Cervical-artery dissections: predisposing factors, diagnosis, and outcome

The Lancet Neurology

Volumn 8, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 668-678

  Debette, Stéphanie ^a,b,c   Leys, Didier ^a  

^a UNIV LILLE   (France)

^b INSTITUT PASTEUR DE LILLE   (France)

^c BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

5,10 METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (FADH2); ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT;

ARTERY DISSECTION; CERVICAL ARTERY DISSECTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; CRANIAL NERVE PARALYSIS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENETIC RISK; GENOTYPE; HEADACHE; HEREDITY; HORNER SYNDROME; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MORTALITY; NECK PAIN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIODIAGNOSIS; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STROKE; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK;

ANTICOAGULANTS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL; CAROTID ARTERY, INTERNAL, DISSECTION; CAUSALITY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; VERTEBRAL ARTERY; VERTEBRAL ARTERY DISSECTION; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 67649628755     PISSN: 14744422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70084-5     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Leys D., Bandu L., Henon H., et al. Clinical outcome in 287 consecutive young adults (15 to 45 years) with ischemic stroke. Neurology 59 (2002) 26-33
2. Rubinstein S.M., Peerdeman S.M., van Tulder M.W., Riphagen I., and Haldeman S. A systematic review of the risk factors for cervical artery dissection. Stroke 36 (2005) 1575-1580
3. Engelter S.T., Brandt T., Debette S., et al. Antiplatelets versus anticoagulation in cervical artery dissection. Stroke 38 (2007) 2605-2611
4. Lee V.H., Brown R.D., Mandrekar J.N., and Mokri B. Incidence and outcome of cervical artery dissection: a population-based study. Neurology 67 (2006) 1809-1812
5. Giroud M., Fayolle H., Andre N., et al. Incidence of internal carotid artery dissection in the community of Dijon. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57 (1994) 1443
6. Touzé E., Gauvrit J.Y., Moulin T., Meder J.F., Bracard S., and Mas J.L. Risk of stroke and recurrent dissection after a cervical artery dissection: a multicenter study. Neurology 61 (2003) 1347-1351
7. Arnold M., Kappeler L., Georgiadis D., et al. Gender differences in spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Neurology 67 (2006) 1050-1052
8. Beletsky V., Nadareishvili Z., Lynch J., Shuaib A., Woolfenden A., and Norris J.W. Cervical arterial dissection: time for a therapeutic trial?. Stroke 34 (2003) 2856-2860
9. Schievink W.I., Mokri B., and O'Fallon W.M. Recurrent spontaneous cervical-artery dissection. N Engl J Med 330 (1994) 393-397
10. Dziewas R., Konrad C., Drager B., et al. Cervical artery dissection-clinical features, risk factors, therapy and outcome in 126 patients. J Neurol 250 (2003) 1179-1184
11. Arauz A., Hoyos L., Espinoza C., Cantu C., Barinagarrementeria F., and Roman G. Dissection of cervical arteries: long-term follow-up study of 130 consecutive cases. Cerebrovasc Dis 22 (2006) 150-154
12. Brandt T., Orberk E., Weber R., et al. Pathogenesis of cervical artery dissections: association with connective tissue abnormalities. Neurology 57 (2001) 24-30
13. Schievink W.I. Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries. N Engl J Med 344 (2001) 898-906
14. de Bray J.M., Marc G., Pautot V., et al. Fibromuscular dysplasia may herald symptomatic recurrence of cervical artery dissection. Cerebrovasc Dis 23 (2007) 448-452
15. Tzourio C., Cohen A., Lamisse N., Biousse V., and Bousser M.G. Aortic root dilatation in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Circulation 95 (1997) 2351-2353
16. Guillon B., Tzourio C., Biousse V., Adrai V., Bousser M.G., and Touboul P.J. Arterial wall properties in carotid artery dissection: an ultrasound study. Neurology 55 (2000) 663-666
17. Calvet D., Boutouyrie P., Touzé E., Laloux B., Mas J.L., and Laurent S. Increased stiffness of the carotid wall material in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Stroke 35 (2004) 2078-2082
