Prospects for an integrated trait and cultural psychology

European Journal of Personality

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 153-182

  Church, A Timothy ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cross cultural research; Personality scales and inventories; Self concept and self esteem

Indexed keywords

EID: 67649447185     PISSN: 08902070     EISSN: 10990984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/per.700     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Allik, J., & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Toward a geography of personality traits: Patterns of profiles across 36 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 13-28.
2. Angleitner, A., Buss, D. M., & Demtroder, A. I. (1990). A cross-cultural comparison using the act frequency approach (AFA) in West Germany and the United States. European Journal of Personality, 4, 187-207.
3. Bagozzi, R. P., Wong, N., & Yi, Y. (1999). The role of culture and gender in the relationship between positive and negative affect. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 641-672.
4. Baird, B. M., Le, K., & Lucas, R. E. (2006). On the nature of intraindividual personality variability: Reliability, validity, and associations with well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 512-527.
5. Baron, R. M., & Misovich, S. J. (1993). Dispositional knowing from an ecological perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 541-552.
6. Bond, M. H. (2002). Reclaiming the individual from Hofstede's ecological analysis-A 20-year odyssey: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 128, 73-77.
7. Bond, M. H., & Cheung, T. S. (1983). The spontaneous self-concept of college students in Hong Kong, Japan, and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14, 153-171.
8. Borkenau, P., & Liebler, A. (1993). Consensus and self-other agreement for trait inferences from minimal information. Journal of Personality, 61, 477-496.
9. Botwin, M. D., & Buss, D. M. (1989). Structure of act-report data: Is the five-factor model of personality recaptured? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 988-1001.
10. Breshnahan, M. J., Levine, T. R., Shearman, S. M., Lee, S. Y., Park, C.-Y., & Kiyomiya, T. (2005). A multimethod multitrait validity assessment of self-construal in Japan, Korea, and the United States. Human Communication Research, 31, 33-59.
11. Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1988). On the nature of self-monitoring: Problems with assessment, problems with validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 663-678.
12. Brown, J. D., & Kobayashi, C. (2002). Self-enhancement in Japan and America. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 145-167.
13. Buss, D. M. (1996). Social adaptation and five major factors of personality. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 180-207). New York: Guilford.
14. Buss, D. M., & Craik, K. H. (1983). The act frequency approach to personality. Psychological Review, 90,105-126.
15. Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 141-156.
16. Chan, S.-F. (2000). Formal logic and dialectical thinking are not incongruent. American Psychologist, 55,1063-1064.
17. Cheek, J. M., Smith, S., & Tropp, L. R. (2002). Relational Identity Orientation: A fourth scale for the AIQ. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Savannah, GA.
18. Cheek, J. M., Tropp, L. R., Chen, L. C., & Underwood, M. K. (1994, August). Identity orientations: Personal, social, and collective aspects of identity. Paper presented at the 102nd annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA.
19. Cheung, F. M., & Leung, K. (1998). Indigenous personality measures: Chinese examples. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 233-248.
20. Cheung, F. M., Leung, K., Zhang, J. X., Sun, H. F., Gan, Y. Q., Song, W. X., et al. (2001). Indigenous Chinese personality construct: Is the Five-Factor Model complete? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 407-433.
21. Chiu, C., Hong, Y., & Dweck, C. S. (1997). Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 19-30.
22. Choi, I., & Choi, Y. (2002). Culture and self-concept flexibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1508-1517.
23. Choi, I., Dalal, R., Kim-Prieto, C., & Park, H. (2003). Culture and judgment of causal relevance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 46-59.
24. Choi, I., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998). Situational salience and cultural differences in the correspondence bias and actor-observer bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 949-960.
25. Church, A. T. (1987). Personality research in a non-Western culture: The Philippines. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 272-292.
26. Church, A. T. (2000). Culture and personality: Toward an integrated cultural trait psychology. Journal of Personality, 68, 651-703.
27. Church, A. T. (2008). Current controversies in the study of personality across cultures. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1930-1951.
