Risk factors and precipitating neck movements causing vertebrobasilar artery dissection after cervical trauma and spinal manipulation

Spine

Volumn 24, Issue 8, 1999, Pages 785-794

  Haldeman, Scott ^a,d   Kohlbeck, Frank J ^b   McGregor, Marion ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c Kinex IHA Corporation   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cervical; Chiropractic; Dissection; Manipulation; Trauma; Vertebrobasilar

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTERY DISSECTION; ARTICLE; CERVICAL SPINE INJURY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FEMALE; HUMAN; JOINT MOBILITY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MANIPULATIVE MEDICINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; VERTEBRAL ARTERY;

ANEURYSM, DISSECTING; BASILAR ARTERY; CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM; MALE; MANIPULATION, SPINAL; PREVALENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SPINAL INJURIES;

EID: 0033561442     PISSN: 03622436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199904150-00010     Document Type: Article

References (211)

1. Alexander C, Burger P, Goree JA. Dissecting aneurysm of the basilar artery in two patients. Stroke 1979;10:294-9.
2. Alom J, Matias-Guiu J, Padro L, Molins M, Romero F, Codina A. Spontaneous dissection of intracranial vertebral artery: Clinical recovery with conservative treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:599-600.
3. Alpert J, Gerson L, Hall R, Hallman G. Reversible angiography. Stroke 1982;13:100-5.
4. Aoki N, Sakai T. Rebleeding from intracranial dissecting aneurysm in the vertebral artery. Stroke 1990;21:1628-31.
5. Arroyo S, Munoz A, Vazquez A, Hernandez A, Varela de Seijas E. Magnetic resonance imaging of acute spontaneous dissection of the vertebral artery. Stroke 1991;22:1606-7.
6. Assendelft WJ, Bouter SM, Knipschild PG. Complications of spinal manipulation: A comprehensive review of the literature. J Fam Pract 1996;42:475-80.
7. Austin M, Schaefer R. Marfan's syndrome with unusual blood vessel manifestations. Arch Pathol 1957;64:205-9.
8. Bahar S, Coban O, Gurvit I, Akman-Demir G, Gokyigit A. Spontaneous dissection of the extracranial vertebral artery with spinal subarachnoid haemorrhage in a patient with Behçet's disease. Neuroradiology 1993;32:352-4.
9. Berger M, Wilson C. Intracranial dissecting aneurysms of the posterior circulation. J Neurosurg 1984;61:882-94.
10. Berkovic S, Spokes R, Anderson R, Bladin P. Basilar artery dissection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983;46:126-9.
11. Bickerstaff E. Neurological Complications of Oral Contraceptives. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1975.
12. Biller J, Hingtgen W, Adams H, Smoker W, Godersky J, Toffol GJ. Cervicocephalic arterial dissections. A ten-year experience. Arch Neurol 1986;43: 1234-8.
13. Bladin P. Dissecting aneurysm of carotid and vertebral arteries: A clinical and angiographic study of early diagnosis, natural history, and pathophysiology of cerebral lesions. Vase Surg 1974;8:203-3.
14. Bostrom K, Liliequiest B. Primary dissecting aneurysm of the extracranial part ot the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Neurology 1967;17:179-86.
15. Bowen J, Patz J, Bailey J, Hansen K. Dissection of vertebral artery after cervical trauma. Lancet 1992;339:4335-6.
16. Bradac G, Kaernbach A, Bolk-Weischedel D, Finck GA. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the cervical cerebral arteries. Report of six cases and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 1981;21:149-54.
17. Brandt T, Orberk E, Hausser I, Muller-Kuppers M, Lamprecht IA, Hacke W. Ultrastructural aberrations of connective tissue components in patients with spontaneous cervicocerebral artery dissections. Neurology 1996;46:A193-4.
18. Braun I, Pinto R, DeFilipp G, Lieberman A, Pasternack P, Zimmerman RD. Brain stem infarction due to chiropractic manipulation of the cervical spine. South Med J 1983;76:1199-201.
19. Brihaye J, Retif J, Jeanmart L, Flament-Durand J. Occlusion of the basilar artery in young patients. Acta Neurochir 1971;25:225-9.