18. Lucas C., Lecroart J.L., Gautier C., et al. Impairment of endothelial function in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection: evidence for a general arterial wall disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 17 (2004) 170-174
19. Baumgartner R.W., Lienhardt B., Mosso M., Gandjour J., Michael N., and Georgiadis D. Spontaneous and endothelial-independent vasodilation are impaired in patients with spontaneous carotid dissection: a case-control study. Stroke 38 (2007) 405-406
20. Baracchini C., Tonello S., Vitaliani R., Giometto B., Meneghetti G., and Ballotta E. Vasomotion in multiple spontaneous cervical artery dissections. Stroke 39 (2008) 1148-1151
21. Schievink W.I., Mokri B., and Piepgras D.G. Angiographic frequency of saccular intracranial aneurysms in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection. J Neurosurg 76 (1992) 62-66
22. Volker W., Besselmann M., Dittrich R., et al. Generalized arteriopathy in patients with cervical artery dissection. Neurology 64 (2005) 1508-1513
23. Brandt T., Hausser I., Orberk E., et al. Ultrastructural connective tissue abnormalities in patients with spontaneous cervicocerebral artery dissections. Ann Neurol 44 (1998) 281-285
24. Ulbricht D., Diederich N.J., Hermanns-Le T., Metz R.J., Macian F., and Pierard G.E. Cervical artery dissection: an atypical presentation with Ehlers-Danlos-like collagen pathology?. Neurology 63 (2004) 1708-1710
25. Uhlig P., Bruckner P., Dittrich R., Ringelstein E.B., Kuhlenbaumer G., and Hansen U. Aberrations of dermal connective tissue in patients with cervical artery dissection (sCAD). J Neurol 255 (2008) 340-346
26. Grond-Ginsbach C., Klima B., Weber R., et al. Exclusion mapping of the genetic predisposition for cervical artery dissections by linkage analysis. Ann Neurol 52 (2002) 359-364
27. Wiest T., Hyrenbach S., Bambul P., et al. Genetic analysis of familial connective tissue alterations associated with cervical artery dissections suggests locus heterogeneity. Stroke 37 (2006) 1697-1702
28. Guillon B., Peynet J., Bertrand M., Benslamia L., Bousser M.G., and Tzourio C. Do extracellular-matrix-regulating enzymes play a role in cervical artery dissection?. Cerebrovasc Dis 23 (2007) 299-303
29. Biffl W.L., Ray C.E., Moore E.E., et al. Treatment-related outcomes from blunt cerebrovascular injuries: importance of routine follow-up arteriography. Ann Surg 235 (2002) 699-706
30. Stein D.M., Boswell S., Sliker C.W., Lui F.Y., and Scalea T.M. Blunt cerebrovascular injuries: does treatment always matter?. J Trauma 66 (2009) 132-143
31. Dittrich R., Rohsbach D., Heidbreder A., et al. Mild mechanical traumas are possible risk factors for cervical artery dissection. Cerebrovasc Dis 23 (2007) 275-281
32. Haldeman S., Kohlbeck F.J., and McGregor M. Risk factors and precipitating neck movements causing vertebrobasilar artery dissection after cervical trauma and spinal manipulation. Spine 24 (1999) 785-794
33. Ernst E. Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review. J R Soc Med 100 (2007) 330-338
34. Maroon J.C., Gardner P., Abla A.A., El-Kadi H., and Bost J. "Golfer's stroke": golf-induced stroke from vertebral artery dissection. Surg Neurol 67 (2007) 163-168
35. Caso V., Paciaroni M., and Bogousslavsky J. Environmental factors and cervical artery dissection. Front Neurol Neurosci 20 (2005) 44-53
36. Grau A.J., Buggle F., Ziegler C., et al. Association between acute cerebrovascular ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection. Stroke 28 (1997) 1724-1729
37. Guillon B., Berthet K., Benslamia L., Bertrand M., Bousser M.G., and Tzourio C. Infection and the risk of spontaneous cervical artery dissection: a case-control study. Stroke 34 (2003) e79-e81
38. Genius J., Dong-Si T., Grau A.P., and Lichy C. Postacute C-reactive protein levels are elevated in cervical artery dissection. Stroke 36 (2005) e42-e44
39. Caso V., Cardaioli G., Gallai V., and Parnetti L. Vertebral artery dissection and hyperhomocysteinemia: a case report. Cerebrovasc Dis 10 suppl 4 (2000) 9-11
40. Gallai V., Caso V., Paciaroni M., et al. Mild hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: a possible risk factor for cervical artery dissection. Stroke 32 (2001) 714-718
41. Pezzini A., Del Zotto E., Archetti S., et al. Plasma homocysteine concentration, C677T MTHFR genotype, and 844ins68bp CBS genotype in young adults with spontaneous cervical artery dissection and atherothrombotic stroke. Stroke 33 (2002) 664-669