28. Church, A. T. (in press). Measurement issues in cross-cultural research. In E. Tucker, & G. Walford(Eds.), The handbook of measurement: How social scientists generate, modify, and validate indicators and scales. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
29. Church, A. T., Anderson-Harumi, C. A., del Prado, A. M., Curtis, G. J., Tanaka-Matsumi, J., Valdez Medina, J. L., et al. (2008). Culture, cross-role consistency, and adjustment: Testing trait and cultural psychology perspectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 739-755.
30. Church, A. T., & Katigbak, M. S. (2002). Indigenization of psychology in the Philippines. International Journal of Psychology, 37, 129-148.
31. Church, A. T., & Katigbak, M. S. (2005). Personality structure across cultures: Indigenous and crosscultural perspectives. In A. Eliasz, S. E. Hampson, & B. De Raad (Eds.), Advances in personality psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 139-178). New York: Psychology Press.
32. Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., del Prado, A. M., Ortiz, F. A., Mastor, K. A., Harumi, Y., et al. (2006). Implicit theories and self-perceptions of traitedness across cultures: Toward integration of cultural and trait psychology perspectives. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37, 694-716.
33. Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., del Prado, A. M., Valdez-Medina, J. L., Miramontes, L. G., & Ortiz, F. A. (2006). A cross-cultural study of trait self-enhancement, explanatory variables, and adjustment. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 1169-1201.
34. Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Miramontes, L. G., del Prado, A. M., & Cabrera, H. F. (2007). Culture and the behavioral manifestations of traits: An application of the act frequency approach. European Journal of Personality, 21, 389-417.
35. Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Ortiz, F. A., del Prado, A. M., Vargas-Flores, J. d., Ibáñez-Reyes, J., et al. (2005). Investigating implicit trait theories across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 476-496.
36. Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Reyes, J. A., Salanga, M. G., Miramontes, L. G., & Adams, N. B. (2008). Prediction and cross-situational consistency of daily behavior across cultures: Testing trait and cultural psychology perspectives. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1199-1215.
37. Church, A. T., & Lonner, W. J. (1998). The cross-cultural perspective in the study of personality: Rationale and current research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 32-62.
38. Church, A. T., Ortiz, F. A., Katigbak, M. S., Avdeyeva, T. V., Emerson, A. M., Vargas-Flores, J. D., et al. (2003). Measuring individual and cultural differences in implicit trait theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 332-347.
39. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
40. Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322-331.
41. Cousins, S. (1989). Culture and selfhood in Japan and the U.S. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 124-131.
42. del Prado, A. M., Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Miramontes, L. G., Whitty, M. T., Curtis, G. J., et al.(2007). Culture, method, and the content of self-concepts: Testing trait, individual-self-primacy, and cultural psychology perspectives. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1119-1160.
43. Dhawan, N., Roseman, I. J., Naidu, R. K., Thapa, K., & Rettek, S. I. (1995). Self-concepts across twocultures: India and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 606-621.
44. Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1984). Temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 871-883.
45. Dweck, C. S. (2000). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
46. Dweck, C. S., Hong, Y., & Chiu, C. (1993). Implicit theories: Individual differences in the likelihood and meaning of dispositional inference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 644-656.
47. Eid, M., & Diener, E. (1999). Intraindividual variability in affect: Reliability, validity, and personality correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 662-676.
48. English, T., & Chen, S. (2007). Culture and self-concept stability: Consistency across and within contexts among Asian Americans and European Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 478-490.
49. Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
50. Fiske, A. P. (2002). Using individualism and collectivism to compare cultures-A critique of the validity and measurement of the constructs: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 128, 78-88.
51. Fleeson, W. (2001). Toward a structure - and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 1011-1027.
52. Funder, D. C. (1995). On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach. Psychological Review, 102, 652-670.
53. Funder, D. C., & Colvin, C. R. (1988). Friends and strangers: Acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 149-158.
54. Funder, D. C., & Colvin, C. R. (1991). Explorations in behavioral consistency: Properties of persons, situations, and behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 773-794.
55. Furnham, A., & Capon, M. (1983). Social skills and self-monitoring processes. Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 171-178.
56. Gaertner, L., Sedikides, C., Vevea, J. L., & Iuzzini, J. (2002). The "I," the "We," and the "When": A meta-analysis of motivational primacy in self-definition Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 574-591.
