslund, "Return to mechanical solidarity."
51. Cronqvist and Thaler, "Design Choices in Privatised Social Security Systems," 425.
52. John B. Williamson and Matthew Williams, "Notional Defined Contribution Accounts Neoliberal Ideology and the Political Economy of Pension Reform," The American Journal of Economy and Sociology 64, no. 2 (2005): 493. However, the Swedish pension reformers allowed, for example, higher education, military service, and parenting to generate pension contributions. Thus, a degree of redistribution, apart from the means-tested element, exists in the system.
53. Lundberg, Juvelen i Kronan.
54. Out of total pension contributions of 18.5 percent, employers' fees make up 10.21 percent and 7 percent come directly from the wage. The method of calculating the pension credit reduces the total pension contribution from 18.5 to 17.21 percent. The intention is that these contributions will be made "equal" over time.
55. It should also be noted that the considerable capital accumulated in the old PAYGO DB ATP system has been dismantled to enable the smooth transition to the new Income Pension system. Hence, the savings to the Income System will not be a source of finance.
56. Lundberg, "Medborgare och investerare," 17.
57. Interview 2: Representative of the Moderate Party to the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions (1991-94) and the Public Commission on Pension Reform (30/8 2005).
58. Orenstein, "The New Pension Reform as Global Policy": 188;
59. also see Williamson and Williams, "Notional Defined Contribution Accounts Neoliberal Ideology and the Political Economy of Pension Reform," 493.
60. Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, esp. 35-104.
61. Edward Palmer, "The Swedish Pension Reform Model: Framework and Issues," Social Protection Discussion Paper Series 0012, World Bank (2000): 2.
62. World Bank, "Notional Accounts. Notional defined contribution plans as a pension reform strategy," 2.
63. Cichon, "Notional Defined-contribution schemes," 1.
64. Lundberg, Juvelen i Kronan.
65. The People's Pension built on a universal and compulsory scheme, introduced already in 1913. The 1948 reform addressed the fact that the older scheme was completely inadequate as source of income in old age, trebling the real value of pensions. See Sven E. Olsson, Social Policy and Welfare State in Sweden (Lund, Sweden: Arkiv, 1993): 128, 145.
66. Ibid., 145-46.
67. Ibid., 126, 127, 129, Graphs 9, 10, and 12.
68. Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Politics against Markets: The Social Democratic Road to Power (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985).
69. Andrew Martin, "Trade Unions in Sweden: Strategic Responses to Change and Crisis," in Unions and Economic Crisis, Peter Gourevitch et al, eds. (London: Allen and Unwin, 1984): 190-359;
70. Lars Mjaset, "Nordic Economic Policies in the 1970s and the 1980s," International Organization 41, no. 3 (1987): 403-56;
71. Jonas Pontusson, The Limits of Social Democracy: Investment Politics in Sweden (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992). This system was strictly regulated to minimize the cost of credit for productive capital at the same time as facilitating the capacities to effectively pursue a Keynesian macroeconomic policy. This regulation included foreign exchange and credit controls, with penalty rates for excessive borrowing from the Central Bank. It also included the Investment Funds whereby corporations could avoid corporate taxation on profits and enjoy favorable depreciation allowances, through deposits with the Central Bank. Liquidity could hence be regulated, without resorting to high and variable interest rates as the Funds provided alternative, quasi-administrative, means of countercyclical management.
72. See, for example, the memoirs of Handelsbanken CEO Tore Browaldh, who served on the ATP Public Commission, Vagen vidare (Stockholm, Sweden: Norstedts, 1980): 178-79.
73. Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Politics against Markets.
74. On which, see Stuart Hall, '"The Toad in the Garden': Thatcherism among the Theorists," in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, eds., Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988): 35-57.
75. Bo Stråth, "Sweden: The Emergence and Erosion of a 'Model'," in Patrick Pasture et al., eds., The Lost Perspective? Volume 1 (Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1996): 246-53.
76. Lash and Urry, The End of Organized Capitalism.
77. Göran Therborn, "Nation och klass, tur och skicklighet: Vägar till ständig (?) makt," in Klaus Misgeld et al., eds., Socialdemokratins Samhälle (Stockholm, Sweden: Tiden, 1989): 342-68.
78. Bernt Schiller, Samarbete eller konflikt? (Stockholm, Sweden: Allmänna Förlaget, 1988);
79. Peter Swenson, Fair Shares: Unions, Pay and Politics in Sweden and West Germany (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989).