20. Brownson R, Zollinger W, Madeira T, Fell D. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss following manipulation of the cervical spine. Laryngoscope 1986;96:166-70.
21. Bugiana O, Piola P, Tabaton M. Nontraumatic dissecting aneurysm of the basilar artery. Eur Neurol 1983;22:256-60.
22. Burt V, Cutler J, Higgins M, et al. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population. Data from the health examination surveys, 1960 to 1991. Hypertension 1995;26;60-90.
23. Caplan L, Baquis G, Pessin M, et al. Dissection of the intracranial vertebral artery. Neurology 1988;38:868-77.
24. Caplan L, Zarins C, Hemmati M. Spontaneous dissection of the extracranial vertebral arteries. Stroke 1985;16:1030-8.
25. Carmody E, Buckley P, Hutchinson M. Basilar artery occlusion following chiropractic cervical manipulation. Irish Med J 1987;80:259-60.
26. Carpenter S. Injury of neck as a cause of vertebral artery thrombosis. J Neurosurg 1961;18:849-53.
27. Chakera T, Anderson J, Edis R. Atlanto-axial dislocation and vertebral artery aneurysm. Br J Radiol 1982;55:863-4.
28. Chang C, Ng H, Leung S, Fong K, Yu YL. Fatal bilateral vertebral artery dissection in a patient with cystic medial necrosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1991; 93:309-11.
29. Charles N, Froment C, Rode G, et al. Vertigo and upside down vision due to an infarct in the territory of the medial branch of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery caused by dissection of a vertebral artery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55:188-9.
30. Chen J, Smith R, Keller A, Kucharezyk W. Spontaneous dissection of the vertebral artery: MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1989;32:326-9.
31. Chiras J, Marciano S, Vega MJ, Touboul J, Poirier B, Bories J. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the extracranial vertebral artery (20 cases). Neuroradiology 1985;27:392-6.
32. Chumas P, McNaught A, Jacomb-Hood J, Butler P. Cervical arterial dissection following trauma. Br J Neurosurg 1991;5:313-6.
33. Cook I, Sanstead JK. Wallenberg's syndrome following self-induced manipulation. Neurology 1991;41:1695-6.
34. Crawford J, Hwang B, Asselbergs P, Hickson G. Vascular ischemia of the cervical spine: A review of relationship to therapeutic manipulation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1984;4:149-55.
35. D'anglejan-Chatillon J, Ribeiro V, Mas JL, Youl BD, Bousser MG. Migraine - a risk factor for dissection of cervical arteries. Headache 1989;29: 560-1.
36. Daneshmend T, Hewer R, Bradshaw JR. Acute brain stem stroke during neck manipulation. BMJ 1984;288:189.
37. Davidson K, Weiford E, Dixon GD. Traumatic vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm following chiropractic manipulation. Radiology 1975;115:651-2.
38. Deck J. Pathology of spontaneous dissection of intracranial arteries. Can J Neurol Sci 1987;14:88-91.
39. Dehaene I, Meeus L. Vertebral artery dissection without ischemic events in the vertebrobasilar system. Acta Neurol Belg 1989;89:366-9.
40. Dickerson C. Cervical manipulation: How much of a risk for stroke? ACA J Chiropractic 1987;21:63-9.
41. Dooley J, Smith KR Jr. Occlusion of the basilar artery in a 6-year-old boy. Neurology 1968;18:1034-6.
42. Dunne J, Conacher G, Khangure M, Harper OG. Dissecting aneurysms of the vertebral arteries following cervical manipulation: A case report. J Neurology Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50:349-53.
43. Dvorak J, Orelli F. How dangerous is manipulation to the cervical spine? Case report and results of a survey. Manual Medicine 1985;2:1-4.
44. Easton J, Sherman D. Cervical manipulation and stroke. Stroke 1977;8: 594-7.
45. Egnor M, Page L, David C. Vertebral artery aneurysm: A unique hazard of head banging by heavy metal rockers. Case report. Pediatr Neurosurg 1991-1992;17:135-8.
46. Fakhry S, Jaques P, Proctor HJ. Cervical vessel injury after blunt trauma. J Vasc Surg 1988;8:501-8.
47. Farrell M, Gilbert J, Kaufmann JC. Fatal intracranial arterial dissection: Clinical pathological correlation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;48:111-21.