42. Arauz A., Hoyos L., Cantu C., et al. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia and low folate concentrations as risk factors for cervical arterial dissection. Cerebrovasc Dis 24 (2007) 210-214
43. Benninger D.H., Herrmann F.R., Georgiadis D., et al. Increased prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in cervical artery dissection causing stroke: a case-control study. Cerebrovasc Dis 27 (2009) 241-246
44. Tzourio C., Benslamia L., Guillon B., et al. Migraine and the risk of cervical artery dissection: a case-control study. Neurology 59 (2002) 435-437
45. Pezzini A., Granella F., Grassi M., et al. History of migraine and the risk of spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Cephalalgia 25 (2005) 575-580
46. Vila N., Millan M., Ferrer X., Riutort N., and Escudero D. Levels of alpha1-antitrypsin in plasma and risk of spontaneous cervical artery dissections: a case-control study. Stroke 34 (2003) E168-E169
47. Konrad C., Langer C., Muller G.A., et al. Protease inhibitors in spontaneous cervical artery dissections. Stroke 36 (2005) 9-13
48. D'Anglejan-Chatillon J., Ribeiro V., Mas J.L., Youl B.D., and Bousser M.G. Migraine-a risk factor for dissection of cervical arteries. Headache 29 (1989) 560-561
49. Paciaroni M., Georgiadis D., Arnold M., et al. Seasonal variability in spontaneous cervical artery dissection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77 (2006) 677-679
50. Schievink W.I., Wijdicks E.F., and Kuiper J.D. Seasonal pattern of spontaneous cervical artery dissection. J Neurosurg 89 (1998) 101-103
51. Grau A.J., Brandt T., Buggle F., et al. Association of cervical artery dissection with recent infection. Arch Neurol 56 (1999) 851-856
52. Barbour P.J., Castaldo J.E., Rae-Grant A.D., et al. Internal carotid artery redundancy is significantly associated with dissection. Stroke 25 (1994) 1201-1206
53. Grau A.J., Aulmann M., Lichy C., et al. Increased cytokine release by leucocytes in survivors of stroke at young age. Eur J Clin Invest 31 (2001) 999-1006
54. Smith W.S., Johnston S.C., Skalabrin E.J., et al. Spinal manipulative therapy is an independent risk factor for vertebral artery dissection. Neurology 60 (2003) 1424-1428
55. Pezzini A., Caso V., Zanferrari C., et al. Arterial hypertension as risk factor for spontaneous cervical artery dissection. A case-control study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77 (2006) 95-97
56. Konrad C., Muller G.A., Langer C., et al. Plasma homocysteine, MTHFR C677T, CBS 844ins68bp, and MTHFD1 G1958A polymorphisms in spontaneous cervical artery dissections. J Neurol 251 (2004) 1242-1248
57. Longoni M., Grond-Ginsbach C., Grau A.J., et al. The ICAM-1 E469K gene polymorphism is a risk factor for spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Neurology 66 (2006) 1273-1275
58. Arnold M., Pannier B., Chabriat H., et al. Vascular risk factors and morphometric data in cervical artery dissection: a case-control study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80 (2009) 232-234
59. Grond-Ginsbach C., and Debette S. The association of connective tissue disorders with cervical artery dissections. Curr Mol Med 9 (2009) 210-214
60. Debette S., and Markus H.S. The genetics of cervical artery dissection. A systematic review. Stroke 40 (2009) e459-e466
61. Schievink W.I., Michels V.V., and Piepgras D.G. Neurovascular manifestations of heritable connective tissue disorders. A review. Stroke 25 (1994) 889-903
62. Dittrich R., Heidbreder A., Rohsbach D., et al. Connective tissue and vascular phenotype in patients with cervical artery dissection. Neurology 68 (2007) 2120-2124
63. Arnold M., Bousser M.G., Fahrni G., et al. Vertebral artery dissection: presenting findings and predictors of outcome. Stroke 37 (2006) 2499-2503
64. Bobrie G., Brunet-Bourgin F., Alamowitch S., et al. Spontaneous artery dissection: is it part of the spectrum of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13 (1998) 2138-2141
65. Veltkamp R., Veltkamp C., Hartmann M., Schonffeldt-Varas P., and Schwaninger M. Symptomatic dissection of the internal carotid artery. A rare manifestation of autosome dominant polycystic kidney disease?. Nervenarzt 75 (2004) 149-152 [in German].
