Prevention, chemoradiation and surgery for anal cancer

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 483-489

  Buchs, Nicolas C ^a   Allal, Abdelkarim S ^a,b   Morel, Philippe ^a   Gervaz, Pascal ^a  

^a GENEVA UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS   (Switzerland)

^b Hopital Cantonal de Fribourg   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Anal cancer; Chemoradiation; HIV; Prevention; Surgery; Treatment

Indexed keywords

CISPLATIN; FLUOROURACIL; MITOMYCIN C; PROTEIN E7; WART VIRUS VACCINE;

ANUS CANCER; CANCER RELAPSE; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DOSE RESPONSE; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 16; HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE 18; INCIDENCE; INTENSITY MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; OVERALL SURVIVAL; RECTUM ABDOMINOPERINEAL RESECTION; REVIEW; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TUMOR VOLUME; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; VERTICAL RECTUS ABDOMINIS MUSCULOCUTANEOUS FLAP; VIRUS INFECTION; WOUND DEHISCENCE; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ADOLESCENT; ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; ANUS TUMOR; CARCINOMA IN SITU; FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY; MALE; PATHOGENICITY; PLASTIC SURGERY; SALVAGE THERAPY; VACCINATION; VIROLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; ANUS NEOPLASMS; CARCINOMA IN SITU; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMANS; MALE; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS; PAPILLOMAVIRUS VACCINES; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; SALVAGE THERAPY; SURGICAL FLAPS; SURGICAL WOUND DEHISCENCE; VACCINATION;