48. Fast A, Zinicola D, Marin EL. Vertebral artery damage complicating cervical manipulation. Spine 1987;12:840-2.
49. Fiore M. Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States. The epidemiology of tobacco use. Med Clin North Am 1992;76:289-303.
50. Fisher C, Ojemann R, Roberson GH. Spontaneous dissection of cervico-cerebral arteries. Can J Neurol Sci 1978;5:9-19.
51. Fogelholm R, Karli P. Iatrogenic brain stem infarction. Eur Neurol 1975; 13:6-12.
52. Ford F, Clark D. Thrombosis of the basilar artery with softenings in the cerebellum and brain stem due to manipulation of the neck. Bull John Hopkins Hosp 1956;98:37-42.
53. Foster v Thornton. Cerebral hemorrhage attributed to chiropractic adjustment. JAMA 1935;105:1714.
54. Fox C, Lavin M. Vertebral artery dissection resulting in locked-in syndrome. J Neurosci Nurs 1991;23:287-9.
55. Fraser R, Zimbler SM. Hindbrain stroke in children caused by extracranial vertebral artery trauma. Stroke 1975;6:153-6.
56. Friedman A, Drake CG. Subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial dissecting aneurysm. J Neurosurg 1984;60:325-34.
57. Friedman DP, Flanders AE. Unusual dissection of the proximal vertebral artery: Description of three cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992;13:283-6.
58. Frisoni G, Anzola GP. Vertebrobasilar ischemia after neck motion. Stroke 1991;22:1452-60.
59. Fritz V, Maloon A, Tuch P. Neck manipulation causing stroke: Case reports. S Afr Med J 1984;66:844-6.
60. Frumkin L, Baloh RW. Wallenberg's syndrome following neck manipulation. Neurology 1990;40:611-5.
61. Fujiwara S, Yokoyama N, Fujii T., Matsushima I, Matsubara T, Fukui M. Repeat angiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral artery. Report of 4 cases. Acta Neurochir 1993;121:123-9.
62. Fukuda I, Meguro K, Matsusita S, Shigeta O, Oohashi N, Nakata Y. Traumatic disruption of bilateral vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries: A case report. J Trauma 1989;29:263-6.
63. Garg B, Ottinger C, Smith R, Fishman MA. Strokes in children due to vertebral artery trauma. Neurology 1993;43:2555-8.
64. George P, Silverstein H, Wallace H, Marshall M. Identification of the high-risk pre-stroke patient. ACA J Chiropractic 1981;15(Suppl):S26-8.
65. Giroud M, Gras P, Dumas R, Becker F. Spontaneous vertebral artery dissection initially revealed by a pain in one upper arm. Stroke 1993;24:480-1.
66. Gittinger J. Occipital infarction following chiropractic cervical manipulation. J Clin Neuro-Ophthalmol 1986;6:11-3.
67. Goldstein S. Dissecting hematoma of the cervical vertebral artery: Case report. J Neurosurg 1982;56:451-4.
68. Goodbody R. Fatal post-traumatic vertebrobasilar ischaemia. J Clin Pathol 1976;29:86-7.
69. Gorman R. Cardiac arrest after cervical spine mobilization. Med J Aust 1978;2:169-70.
70. Green D, Joynt RJ. Vascular accidents to the brain stem associated with neck manipulation. JAMA 1959;170:522-4.
71. Greselle J, Zenteno M, Kien P, Castel J, Caille JM. Spontaneous dissection of the vertebrobasilar system. A study of 18 cases (15 patients). J Neuroradiol 1987;14:115-23.
72. Gutowski N, Murphy R, Beale DJ. Unilateral upper cervical posterior spinal artery syndrome following sneezing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55:841-3.
73. Halbach W, Higashida R, Dowd C, et al. Endovascular treatment of vertebral artery dissections and pseudoaneurysms. J Neurosurg 1993;79:183-91.
74. Hamada J, Sato K, Nagahiro S, Ushio Y. Dynamic magnetic resonance appearance of the vertebral dissecting aneurysm. Case report, Neurol Med Chir 1992;32:698-700.
75. Hamann G, Haass A, Kujat C, et al. Cervicocephalic artery dissections due to chiropractic manipulations. Lancet 1993;341;764-5.