66. Padberg M., Rinkel G.J., Hene R.J., and Rabelink T.J. A winking warning. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13 (1998) 3263-3264
67. Pezzini A., Magoni M., Corda L., et al. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency-associated cervical artery dissection: report of three cases. Eur Neurol 47 (2002) 201-204
68. Plaschke M., Auer D., Trapp T., Trenkwalder P., and Trenkwalder C. Severe spontaneous carotid artery dissection and multiple aneurysmal dilatations. A case report. Angiology 47 (1996) 919-923
69. Konrad C., Nabavi D.G., Junker R., Dziewas R., Henningsen H., and Stogbauer F. Spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Acta Neurol Scand 107 (2003) 233-236
70. Gallerini S., Morelli N., Chiti A., et al. Spontaneous bilateral carotid artery dissection and hereditary haemochromatosis: what relationship?. Neurol Sci 27 (2006) 291-292
71. Fuentes K., Silveira D.C., and Papamitsakis N.I. Spontaneous carotid artery dissection in a patient with Turner syndrome. Cerebrovasc Dis 24 (2007) 543-544
72. Muscat P., Lidov M., Nahar T., Tuhrim S., and Weinberger J. Vertebral artery dissection in Turner's syndrome: diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuroimaging 11 (2001) 50-54
73. Vanacker P., and Thijs V. Spontaneous cervical artery dissection in adult Williams syndrome. Cerebrovasc Dis 27 (2009) 309-310
74. Schievink W.I., Mokri B., Piepgras D.G., and Kuiper J.D. Recurrent spontaneous arterial dissections: risk in familial versus nonfamilial disease. Stroke 27 (1996) 622-624
75. Kloss M., Wiest T., Hyrenbach S., et al. MTHFR 677TT genotype increases the risk for cervical artery dissections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77 (2006) 951-952
76. Kuhlenbaumer G., Konrad C., Kramer S., et al. The collagen 1A2 polymorphism rs42524, which is associated with intracranial aneurysms, shows no association with spontaneous cervical artery dissection (sCAD). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77 (2006) 124-125
77. von Pein F., Valkkila M., Schwarz R., et al. Analysis of the COL3A1 gene in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissections. J Neurol 249 (2002) 862-866
78. Grond-Ginsbach C., Engelter S., Werner I., et al. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency alleles are not associated with cervical artery dissections. Neurology 62 (2004) 1190-1192
79. Wiest T., Werner I., Brandt T., and Grond-Ginsbach C. Interleukin-6 promoter variants in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissections. Cerebrovasc Dis 17 (2004) 347-348
80. Wagner S., Kluge B., Koziol J.A., Grau A.J., and Grond-Ginsbach C. MMP-9 polymorphisms are not associated with spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Stroke 35 (2004) e62-e64
81. Pezzini A., Grassi M., Del Zotto E., et al. Migraine mediates the influence of C677T MTHFR genotypes on ischemic stroke risk with a stroke-subtype effect. Stroke 38 (2007) 3145-3151
82. Debette S, Metso TM, Pezzini A, et al. CADISP-genetics: an international project searching for genetic risk factors of cervical artery dissections. Int J Stroke (in press).