57. Geertz, C. (1975). On the nature of anthropological understanding. American Scientist, 63, 47-53.
58. Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., & Raver, J. L. (2006). On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 1225-1244.
59. Georgas, J., van de Vijver, F. J., & Berry, J. W. (2004). The ecocultural framework, ecosocial indices, and psychological variables in cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35,74-96.
60. Goldberg, L. R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 2, pp. 7-28). Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
61. Goodwin, R., & Soon, A. P. Y. (1994). Self-monitoring and relationship adjustment: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 35-39.
62. Grimm, S. D., Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., & Reyes, J. A. (1999). Self-described traits, values, and moods associated with individualism and collectivism (I-C): Testing I-C theory in an individualistic (U.S.) and a collectivistic (Philippines) culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30,466-500.
63. Gudykunst, W. B., Gao, G., Nishida, T., Bond, M. H., Leung, K., Wang, G., et al. (1989). A crosscultural comparison of self-monitoring. Communications Research Reports, 6, 7-12.
64. Gudykunst, W. B., Yang, S.-M., & Nishida, T. (1987). Cultural differences in self-consciousness and self-monitoring. Communication Research, 14, 7-34.
65. Heine, S. J. (2001). Self as a cultural product: An examination of East Asian and North American selves. Journal of Personality, 69, 880-906.
66. Heine, S. J. (2005). Where is the evidence for pancultural self-enhancement? A reply to Sedikides, Gaertner, and Toguchi (2003). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 531-538.
67. Heine, S. J., & Hamamura, T. (2007). In search of East Asian self-enhancement. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 1-24.
68. Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1995). Cultural variation in unrealistic optimsm: Does the West feel more invulnerable than the East? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 595-607.
69. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. (2002). What's wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective Likert scales?: The reference-group effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 903-918.
70. Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2006). Toward a psychological science for a cultural species. Pespectives on Psychological Science, 1, 251-269.
71. Ho, D. Y. (2000). Dialectical thinking: Neither Eastern nor Western. American Psychologist, 55, 1064-1065.
72. Hofstede, C. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
73. Ip, G. W., & Bond, M. H. (1995). Culture, values, and the spontaneous self-concept. Asian Journal of Psychology, 1, 30-36.
74. Jang, K. L., McCrae, R. R., Angleitner, A., Riemann, R., & Livesley, W. J. (1998). Heritability of facet-level traits in a cross-cultural twin sample: Support for a hierarchical model of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1556-1565.
75. John, O. P., Cheek, J. M., & Klohnen, E. C. (1996). On the nature of self-monitoring: Construct explication with Q-sort ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 763-776.
76. Johnson, J. A. (1997). Units of analysis for the description and explanation of personality. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 73-93). San Diego: Academic Press.
77. Johnson, T., Kulesa, P., Cho, Y. I., & Shavitt, S. (2005). The relation between culture and response styles: Evidence from 19 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 264-277.
78. Jourard, S. M. (1965). Personal adjustment: An approach through the study of healthy personality. New York: Macmillan.
79. Kanagawa, C., Cross, S. E., & Markus, H. R. (2001). "Who am I?": The cultural psychology of the conceptual self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 90-103.
80. Kang, S., Shaver, P. R., Sue, S., Min, K., & Jing, H. (2003). Culture-specific patterns in the prediction of life satisfaction: Roles of emotion, relationship quality, and self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1596-1608.
81. Kashima, Y., Kashima, E. S., Kim, U., & Gelfand, M. (2006). Describing the social world: How is a person, a group, and a relationship described in the East and the West? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 388-396.
82. Katigbak, M. S., Church, A. T., Guanzon-Lapeña, M. A., Carlota, A. J., & del Pilar, G. H. (2002). Are indigenous personality dimensions culture specific? Philippine inventories and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 89-101.
83. Kim, U., Yang, K.-S., & Hwang, K.-K. (Eds.). (2006). Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context. New York: Springer Science +Business Media.
84. Kitayama, S. (2002). Culture and basic psychological processes-Toward a system view of culture: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 128, 89-96.
85. Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. R. (1999). Yin and yang of the Japanese self: The cultural psychology of personality coherence. In D. Cervone, & Y. Shoda (Eds.), The coherence of personality: Social cognitive bases of personality consistency, variability, and organization (pp. 242-302). New York: Guilford.
86. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 93-124.
87. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes of self-esteem management: Self-enhancement in the United Staes and self-depreciation in Japan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1245-1267.
88. Knowles, E. D., Morris, M. W., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (2001). Culture and the process of person perception: Evidence for automaticity among East Asians in correcting for situational influences on behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1344-1356.
89. Krull, D. S. (1993). Does the grist change the mill? The effect of the perceiver's inferential goal on the process of social inference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 340-348.
90. Kurman, J. (2001). Self-enhancement: Is it restricted to individualistic cultures? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1705-1716.
91. Kwan, V. S., Bond, M. H., & Singelis, T. M. (1997). Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73,1038-1051.
92. Lee, Y.-T., & Ottati, V. (1993). Determinants of ingroup and outgroup perception of heterogeneity: An investigation of Chinese-American stereotypes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24,298-318.
93. Lehman, D. R., Chiu, C-y., & Schaller, M. (2004). Psychology and culture. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 689-714.
94. Lennox, R. D., & Wolfe, R. N. (1984). Revision of the self-monitoring scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1349-1364.
95. Malloy, T. E., Albright, L., Diaz-Loving, R., Dong, Q., & Lee, Y.-T. (2004). Agreement in personality judgments within and between nonoverlapping social groups in collectivist cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 106-117.
96. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
97. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1998). The cultural psychology of personality. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 29, 63-87.
98. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2003). Models of agency: Sociocultural diversity in the construction of action. In V. M. Berman, & J. J. Berman (Eds.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Cross-cultural differences in perspectives on the self (Vol. 49, pp. 1-58). Lincoln, NE: Nebraska University Press.
99. Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row.
100. Matsumoto, D. (1999). Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama's theory of independent and interdependent self-construal. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 289-310.
101. Matsumoto, D. (2007). Culture, context, and behavior. Journal of Personality, 75, 1285-1319.
102. Matsumoto, D., & Yoo, S. H. (2006). Toward a new generation of cross-cultural research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 234-250.
103. McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2006). A new big five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. American Psychologist, 61, 204-217.
104. McClelland, D. C. (1984). Motive dispositions: The merits of operant and respondent measures. In D. C. McClelland (Ed.), Motives, personality, and society: Selected papers (pp. 53-81). New York: Praeger.
105. McCrae, R. R. (2002). NEO-PI-R data from 36 cultures: Further intercultural comparisons. In R. R. McCrae, & J. Allik (Eds.), The five-factor model of personality across cultures (pp. 105-125). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
106. McCrae, R. R., & Allik, J. (2002). The five-factor model of personality across cultures. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
107. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the five-factor model. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 51-87). New York: Guilford.
108. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
109. McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Lima, M. P., Simoes, A., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., et al. (1999). Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures. Developmental Psychology, 35, 466-477.
110. McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Martin, T. A., Oryol, V. E., Rukavishnikov, A. A., Senin, I. G., et al. (2004). Consensual validation of personality traits across cultures. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 179-201.
111. McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A. & 79 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project. (2005). Personality profiles of cultures: Aggregate personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 407-425.
112. Miller, J. G. (1984). Culture and the development of everyday social explanations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 961-978.
113. Miller, J. G. (1997). Theoretical issues in cultural psychology. In J. W. Berry, Y. H. Poortinga, & J. Pandey (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Theory and method (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 85-128). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
114. Miramontes, L. G., Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Vargas-Flores, J., Ibáñez-Reyes, J., Reyes, J. A. S., et al. (2007, July). Culture, method, and everyday explanations of behavior. Contribution to the symposium Trait and Cultural Psychology Perspectives in Cross-Cultural Personality Research. A. T. Church (Chair), presented at the IV Latin American Regional Congress of CrossCultural Psychology, Mexico City.
115. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Mendoza-Denton, R. (2002). Situation-behavior profiles as a locus of consistency in personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 30-34.