76. Hanakita J, Miyake H, Nagayasu S, Nishi S, Suzuki T. Angiographic examination and surgical treatment of bow hunter's stroke. Neurosurgery 1988; 23:228-32.
77. Hannaford P, Croft P, Kay C. Oral contraception and stroke: Evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners' Oral Contraception Study. Stroke 1994;25:935-42.
78. Hanus S, Homer T, Harter DH. Vertebral artery occlusion complicating yoga exercises. Arch Neurol 1977;34:574-5.
79. Hara H, Nagashima H, Koike G, Sakai K, Kobayashi S. Unusual spontaneous entrapment of a dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery: Case report. Neurol Med Chir 1991;31:206-9.
80. Hardin C, Williamson W, Steegmann AT. Vertebral artery insufficiency produced by cervical osteoarthritic spurs. Neurology 1960;10:855-8.
81. Hart R, Easton J. Dissection of cervical and cerebral arteries. Neurol Clin 1983;1:155-82.
82. Hart R. Vertebral artery dissection. Neurology 1988;38:987-9.
83. Hayman J, Anderson R. Dissecting aneurysm of the basilar artery. Med J Aust 1966;2:360-1.
84. Herr R, Call G, Banks D. Vertebral artery dissection from neck flexion during paroxysmal coughing. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21:88-91.
85. Hinse P, Thie A, Lachenmayer L. Dissection of the extracranial vertebral artery: Report of four cases and review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54:863-9.
86. Hoffman M, Sacco R, Chan S, Mohr J. Noninvasive detection of vertebral artery dissection. Stroke 1993;24:815-9.
87. Hope E, Bodensteiner J, Barnes P. Cerebral infarction related to neck position in an adolescent. Pediatrics 1983;72:335-7.
88. Horn SI. The "locked-in" syndrome following chiropractic manipulation of the cervical spine. Ann Emerg Med 1983;12:648-50.
89. Hosada K, Fujita S, Kawaguchi T, et al. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysms of the basilar artery presenting with a subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1991;75:628-33.
90. Hugenholtz H, Pokrupa R, Montpetit V, Nelson R, Richard MT. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the extracranial vertebral artery. Neurosurgery 1982;10:96-100.
91. Hyland H. Thrombosis of intracranial arteries: Report of three cases involving, respectively, the anterior cerebral, basilar and internal carotid arteries. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1933;30:342-56.
92. Ishikawa T, Sasaki H, Makino K, Gotoh S, Takamura H, Takei H. Pediatric brain stem infarction caused by a basilar and vertebral artery occlusion: Case report. Neurosurgery 1992;31:365-8.
93. Iro Y, Ishii R, Suzuki Y, Kikuoka M, Hirano K, Kodama S. Ruptured dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery revealed by repeat angiography. Neurosurgery 1988;23:225-7.
94. Iwama T, Andoh T, Sakai N, Iwata T, Hirata T, Yamada H. Dissecting and fusiform aneurysms of vertebrobasilar systems: MR imaging. Neuroradiology 1990;32:272-9.
95. Jabre A. Subintimal dissection of the vertebral artery in subluxation of the cervical spine. Neurosurgery 1991;29:912-5.
96. Jain S, Maheshwari M, Tandon P, Goulatia RK. Idiopathic basilar artery occlusion in childhood: A case report. Stroke 1984;15:563-5.
97. Jentzen J, Amatuzio J, Petetson GF. Complications of cervical manipulation: A case report of fatal brain stem infarct with review of the mechanisms and predisposing factors. J Forensic Sci 1987;32:1089-94.
98. Josien E. Extracranial vertebral artery dissection: Nine cases. J Neurol 1992;239:327-30.
99. Kanshepolsky J, Danielson H, Flynn RE. Vertebral artery insufficiency and cerebellar infarct due to manipulation of the neck. Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Society 1972;37:62-6.
100. Katjiri MB, Reinmuth OM, Latchaw RE. Stroke due to vertebral artery injury. Arch Neurol 1985;42:242-8.
101. Keggi K, Granger D, Southwick WO. Vertebral artery insufficiency secondary to trauma and osteoarthritis of the cervical spine. Yale J Biol Med 1966;38: 471-8.