83. Hundsberger T., Thomke F., Hopf H.C., and Fitzek C. Symmetrical infarction of the cervical spinal cord due to spontaneous bilateral vertebral artery dissection. Stroke 29 (1998) 1742
84. Morelli N., Mancuso M., Gori S., et al. Vertebral artery dissection onset mimics migraine with aura in a graphic designer. Headache 48 (2008) 621-624
85. Tobin J., and Flitman S. Cluster-like headaches associated with internal carotid artery dissection responsive to verapamil. Headache 48 (2008) 461-466
86. Arnold M., Cumurciuc R., Stapf C., Favrole P., Berthet K., and Bousser M.G. Pain as the only symptom of cervical artery dissection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 77 (2006) 1021-1024
87. Sturzenegger M., and Huber P. Cranial nerve palsies in spontaneous carotid artery dissection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56 (1993) 1191-1199
88. Gobert M., Mounier-Vehier F., Lucas C., Leclerc X., and Leys D. Cranial nerve palsies due to internal carotid artery dissection: seven cases. Acta Neurol Belg 96 (1996) 55-61
89. Biousse V., D'Anglejan-Chatillon J., Touboul P.J., Amarenco P., and Bousser M.G. Time course of symptoms in extracranial carotid artery dissections. A series of 80 patients. Stroke 26 (1995) 235-239
90. Mokri B., Sundt T.M., Houser O.W., and Piepgras D.G. Spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery. Ann Neurol 19 (1986) 126-138
91. Hardmeier M., Haller S., Steck A., Lyrer P., Engelter S., and Renaud S. Vertebral artery dissection presenting with fifth cervical root (C5) radiculopathy. J Neurol 254 (2007) 672-673
92. Lucas C., Moulin T., Deplanque D., Tatu L., and Chavot D. Stroke patterns of internal carotid artery dissection in 40 patients. Stroke 29 (1998) 2646-2648
93. Hart R.G., and Easton J.D. Dissections of cervical and cerebral arteries. Neurol Clin 1 (1983) 155-182
94. Provenzale J.M. MRI and MRA for evaluation of dissection of craniocerebral arteries: lessons from the medical literature. Emerg Radiol 16 (2009) 185-193
95. Leclerc X., Godefroy O., Salhi A., Lucas C., Leys D., and Pruvo J.P. Helical CT for the diagnosis of extracranial internal carotid artery dissection. Stroke 27 (1996) 461-466
96. Vertinsky A.T., Schwartz N.E., Fischbein N.J., Rosenberg J., Albers G.W., and Zaharchuk G. Comparison of multidetector CT angiography and MR imaging of cervical artery dissection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29 (2008) 1753-1760
97. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis 25 (2008) 457-507
98. Benninger D.H., Georgiadis D., Gandjour J., and Baumgartner R.W. Accuracy of color duplex ultrasound diagnosis of spontaneous carotid dissection causing ischemia. Stroke 37 (2006) 377-381
99. Arnold M., Baumgartner R.W., Stapf C., et al. Ultrasound diagnosis of spontaneous carotid dissection with isolated Horner syndrome. Stroke 39 (2008) 82-86
100. Baumgartner R.W., Arnold M., Baumgartner I., et al. Carotid dissection with and without ischemic events: local symptoms and cerebral artery findings. Neurology 57 (2001) 827-832
101. Bachmann R., Nassenstein I., Kooijman H., et al. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3.0 Tesla in the short-term follow-up of patients with proven cervical artery dissection. Invest Radiol 42 (2007) 460-466
102. Naggara O., Oppenheim C., Toussaint J.F., et al. Asymptomatic spontaneous acute vertebral artery dissection: diagnosis by high-resolution magnetic resonance images with a dedicated surface coil. Eur Radiol 17 (2007) 2434-2435
103. Cervical Artery Dissection in Stroke Study Trial Investigators. Antiplatelet therapy vs. anticoagulation in cervical artery dissection: rationale and design of the Cervical Artery Dissection in Stroke Study (CADISS). Int J Stroke 2 (2007) 292-296
104. Lyrer P., and Engelter S. Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 (2003) CD000255.
105. Menon R.K., Markus H.S., and Norris J.W. Results of a UK questionnaire of diagnosis and treatment in cervical artery dissection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 (2008) 612
106. Metso T.M., Metso A.J., Helenius J., et al. Prognosis and safety of anticoagulation in intracranial artery dissections in adults. Stroke 38 (2007) 1837-1842
107. Nedeltchev K., Bickel S., Arnold M., et al. R2-recanalization of spontaneous carotid artery dissection. Stroke 40 (2009) 499-504
108. Touzé E., Gauvrit J.Y., Meder J.F., and Mas J.L. Prognosis of cervical artery dissection. Front Neurol Neurosci 20 (2005) 129-139
109. Touzé E., Randoux B., Meary E., Arquizan C., Meder J.F., and Mas J.L. Aneurysmal forms of cervical artery dissection: associated factors and outcome. Stroke 32 (2001) 418-423