116. Morris, M. W., & Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 949-971.
117. Moskowitz, D. S. (1994). Cross-situational generality and the interpersonal circumplex. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 921-933.
118. Newman, L. S. (1993). How individualists interpret behavior: Idiocentricism and spontaneous trait inference. Social Cognition, 11, 243-267.
119. Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-310.
120. Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
121. Norenzayan, A., Choi, I., & Nisbett, R. E. (2002). Cultural similarities and differences in social inference: Evidence from behavioral predictions and lay theories of behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 109-120.
122. Oishi, S. (2004). Personality in culture: A neo-Allportian view. Journal of Research in Personality, 38,68-74.
123. Oishi, S., Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2004). Cross-situational consistency of affective experiences across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 460-472.
124. Ortiz, F. A., Church, A. T., Vargas-Flores, J. D., Ibáñez-Reyes, J., Flores-Galaz, M., Iuit-Briceño, J. I., et al. (2006). Are indigenous personality dimensions culture-specific? Mexican inventories and the five-factor model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 618-649.
125. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3-72.
126. Paulhus, D. L., & John, O. P. (1998). Egoistic and moralistic biases in self-perception: The interplay of self-deceptive syles with basic traits and motives. Journal of Personality, 66, 1025-1060.
127. Peng, K., & Nisbett, R. E. (1999). Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. American Psychologist, 54, 741-754.
128. Peng, K., & Nisbett, R. E. (2000). Dialectical responses to questions about dialectical thinking. American Psychologist, 55, 1067-1068.
129. Rhee, E., Uleman, J. S., Lee, H. K., & Roman, R. J. (1995). Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 142-152.
130. Saucier, G., & Goldberg, L. R. (2001). Lexical studies of indigenous personality factors: Premises, products, and prospects. Journal of Personality, 69, 847-879.
131. Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2002). Cultural influences on the relation between pleasant emotions and unpleasant emotions: Asian dialectic philosophies or individualism-collectivism. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 705-719.
132. Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R. R., Benet-Martínez, V., Alcalay, L., Ault, L., et al. (2007). The geographic distribution of big five personality traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 173-212.
133. Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism and collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kaǧitçibaş i, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and applications (pp. 85-119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
134. Scollon, C. N., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2005). An experience sampling and crosscultural investigation of the relation between pleasant and unpleasant affect. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 27-52.
135. Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Vevea, J. L. (2007). Evaluating the evidence for pancultural selfenhancement. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 201-203.
136. Shweder, R. A. (1991). Thinking through culture: Expeditions in cultural psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
137. Shweder, R. A., & Bourne, E. J. (1984). Does the concept of the personvary cross-culturally? In R. A. Shweder, & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Cultural theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 158-199). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
138. Smith, P. B. (2004). Acquiescent response bias as an aspect of cultural communication style. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 50-61.
139. Snyder, M. (1974). Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526-537.
140. Snyder, M. (1987). Public appearances, private realities: The psychology of self-monitoring. New York: Freeman.
141. Snyder, M., & Gangestad, S. (1986). On the nature of self-monitoring: Matters of assessment, matters of validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 125-139.
142. Snyder, M., & Monson, T. C. (1975). Persons, situations, and the control of social behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 637-644.
143. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Peng, K., Wang, L., & Hou, Y. (2004). Dialectial self-esteem and East-West differences in psychological well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1416-1432.
144. Spiro, M. E. (1993). In the Western conception of the self "peculiar" within the context of the world cultures? Ethos, 21, 107-153.
145. Suh, E. M. (2002). Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1378-1391.
146. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
147. Triandis, H. C. (2000). Dialectics between cultural and cross-cultural psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 185-195.
148. Watson, D. (1989). Strangers' ratings of the five robust personality factors: Evidence of a surprising convergence with self-report. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 120-128.
149. Yang, K.-S. (2000). Monocultural and cross-cultural indigenous approaches: The royal road to the development of a balanced global psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 241-263.
150. Zarate, M. A., Uleman, J. S., & Vous, C. I. (2001). Effects of culture and processing goals on the activation and binding of trait concepts. Social Cognition, 19, 295-323.