102. Kitanaka C, Morimoto T, Sasaki T, Takakura K. Rebleeding from vertebral artery dissection after proximal clipping: Case report. J Neurosurg 1992;77: 466-8.
103. Klein R, Snyder R, Schwarz HJ. Lateral medullary syndrome in a child-arteriographic confirmation of vertebral artery occlusion. JAMA 1976;235: 940-1.
104. Kommerell G, Hoyt WF. Lateropulsion of saccadic eye movements. Arch Neurol 1973;28:313-8.
105. Kosoy J, Glassman AL. Audiovestibular findings with cervical spine ttauma. Tex Med 1974;70:66-71.
106. Krueger B, Okazaki H. Vertebral-basilar distribution infarction following chiropractic cervical manipulation. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:322-32.
107. Kulla E, Deymeer F, Smith T, Weiner M, Mullins TF. Intracranial dissecting and saccular aneurysms in polycystic kidney disease. Report of a case. Arch Neurol 1982;39:776-8.
108. Kunkle E, Muller J, Odom GL. Traumatic brain stem thrombosis: Report of a case and analysis of the mechanism of injury. Ann Intern Med 1952;36:1329-35.
109. Ladermann J Accidents of spinal manipulations. Ann Swiss Chiropractic Assoc 1981;7:161-208.
110. Latchaw R, Seeger J, Gabrielsen TO. Vertebrobasilar arterial occlusions in children. Neuroradiology 1974;8:141-7.
111. Laterra J, Gebarski S, Sackellares JC. Transient amnesia resulting from vertebral artery dissection. Stroke 1988;19:98-101.
112. Lee C, Woodring J, Walsh JW. Carotid and vertebral artery injury in survivors of atlanto-occipital dislocation: Case reports and literature review. J Trauma 1991;31:401-7.
113. Lee KP, Carlini WG, McCormick GF, Albers GW. Neurologic complications following chiropractic manipulation: A survey of California neurologists. Neurology 1995;43:1213-5.
114. Levine S, Welch K. Superior cerebellar artery infarction and vertebral artery dissection. Stroke 1988;19:1431-4.
115. Lewis D, Berman PH. Vertebral artery dissection and alternating hemiparesis in an adolescent. Pediatrics 1986;78:610-3.
116. Leys D, Lesoin F, Pruvo J, Gozet G, Jomin M, Petit H. Bilateral spontaneous dissection of extracranial vertebral arteries. J Neurology 1987;234:237-40.
117. Linden D, Steinke W, Schwartz A, Hennerici M. Spontaneous vertebral artery dissection initially mimicking myocardial infarction. Stroke 1992;23: 1021-3.
118. Lindy D. Patient collapse following cervical manipulation: A case report. Br Osteopath J 1984;16:84-5.
119. Lipton R, Stewart W. Migraine in the United States: A review of epidemiology and health care use. Neurology 1993;43(suppl 3):S6-10.
120. Lyness S, Wagman AD. Neurological deficit following cervical manipulation. Surg Neurol 1974;2:121-4.
121. Marteinssen J, Nilsson N. Cerebrovascular accidents following upper cervical manipulation: The importance of age, gender and technique. Am J Chiropractic Med 1989;2:160-3.
122. Martini E. Intracranial dissecting aneurysm: Report of a case. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkrankheiten 1979;227:17-21.
123. Mas J, Bousser M, Hasboun D, Hauw JJ Extracranial vertebral artery dissections: A review of 13 cases. Stroke 1987;18:1037-47.
124. Mas J, Goeau C, Bousser M, Chiras J, Verret J, Touboul PJ. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysms of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries: Two case reports. Stroke 1985;16:125-9.
125. Mas J, Henin D, Bousser M, Chain F, Hauw JJ. Dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery and cervical manipulation: A case report with autopsy. Neurology 1989;39:512-5.
126. Matsumoto K, Saijo T, Kuyama H, Asari S, Nishimoto A. Hemifacial spasm caused by a spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. J Neurosurg 1991;74:650-2.
127. McCormick G, Halbach VV. Recurrent ischemic events in two patients with painless vertebral artery dissection. Stroke 1993;24:598-602.