110. Georgiadis D., Lanczik O., Schwab S., et al. IV thrombolysis in patients with acute stroke due to spontaneous carotid dissection. Neurology 64 (2005) 1612-1614
111. Germain D.P. Clinical and genetic features of vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg 16 (2002) 391-397
112. Georgiadis D., Caso V., and Baumgartner R.W. Acute therapy and prevention of stroke in spontaneous carotid dissection. Clin Exp Hypertens 28 (2006) 365-370
113. Guillon B., Brunereau L., Biousse V., Djouhri H., Levy C., and Bousser M.G. Long-term follow-up of aneurysms developed during extracranial internal carotid artery dissection. Neurology 53 (1999) 117-122
114. Bogousslavsky J., Despland P.A., and Regli F. Spontaneous carotid dissection with acute stroke. Arch Neurol 44 (1987) 137-140
115. Leys D., Moulin T., Stojkovic T., Begey S., and Chavot D. Follow-up of patients with history of cervical artery dissection. Cerebrovasc Dis 5 (1995) 43-49
116. Gonzales-Portillo F., Bruno A., and Biller J. Outcome of extracranial cervicocephalic arterial dissections: a follow-up study. Neurol Res 24 (2002) 395-398
117. Benninger D.H., Gandjour J., Georgiadis D., Stockli E., Arnold M., and Baumgartner R.W. Benign long-term outcome of conservatively treated cervical aneurysms due to carotid dissection. Neurology 69 (2007) 486-487
118. Treiman G.S., Treiman R.L., Foran R.F., et al. Spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery: a nineteen-year clinical experience. J Vasc Surg 24 (1996) 597-605
119. Engelter S.T., Lyrer P.A., Kirsch E.C., and Steck A.J. Long-term follow-up after extracranial internal carotid artery dissection. Eur Neurol 44 (2000) 199-204
120. Kremer C., Mosso M., Georgiadis D., et al. Carotid dissection with permanent and transient occlusion or severe stenosis: long-term outcome. Neurology 60 (2003) 271-275
121. Pozzati E., Giuliani G., Acciarri N., and Nuzzo G. Long-term follow-up of occlusive cervical carotid dissection. Stroke 21 (1990) 528-531
122. Wessels T., Mosso M., Krings T., Klotzsch C., and Harrer J.U. Extracranial and intracranial vertebral artery dissection: long-term clinical and duplex sonographic follow-up. J Clin Ultrasound 36 (2008) 472-479
123. Mokri B., Piepgras D.G., Sundt T.M., and Pearson B.W. Extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysms. Mayo Clin Proc 57 (1982) 310-321
124. Peeters A., Goffette P., Dorban S., Sindic C.J., and Cosnard G. An old dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery presenting as acute stroke. Acta Neurol Belg 103 (2003) 179-182
125. Desfontaines P., and Despland P.A. Dissection of the internal carotid artery: aetiology, symptomatology, clinical and neurosonological follow-up, and treatment in 60 consecutive cases. Acta Neurol Belg 95 (1995) 226-234
126. Chatillon J.d., Ribeiro V., Mas J.L., Bousser M.G., and Laplane D. Dissection of the extracranial internal carotid artery. 62 cases. Presse Med 19 (1990) 661-667 [in French].
127. Bassetti C., Carruzzo A., Sturzenegger M., and Tuncdogan E. Recurrence of cervical artery dissection. A prospective study of 81 patients. Stroke 27 (1996) 1804-1807
128. Dittrich R., Nassenstein I., Bachmann R., et al. Polyarterial clustered recurrence of cervical artery dissection seems to be the rule. Neurology 69 (2007) 180-186
129. Brandt T., and Grond-Ginsbach C. Spontaneous cervical artery dissection: from risk factors toward pathogenesis. Stroke 33 (2002) 657-658
130. Mokri B., Houser O.W., Sandok B.A., and Piepgras D.G. Spontaneous dissections of the vertebral arteries. Neurology 38 (1988) 880-885
131. Ast G., Woimant F., Georges B., Laurian C., and Haguenau M. Spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery in 68 patients. Eur J Med 2 (1993) 466-472
132. Reuter U., Hamling M., Kavuk I., Einhaupl K.M., and Schielke E. Vertebral artery dissections after chiropractic neck manipulation in Germany over three years. J Neurol 253 (2006) 724-823
133. Schwab S., Steiner T., Aschoff A., et al. Early hemicraniectomy in patients with complete middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 29 (1998) 1888-1893
134. Czechowsky D., and Hill M.D. Neurological outcome and quality of life after stroke due to vertebral artery dissection. Cerebrovasc Dis 13 (2002) 192-197
135. Milhaud D., de Freitas G.R., van Melle G., and Bogousslavsky J. Occlusion due to carotid artery dissection: a more severe disease than previously suggested. Arch Neurol 59 (2002) 557-561
136. Silbert P.L., Mokri B., and Schievink W.I. Headache and neck pain in spontaneous internal carotid and vertebral artery dissections. Neurology 45 (1995) 1517-1522