80. Martin, "Trade Unions in Sweden: Strategic Responses to Change and Crisis," 269-70.
81. Ibid., 270-71.
82. LO, "Dagordningens punkt 28: Motionerna nr. 305-309, 311-344 och 370," Protokoll: 18:e kongressen 1971 (Stockhohn, Sweden: LO): 815-63.
83. Ibid.; Martin, "Trade Unions in Sweden: Strategic Responses to Change and Crisis," 269-70.
84. It prescribed compulsory share emissions on profits determined by "wages foregone" by solidaristic wage policy. This mechanism would have socialized Swedish capital within two decades.
85. Robin Blackburn, Age Shock: How Finance Is Failing Us (London: Verso, 2006), 246.
86. Magnus Ryner, Capitalist Restructuring, Globalisation and the Third Way: Lessons from the Swedish Model (London: Routledge, 2002): 152-53.
87. Inter alia Pontusson, The Limits of Social Democracy; Goran Ahrne and Clement Wallace "A New Regime? Class Representation within the Swedish State," Economic and Industrial Democracy 13, no. 4 (1992): 455-79;
88. Jonathon Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy: What is Left to Leave?" Politics & Society 22, no. 2 (1994): 125-48;
89. Magnus Ryner, "Assessing SAP's Economic Policy in the 1980s: The "Third Way,' the Swedish Model and the Transition from Fordism to Post-Fordism," Economic and Industrial Democracy 15, no. 3 (1994): 385-428;
90. Mark Blyth, Great Transformations.
91. Jonas Pontusson, "Radicalization and Retreat of Swedish Social Democracy," New Left Review 165 (1987): 5-32.
92. Sven Steinmo, "Socialism vs. Social Democracy: Goad Adaptation in Social Democratic Sweden," Politics & Society 16, no. 4 (1988): 403-46.
93. Ton Notermans, "The Abdication of Policy Autonomy: Why the Macroeconomic Regime Has Become so Unfavourable to Labor," Politics and Society 21, no. 2 (1993): 133-67.
94. Magnus Ryner, "Neo-liberalization of Social Democracy: The Swedish Case," Comparative European Politics 2, no. 1 (2004): 97-119.
95. Stefan Jonsson and Michael Lounsbury, "Globalization, Markets and Societal Change: Instituting Mutual Funds in Sweden," paper presented at the Academy of Management (New Orleans, August 6-11, 2004).
96. The bond markets became consequently increasingly "deep" through the emission of a number of different bond types.
97. Mark Blyth, Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and Institutional Change in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002): 224-25.
98. Torsten Svensson, Marknadsanpassningens politik: Den svenska modellens forandring 1980-2000 (Uppsala, Sweden: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2001);
99. Joakim Reiter, "Changing the Microfoundations of Corporatism: The Impact of Financial Globalisation on Swedish Corporate Ownership," New Political Economy 8, no. 1 (2003): 109-11.
100. Ryner, Capitalist Restructuring, Globalisation and the Third Way, 148-53.
101. For example, Villy Bergström, Varför överge den svenska modelten? (Stockholm, Sweden: Tiden, 1993).
102. "Institutional incomplementarity"(paf;eBrunoAmable, "InstitutionalComplementarity and Diversity of Social Systems of Innovation and Production," Review of International Political Economy 7, no. 4 (2000): 645-87. Refers to the organic incoherence of economic systems. As such, there is a distinct social and discursive dimension to "complementarity. "
103. Magnus Ryner, "Assessing SAP's Economic Policy in the 1980s: The 'Third Way,' the Swedish Model and the Transition from Fordism to Post-Fordism," Economic and Industrial Democracy 15, no. 3 (1994): 385-428.
104. Ryner, Capitalist Restructuring, Globalisation and the Third Way, 152-55.
105. Åke Sandberg, ed., Enriching Production (Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar, 1995).
106. Blackburn, Age Shock, 246.
107. Jenny Andersson, "Socializing Capital, Capitalizing the Social: Contemporary Social Democracy and the Knowledge Economy," Center for European Studies Working Paper Series 145 (2007).
108. Jonas Pontusson, "Between Neoliberalism and the German Model: Swedish Capitalism in Transition in Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck, eds., Political Economy of Modern Capitalism: Mapping Convergence and Diversity (London: Sage, 1997): 55-70.