128. Mehalic R, Farhat SM. Vertebral artery injury from chiropractic manipulation of the neck. Surg Neurol 1974;2:125-9.
129. Miller R, Burton R. Stroke following chiropractic manipulation of the spine. JAMA 1974;229:189-90.
130. Miyazaki S, Yamaura A, Kamata K, Fukushima H. A dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. Surg Neurol 1984;21:171-4.
131. Mizutani T, Aruga T. "Dolichoectatic" intracranial vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysm. Neurosurgery 1992;31:765-73.
132. Mokri B, Houser W, Sandok B, Piepgras D. Spontaneous dissections of the vertebral arteries. Neurology 1988;38:880-5.
133. Mori K, Miwa S, Murata T, Okumura A, Handa H. Basilar artery occlusion in childhood: Report of a case. Arch Neurol 1979;36:100-2.
134. Mueller S, Saha AL. Brain stem dysfunction related to cervical manipulation. Neurology 1976;26:547-50.
135. Nagler W. Vertebral artery obstruction by hyperextension of the neck: Report of three cases. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1973;54:237-40.
136. Nakamura C, Lau J, Polk N, Popper JS. Vertebral artery dissection caused by chiropractic manipulation. J Vase Surg 1991;14:122-4.
137. Nyberg-Hansen R, Loken A, Tenstad O. Brainstem lesion with coma for five years following manipulation of cervical spine. J Neurol 1978;218:97-105.
138. O'Connell B, Towfighi J, Brennan R, et al. Dissecting aneurysms of head and neck. Neurology 1985;35;993-7.
139. O'Sullivan R, Graeb D, Nugent R, Robertson W, LaPointe JS. Carotid and vertebral artery trauma: Clinical and angiographic features. Australas Radiol 1991;35:47-55.
140. Ojemann R, Fisher C, Rich J. Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. Stroke 1972;3:434-40.
141. Okawara S, Nibbelink D. Vertebral artery occlusion following hyperextension and rotation of the head. Stroke 1974;5:640-2.
142. Ouchi H, Ohara I, Iwabuchi T, Suzuki J. Dissecting aneurysms of the extracranial portion of the vertebral artery. Vase Dis 1965;2:340-4.
143. Parent A, Harkey H, Touchstone D, Smith E, Smith RR. Lateral cervical spine dislocation and vertebral artery injury. Neurosurgery 1992;31:501-9.
144. Parkin P, Wallis W, Wilson JL. Vertebral artery occlusion following manipulation of the neck. N Z Med J 1978;88:441-3.
145. Patijn J. Complications in manual medicine: A review of the literature. J Man Med 1991;6:89-92.
146. Perez-Higueras A, Alvarez-Ruiz F, Martinez-Bermejo A, Frutos R, Villar O, Diez-Tejedor E. Cerebellar infarction from fibromuscular dysplasia and dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery: Report of a child. Stroke 1988;19: 521-4.
147. Peters M, Bohl J, Thomke F, et al. Dissection of the internal carotid artery after chiropractic manipulation of the neck. Neurology 1995;45:2284-6.
148. Phillips S, Maloney W, Gray J. Pure motor stroke due to vertebral artery dissection. Can J Neurol Sci 1989;16:348-51.
149. Povlsen U, Kjaer L, Arlien-Soborg P. Locked-in syndrome following cervical manipulation. Acta Neurol Scand 1987;76:486-8.
150. Pozzati E, Padovani R, Fabrizi A, Sabattini L, Garst G. Benign arterial dissections of the posterior circulation. J Neurosurg 1991;75:69-72.
151. Pratt-Thomas H, Berger KE. Cerebellar and spinal injuries after chiropractic manipulation. JAMA 1947;133:600-3.
152. Pribek R. Brainstem vascular accident following neck manipulation. Wise Med J 1963;62:141-3.
153. Provenzale J. Dissection of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries: Imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:1099-104.
154. Pryse-Philhps W. Infarction of the medulla and cervical cord after fitness exercise. Stroke 1989;20:292-4.
155. Quint D, Spickler EM. Magnetic resonance demonstration of vertebral artery dissection: Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1990;72:964-7.
156. Rae-Grant A, Lin F, Yaeger B, et al. Post traumatic extracranial vertebral artery dissection with locked-in syndrome: A case with MRI documentation and unusually favorable outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:1191-3.