EID: 67650299629     PISSN: 14737140     EISSN: 17448328     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/ERA.09.4     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J. Clin. 58(2), 71-96 (2008).
2. Johnson LG, Madeleine MM, Newcomer LM, Schwartz SM, Daling JR. Anal cancer incidence and survival: the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results experience, 1973-2000. Cancer 101(2), 281-288 (2004).
3. Melbye M, Cote TR, Kessler L, Gail M, Biggar RJ. High incidence of anal cancer among AIDS patients. The AIDS/Cancer Working Group. Lancet 343(8898), 636-639 (1994).
4. Bonnet F, Chêne G. Evolving epidemiology of malignancies in HIV. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 20(5), 534-540 (2008).
5. Aigner F, Boeckle E, Albright J et al. Malignancies of the colorectum and anus in solid organ recipients. Transpl. Int. 20(6), 497-504 (2007).
6. Clifford GM, Polesel J, Rickenbach M et al. Cancer risk in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study: associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 97(6), 425-432 (2005).
7. Gervaz P, Hirschel B, Morel P. Molecular biology of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. Br. J. Surg. 93(5), 531-538 (2006).
8. Tsai TF, Kuo GT, Kuo LT, Hsiao CH. Prevalence status and association with human papilloma virus of anal squamous proliferative lesions in a patient sample in Taiwan. Sex. Transm. Dis. 35(8), 721-724 (2008).
9. Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Palefsky JM. Screening HIV-infected individuals for anal cancer precursor lesions: a systematic review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43(2), 223-233 (2006).
10. Scholefield JH, Castle MT, Watson NF. Malignant transformation of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Br. J. Surg. 92(9), 1133-1136 (2005).
11. Piketty C, Darragh TM, Heard I et al. High prevalence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive men despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex. Transm. Dis. 31(2), 96-99 (2004).
12. Abramowitz L, Benabderrahmane D, Ravaud P et al. Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and condyloma in HIV-infected heterosexual men, homosexual men and women: prevalence and associated factors. AIDS 21(11), 1457-1465 (2007).
13. Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Efirdc JT et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era among HIV-positive men who have sex with men. AIDS 19(13), 1407-1414 (2005).
14. Pineda CE, Berry JM, Jay N, Palefsky JM, Welton ML. High resolution anoscopy in the planned staged treatment of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-negative patients. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 11(11), 1410-1415 (2007).
15. Jay N, Berry JM, Hogeboom CJ, Holly EA, Darragh TM, Palefsky JM. Colposcopic appearance of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions: relationship to histopathology. Dis. Colon Rectum 40(8), 919-928 (1997).
16. Chin-Hong PV, Berry JM, Cheng SC et al. Comparison of patient- and clinician-collected anal cytology samples to screen for human papillomavirus-associated anal intraepithelial neoplasia in men who have sex with men. Ann. Intern. Med. 149(5), 300-306 (2008).
17. Scarpini C, White V, Muralidhar B et al. Improved screening for anal neoplasia by immunocytochemical detection of minichromosome maintenance proteins. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 17(10), 2855-2864 (2008).
18. Scholefield JH, Castle MT, Watson NF. Malignant transformation of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Br. J. Surg. 92(9), 1133-136 (2005).
19. Watson AJ, Smith BB, Whitehead MR, Sykes PH, Frizelle FA. Malignant progression of anal intra-epithelial neoplasia. ANZ J. Surg. 76(8), 715-717 (2006).
20. Pineda CE, Berry JM, Jay N, Palefsky JM, Welton ML. High-resolution anoscopy targeted surgical destruction of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions: a ten-year experience. Dis. Colon Rectum 51(6), 829-835 (2008).
21. Goldstone SE, Hundert JS, Huyett JW. Infrared coagulator ablation of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-negative males who have sex with males. Dis. Colon Rectum 50(5), 565-575 (2007).
22. Cranston RD, Hirschowitz SL, Cortina G, Moe AA. A retrospective clinical study of the treatment of high-grade dysplasia by infrared coagulation in a population of HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Int. J. STD AIDS 19(2), 118-120 (2008).
23. Gervaz P, Allal AS, Villiger P, Bühler L, Morel P. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: another sexually transmitted disease. Swiss. Med. Wkly 133(25-26), 353-359 (2003).
24. Sin JI. Promises and challenges of human papillomavirus vaccines for cervical cancer. Exp. Rev. Anticancer Ther. 9(1), 1-5 (2009).
25. Kubba T. Human papillomavirus vaccination in the United Kingdom: what about boys? Reprod. Health Matters 16(32), 97-103 (2008).
26. Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Lowy DR. HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. Cancer 113(Suppl. 10), 3036-3046 (2008).
27. De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC, Madeleine MM, Franceschi S. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int. J. Cancer 124(7), 1626-1636 (2009).
28. Joura EA, Leodolter S, Hernandez-Avila M et al. Efficacy of a quadrivalent prophylactic human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against high-grade vulval and vaginal lesions: a combined analysis of three randomised clinical trials. Lancet 369, 1693-1702 (2007).
29. Palefsky JM, Berry JM, Jay N et al. A trial of SGN-00101 (HspE7) to treat high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive individuals. AIDS 20, 1151-1155 (2006).
30. Joseph DA, Miller JW, Wu X et al. Understanding the burden of human papillomavirus-associated anal cancers in the US. Cancer 113(Suppl. 10), 2892-2900 (2008).
31. Ferris DG, Waller JL, Miller J et al. Men's attitude toward receiving the human papillomavirus vaccine. J. Low. Genit. Tract. Dis. 12(4), 276-281 (2008).
32. Meyer JJ, Willett CG, Czito BG. Emerging role of intensity-modulated radiation therapy in anorectal cancer. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 8(4), 585-593 (2008).
33. Salama JK, Mell LK, Schomas DA et al. Concurrent chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for anal canal cancer patients: a multicenter experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(29), 4581-4586 (2007).
34. Vuong T, Kopek N, Ducruet T et al. Conformal therapy improves the therapeutic index of patients with anal canal cancer treated with combined chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 67(5), 1394-1400 (2007).