109. Andreas Bieler "Globalization, Swedish Trade Unions and European Integration: From Europhobia to Conditional Support," Cooperation and Conflict 34, no. 1 (1999): 21-46.
110. James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organisation Factors in Political Life," American Political Science Review 78 (1989): 734-49.
111. Robert W. Cox, "Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations," Millenium: Journal of International Studies 12, no. 2 (1981): 126-55.
112. Randy Martin, Financialization of Daily Life (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002).
113. As Paul Langley points out, such "investor subjects" should not be conceived in isolation from other subjectivities (the wage earner, the consumer, etc.). These different subjectivities frequently render each other fragile as their different rationales clash with one another. "Uncertain Subjects of Anglo-American Financialization," Cultural Critique 65 (Winter, 2006): 67-91.
114. Robert Aitken, "A Direct Personal Stage, Cultural Economy, Mass Investment and the New York Stock Exchange," Review of International Political Economy 12, no. 2 (2005): 334-63.
115. Harmes, "Mass Investment Culture."
116. Pace Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
117. On the importance of such calculus for utilitarian subjectivity, see Matthew Watson, Foundations of International Political Economy (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2005): 60-66.
118. Gunvall Grip, "Social, avtalad och privat försäkring i Sverige under 1990-talet," in Välfärdens ftnansiering och fördelning (Sweden SOU 2001): 57.
119. Svensson, Marknadsanpassningens Politik.
120. Lundberg, Juvelen i Kronan, 247-78.
121. Browaldh, Vagen Vidare, 179.
122. Lundberg, Juvelen i Kronan, 16-17.
123. Ibid., 157.
124. Ibid., 15.
125. Magnus Ryner "Maastricht Convergence in the Social Democratic Heartland: Sweden and Germany," International Journal of Political Economy (1998): 85-123. In other words, however transitive and socially constructive disciplinary neoliberalism may be, the cumulative effect of the policy is the creation of a structural constraint at least from the situation of LO. On this strategic-relational approach to the dialectic of structure and agency,
126. see Bob Jessop, "Interpretative Sociology and the Dialectic of Structure and Agency," Theory, Culture and Society 13 (1996): 119-28.
127. Rianne Mahon, "Swedish Model Dying of Baumols? Current Debates," New Political Economy 12, no. 1 (2007): 79-86.
128. Dick Forslund, Hit Med Pengarna! Sparandets Genealogi och den Finansiella Övertalningens Vetande Konst (Stockholm, Sweden: Karlssons Förlag, 2008).
129. Mahon, "Swedish Model Dying of Baumols?"
130. Lundberg, Juvelen i Kronan.
131. SNS, Konjunkturrâdets Rapport: Sverige Vid Vändpunkten (Kristianstad: SNS Förlag, 1991).
132. Inter alia Banco Privatpension "Pensionspengarna Racker Inte!" Advertisement Material (1992-1993).
133. Such as Svenska Dagbladet, Ǻlderdom kan blifattigdom (3/8, 2007)
134. Interview 1: representative of the Center Party to the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions (1991-94) and the Public Commission on Pension Reform (1995-98) (Stockholm 3/1, 2006).
135. Forslund, "Return to mechanical solidarity."
136. Sweden, SOU, Utredningen om bildandet av Premiepensionsmyndigheten SOU 1998:87 (1998);
137. Sweden. Ministry of Finance, Regleringsbrev for budgetaret 2006 avseende Premiepensionsmyndigheten, Regeringsbeslut 34 (20/12, 2005);
138. PPM, "Redovisning av Premiepensionsmyndighetens arbete med kostnadseffektivitet," http://www.ppm.nu (accessed Jan. 16, 2007).
139. PPM, "Kommunikationsplan 5," unpublished communiqué to SJWE advertisement agency (1999).
140. "Economic aesthetics" does not build on the understanding, following Kant, of aesthetics as about appreciating beauty, but rather builds on Susan Buck-Morss' ("Aesthetics and Anaesthetics: Walter Benjamin's Artwork Essay Reconsidered," October 62, 1992) use of the term, drawing on the work of Walter Benjamin, as referring to the multilayered sense-perception of the economy appropriated and intersubjectively shaped in an unevenly developing capitalist economy.
141. (See Claes Belfrage, The Neoliberal Restructuring of the Welfare State: Pension System Reform in Sweden, A Critical Case Study, PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008.)