157. Raskind R, North CW. Vertebral artery injuries following chiropractic cervical spine manipulation: Case reports. Angiology 1990;41:445-52.
158. Ringel S, Harrison S, Norenberg M, Austin JH. Fibromuscular dysplasia: Multiple "spontaneous" dissecting aneurysms of the major cervical arteries. Ann Neurol 1977;1:301-4.
159. Rodacki M, Mello LR. Bilateral dissecting aneurysms of the extracranial vertebral arteries associated with cervical carotid aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990;11:1147-9.
160. Rothrock J, Hesselink J, Teacher TM. Vertebral artery occlusion and stroke from cervical self-manipulation. Neurology 1991;41:1696-7.
161. Rubin BS, Mayer SA, Starman BJ, Byers PH. Spontaneous multivessel cervical artery dissection in a patient with a substitution of alanine for glycine (GO13A) in the alpha1 (I) chain of type I collagen (abstract). Neurology 1996;46:A173.
162. Sackett D, Haynes R, Guyatt G, Tugwell P. Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine. 2nd ed. Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1991.
163. Sasaki O, Ogawa H, Koike T, Koizumi T, Tanaka R. A clinicopathological study of dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral artery. J Neurosurg 1991;75:874-82.
164. Saver J, Easton J, Hart RG. Dissections and trauma of cervicocerebral arteries. In: Barnett HJM, Stein BM, Mohr JP, Yatsu FM eds. Stroke Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. New York: Churchill-Livingstone, 1992:671-88.
165. Schellhas K, Latchaw R, Wendling L, Gold L. Vertebrobasilar injuries following cervical manipulation. JAMA 1980;244:1450-3.
166. Schmitt H. Anatomical structure of the cervical spine with reference to the pathology of manipulation complications. J Man Med 1991;6:93-101.
167. Schneider R, Gosch H, Taren J, Ferry D, Jerva MJ. Blood vessel trauma following head and neck injuries. Clin Neurosurg 1972;19:312-54.
168. Scholefield B. A case of dissecting aneurysm of the basilar artery. Guys Hosp Rep 1924;74:485-7.
169. Schwaighofer B, Klein M, Lyden P, Hesselink JR. MR imaging of vertebrobasilar vascular disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1990;14:895-904.
170. Schwarz G, Geiger J, Spano AV. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome of Wallenburg after chiropractic manipulation. Arch Intern Med 1956; 97:352-4.
171. Scott G, Neubuerger K, Denst J. Dissecting aneurysms of intracranial arteries. Neurology 1960;10:22-7.
172. Senter H, Sarwar M. Nontraumatic dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. J Neurosurg 1982;56:128-30.
173. Shaw C, Alvord C. Injury of the basilar artery associated with close head trauma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1972;35:247-57.
174. Shekelle PG, Rogers WH, Newhouse JP. The effect of cost sharing on the use of chiropractic services. Med Care 1996;34:863-72.
175. Sherman D, Hart R, Easton JD. Abrupt change in head position and cerebral infarction. Stroke 1981;12:2-6.
176. Sherman M, Smialek J, Zane WE. Pathogenesis of vertebral artery occlusion following cervical spine manipulation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987;111: 851-3.
177. Shimoji T, Bando K, Nakajima K, Ito K. Dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. Report of seven cases and angiographic findings. J Neurosurg 1984; 61:1038-46.
178. Silbert PL, Mokri B, Schievink WI. Headache and neck pain in spontaneous internal carotid and vertebral artery dissections. Neurology 1995;45:1517-22.
179. Simeone F, Goldberg HI. Thrombosis of the vertebral artery from hyper-extension injury to the neck. J Neurosurg 1968;29:540-4.
180. Simmons K, Soo Y, Walker G, Harvey P. Trauma to the vertebral artery related to neck manipulation. Med J Aust 1982;1:187-8.
181. Smith R, Estridge MN. Neurologic complications of head and neck manipulations. JAMA 1962;182:528-31.
182. Sorenson B. Bow hunter's stroke. Neurosurgery 1978;2:259-61.
183. Sturzenegger M. Headache and neck pain: The warning symptoms of vertebral artery dissection. Headache 1994;34:187-93.