35. Saarilahti K, Arponen P, Vaalavirta L, Tenhunen M. The effect of intensity-modulated radiotherapy and high dose rate brachytherapy on acute and late radiotherapy-related adverse events following chemoradiotherapy of anal cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 87(3), 383-390 (2008).
36. Vordermark D. Potential and limitations of intensity-modulated radiotherapy in anal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(4), 688 (2008).
37. Milano MT, Jani AB, Farrey KJ, Rash C, Heimann R, Chmura SJ. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the treatment of anal cancer: toxicity and clinical outcome. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 63(2), 354-361 (2005).
38. Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL et al. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs. fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299(16), 1914-1921 (2008).
39. Cho BC, Ahn JB, Seong J et al. Chemoradiotherapy with or without consolidation chemotherapy using cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in anal squamous cell carcinoma: long-term results in 31 patients. BMC Cancer 8, 8 (2008).
40. Crehange G, Bosset M, Lorchel F et al. Combining cisplatin and mitomycin with radiotherapy in anal carcinoma. Dis. Colon Rectum 50(1), 43-49 (2007).
41. Meropol NJ, Niedzwiecki D, Shank B et al. Induction therapy for poor-prognosis anal canal carcinoma: a Phase II study of the cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB 9281). J. Clin. Oncol. 26(19), 3229-3234 (2008).
42. Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Richardson P, El-Serag HB. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated squamous cell cancer of the anus: epidemiology and outcomes in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(3), 474-479 (2008).
43. Stadler RF, Gregorcyk SG, Euhus DM, Place RJ, Huber PJ, Simmang CL. Outcome of HIV-infected patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Dis. Colon Rectum 47(8), 1305-1309 (2004).
44. Cleator S, Fife K, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Phillips R, Bower M. Treatment of HIV-associated invasive anal cancer with combined chemoradiation. Eur. J. Cancer 36(6), 754-758 (2000).
45. Kim JH, Sarani B, Orkin BA et al. HIV-positive patients with anal carcinoma have poorer treatment tolerance and outcome than HIV-negative patients. Dis. Colon Rectum 44(10), 1496-1502 (2001).
46. Das P, Bhatia S, Eng C et al. Predictors and patterns of recurrence after definitive chemoradiation for anal cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 68(3), 794-800 (2007).
47. Oehler-Jänne C, Huguet F, Provencher S et al. HIV-specific differences in outcome of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: a multicentric cohort study of HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 26(15), 2550-2557 (2008).
48. Wexler A, Berson AM, Goldstone SE et al. Invasive anal squamous-cell carcinoma in the HIV-positive patient: outcome in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Dis. Colon Rectum 51(1), 73-81 (2008).
49. Oehler-Janne C, Seifert B, Lutolf UM, Ciernik IF. Local tumor control and toxicity in HIV-associated anal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Radiat. Oncol. 1, 29 (2006).
50. Blazy A, Hennequin C, Gornet JM et al. Anal carcinomas in HIV-positive patients: high-dose chemoradiotherapy is feasible in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Dis. Colon Rectum 48(6), 1176-1181 (2005).
51. Rousseau DL Jr, Thomas CR Jr, Petrelli NJ, Kahlenberg MS. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Surg. Oncol. 14(3), 121-132 (2005).
52. Hoffman R, Welton ML, Klencke B, Weinberg V, Krieg R. The significance of pretreatment CD4 count on the outcome and treatment tolerance of HIV-positive patients with anal cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 44(1), 127-131 (1999).
53. Roohipour R, Patil S, Goodman KA et al. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal: predictors of treatment outcome. Dis. Colon Rectum 1(2), 147-153 (2008).
54. Papaconstantinou HT, Bullard KM; Rothenberger DA, Madoff RD. Salvage abdominoperineal resection after failed Nigro protocol: modest success, major morbidity. Colorectal Dis. 8(2), 124-129 (2006).
55. Pocard M, Tiret E, Nugent K, Dehni N, Parc R. Results of salvage abdominoperineal resection for anal cancer after radiotherapy. Dis. Colon Rectum 41(12), 1488-1493 (1998).
56. Akbari RP, Paty PB, Guillem JG et al. Oncologic outcomes of salvage surgery for epidermoid carcinoma of the anus initially managed with combined modality therapy. Dis. Colon Rectum 47(7), 1136-1144 (2004).
57. Ghouti L, Houvenaeghel G, Moutardier V et al. Salvage abdominoperineal resection after failure of conservative treatment in anal epidermoid cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum 48(1), 16-22 (2005).
58. Ferenschild FTJ, Vermaas M, Hofer SO, Verhoef C, Eggermont AMM, de Wilt JHW. Salvage abdominoperineal resection and perineal wound healing in local recurrent or persistent anal cancer. World J. Surg. 29(11), 1452-1457 (2005).
59. Stewart D, Yan Y, Kodner IJ et al. Salvage surgery after failed chemoradiation for anal canal cancer: should the paradigm be changed for high-risk tumors? J. Gastrointest. Surg. 11(12), 1744-1751 (2007).
60. Mullen JT, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Chang GJ et al. Results of surgical salvage after failed chemoradiation therapy for epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 14(2), 478-483 (2007).
61. Mariani P, Ghanneme A, De la Rochefordiere A, Girodet J, Falcou MC, Salmon RJ. Abdominoperineal resection for anal cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum 51(10), 1495-1501 (2008).
62. Schiller DE, Cummings BJ, Rai S et al. Outcomes of salvage surgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 14(10), 2780-2789 (2007).
63. Petrie N, Branagan G, McGuiness C, McGee S, Fuller C, Chave H. Reconstruction of the perineum following anorectal cancer excision. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. 24(1), 97-104 (2009).
64. Bell SW, Dehjni N, Chaouat M, Lifante JC, Parc R, Tiret E. Primary rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap for repair of perineal and vaginal defects after extended abdominoperineal resection. Br. J. Surg. 92(4), 482-486 (2005).
65. Gervaz P, Hahnloser D, Wolff BG et al. Molecular biology of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: a comparison of HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 8(8), 1024-1030 (2004).
66. Engstrom PF, Benson AB 3rd, Chen YJ et al. Anal canal cancer clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J. Natl Compr. Cancer Netw. 3(4), 510-515 (2005).
67. Bilimoria KY, Bentrem DJ, Ko CY et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: utilization and outcomes of recommended treatment in the United States. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 15(7), 1948-1958 (2008).