142. Damian Hodgson, '"Know Your Customer': Marketing, Governmentality and the 'New Customer' of Financial Services," Management Decision 40, no. 4 (2002): 322.
143. D. Knights and A. Sturdy, "Marketing the Soul: From the Ideology of Consumption to Consumer Subjectivity," in D. Knights and T. Tinker, eds., Financial Institutions and Social Transformations (Basingstoke, UK: MacMillan, 1997): 158-88.
144. Interview 3: Partner of SJWE advertisement agency (Stockholm, Feb. 3, 2006).
145. Interview 4: Managing director of AMF Pension (Stockholm, Jan. 3, 2006).
146. Interview 3.
147. Interview 1; interview 2.
148. PPM, "Kommunikationsplan 5."
149. Hodgson, '"Know Your Customer,'" 322.
150. Interview 3.
151. Adam Leyshon, "The Limits to Capital and Geographies of Money," Antipode 36, no. 3 (2004): 461-69.
152. PPM, http://www.ppm.nu (accessed March 15, 2007).
153. Forslund, "Return to mechanical solidarity": 10-11.
154. Cronqvist and Thaler, "Design Choices in Privatised Social Security Systems."
155. Forslund 2004, "Return to mechanical solidarity": 9.
156. Zvi Bodie, "On the Risk of Stocks in the Long Run," Financial Analysts Journal (May/June, 1995): 18-22.
157. This figure is based on the choice between 705 funds, still considerably smaller than today's nearly 800. See Forslund, Hit Med Pengarna!
158. For example, Daniel McFadden, "Free Markets and Fettered Consumers," The American Economic Review 96, no. 1 (2006): 5-29;
159. Gerry T. Gallery and Natalie Gallery, "Paradox of Choice in a Mandatory Pension Savings System: Challenges for Australian Retirement Income Policy," Policy and Politics 33, no. 3 (2005): 519-32.
160. Cronqvist and Thaler, "Design Choices in Privatised Social Security Systems."
161. Gerda Reith, "Uncertain Times: The Notion of 'Risk' and the Development of Modernity," Time & Society 13, no. 2 (2004): 383-402.
162. Björn Elmbrant, Dansen Kring Guldkalven: Så Förändrades Sverige av Börsbubblan (Falun, Sweden: Bokforlaget Atlas, 2005).
163. Sweden. SOU Utredningen am bildandet av Premiepensionsmyndigheten.
164. PPM, "Delårsrapport för Premiepensionsmyndigheten: Första halvåret 2003," http://www.ppm.nu (accessed January 16, 2007);
165. PPM, Ârsredovisning 2005, http://www.ppm.nu (accessed January 16, 2007).
166. Sweden. SOU, Svarnavigerat? Premiepensionssparande på räti kurs, SOU 2005: 87, 244.
167. Länsförsäkringar "LänsUndersökningen: Hur riskbenägen är Svensken med sitt sparande?" http://www. lansforsakringar.se (accessed January 16, 2007);
168. Länsspar "LänsSpar Hösten 2002: Svenskarnas sparformer och sparplaner," http://www.lansforsakringar.se (accessed January 16, 2007);
169. Länsspar"LänsSpar Hosten 2005: Svenskarnas sparformer och sparplaner," http://www.lansforsakringar.se (accessed January 16, 2007).
170. Sweden. SOU, Svarnavigerat? Premiepensionssparande på rättkurs.
171. Our translation. Sweden. Riksrevisionen, Premiepensionens Första Ar, RiR 2004:16 (Stockholm: Riksdagens Tryckeri, 2004): 33.
172. Sweden. Ministry of Finance, "Betänkande 2005/06:FiU6," (2005).
173. Svenska Dagbladet, "Stor Misstro Mot Pensionssystemet," (August 28, 2006).
174. Anders N. Klevmarken, "The Distribution of Wealth in Sweden: Trends and Driving factors," Working Paper 2006: 4 (Uppsala, Sweden: Nationalekonomiska Institutionen, Uppsala Universitet, 2006);
175. Statistiska Centralbyrån, Äldres levnadsförhå llanden - Arbete, ekonomi, hälsa och sociála nätverk 1980-2003 (Stockholm, Sweden: SCB, 2006).
176. Magnus Ryner, "Workers of the World...: The 'Economic-Corporate Moment' of Contemporary World Politics," in Matt Davies and Magnus Ryner, eds., Poverty and the Production of World Politics (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006): 62-88.
177. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project (London: Harvard University Press, 2002).