184. Sue D, Brant-Zawadzki M, Chance J. Dissection of cranial arteries in the neck: Correlation of MRI and arteriography. Neuroradiology 1992;34:273-8.
185. Sullivan E. Pre-stroke screening before the cervical adjustment. Digest Chiropractic Econom 1988;30:64-9.
186. Sullivan E. Brain stem stroke syndromes from cervical adjustments: Report on five cases. J Chiropractic Res Clin Invest 1992;8:12-6.
187. Tanaka K, Waga S, Kojima T, Kubo Y, Shimizu T, Niwa S. Non-traumatic dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral artery: Report of six cases. Acta Neurochir 1989;100:62-6.
188. Terrett AG. Misuse of the literature by medical investigators in discussing spinal manipulative therapy injury (see comments). J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1995;18:203-10.
189. Terrett A. Vascular accidents from cervical spine manipulation: Report on 107 cases. ACA J of Chiropractic 1988;22:63-72.
190. Terrett A, Kleynhans A. Cerebrovascular complications of manipulation. In: Haldeman S., ed. Principles and Practice of Chiropractic. 2nd ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange; 1992:579-98.
191. Traflet R, Barbaria A, Bell R, et al. Vertebral artery dissection after rapid head turning. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1989;10:650-1.
192. Tramo M, Hainline B, Petito F, Lee B, Caronna J. Vertebral artery injury and cerebellar stroke while swimming: Case report. Stroke 1985;16:1039-42.
193. Trussell J, Vaughan B. Contraceptive use projections: 1990 to 2010. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1160-4.
194. Van de Kleft E, Kunnen J, Truyen L, Heytens L. Postpartum dissecting aneurysm of the basilar artery. Stroke 1992;23:114-6.
195. Vies J, Hendriks J, Lodder J, Janevski B. Multiple vertebrobasilar infarctions from fibromuscular dysplasia related dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery in a child. Neuropediatrics 1990;21:104-5.
196. Waga S, Fujimoto K, Morooka Y. Dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. Surg Neurol 1978;10:237-9.
197. Watson A. Dissecting aneurysm of arteries other than the aorta. J Pathol Bacteriol 1956;72:439-49.
198. Weinstein S, Cantu RC. Cerebral stroke in a semi-pro football player: A case report. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23:1119-21.
199. Weintraub M. Dormant foramen magnum meningioma "activated" by chiropractic manipulation. N Y State J Med 1983:1039-40.
200. Wolman L. Cerebral dissecting aneurysms. Brain 1959;82:276-91.
201. Wood M, Lang E, Faludi H, Woolhandler GJ. Traumatic vertebral artery thrombosis. J La Med Soc 1971;123:413-4.
202. Yamaura A, Watanabe Y, Saeki N. Dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral artery. J Neurosurg 1990;72:183-8.
203. Yang P, Latack J, Gabrielsen T, Knake J, Gebarski SS. Rotational vertebral artery occlusion at C1-C2. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1985;6:98-100.
204. Yonas H, Agamanolis D, Takaoka Y, White RJ. Dissecting intracranial aneurysms. Surg Neurol 1977;8:407-15.
205. Yoshii F, Shinohara Y, Takeoka T. Two autopsy cases with ruptured dissecting aneurysm of the intracranial vertebral artery. Eur Neurol 1986;25:388-95.
206. Yoshimota T, Kamiyama H, Abe H, Takikawa S, Teruhumi I. Proximal clipping and bypass between bilateral vertebral arteries using a radial arterial graft for the treatment of a dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. Surg Neurol 1991;36:476-81.
207. Youl B, Coutellier A, Dubois B, Legar J, Bousser MG. Three cases of spontaneous extracranial vertebral artery dissection. Stroke 1990;21:618-25.
208. Young C, Chadwick D, Humphrey P. Extracranial vertebral artery dissection following tonic clonic seizure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991;54: 365-6.
209. Zak S, Carmody RF. Cerebellar infarction from chiropractic neck manipulation: Case report and review of the literature. Arizona Med 1984;61:333-7.
210. Zauel D, Carlow TJ. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia following cervical manipulation. Ann Neurol 1977;1:308.
211. Zimmerman A, Kumar A, Gadoth N, Hodges FI. Traumatic vertebrobasilar occlusive disease in childhood. Neurology 1978;28:185-8.