Renin Angiotensin System Inhibition in the Older Person: A Review

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 245-257

  Mohamed, Maha A ^a   Weir, Matthew R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular; Hypertension; Kidney; Older persons; RAS blocking; Renin angiotensin system

Indexed keywords

ALISKIREN; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATENOLOL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CAPTOPRIL; CHLORTALIDONE; DIGOXIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; ENALAPRILAT; INDAPAMIDE; IRBESARTAN; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; PERINDOPRIL; PLACEBO; RAMIPRIL; RENIN INHIBITOR; TELMISARTAN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; VALSARTAN;

AGED; AGING; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG USE; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LIFE EXPECTANCY; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; RENAL PROTECTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SYSTOLIC HYPERTENSION;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MALE; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 67449104698     PISSN: 07490690     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2009.01.007     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Paul M., Poyan Mehr A., and Kreutz R. Physiology of local renin-angiotensin systems. Physiol Rev 86 (2006) 747-803
2. Rose B.D., and Post T. Renal circulation and glomerular filtration rate. Clinical physiology of acid base & electrolyte disorder (2001), McGraw-Hill, New York
3. Meade T.W., Imeson J.D., Gordon D., et al. The epidemiology of plasma renin. Clin Sci (Lond) 64 (1983) 273-280
4. Macías Núñez J.F. The aging kidney in health and disease (2008), Springer Science, New York p. 273
5. Lubitz J., Cai L., Kramarow E., et al. Health, life expectancy, and health care spending among the elderly. N Engl J Med 349 (2003) 1048-1055
6. Matz R.L., Schott C., Stoclet J.C., et al. Age-related endothelial dysfunction with respect to nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor and cyclooxygenase products. Physiol Res 49 (2000) 11-18
7. Mukai Y., Shimokawa H., Higashi M., et al. Inhibition of renin-angiotensin system ameliorates endothelial dysfunction associated with aging in rats. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 (2002) 1445-1450
8. Poon I. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 325 (1991) 293-302
9. Jong P., Yusuf S., Rousseau M.F., et al. Effect of enalapril on 12-year survival and life expectancy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a follow-up study. Lancet 361 (2003) 1843-1848
10. Pfeffer M.A., McMurray J.J., Velazquez E.J., et al. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 349 (2003) 1893-1906
11. Gambassi G., Lapane K.L., Sgadari A., et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and digoxin on health outcomes of very old patients with heart failure. SAGE Study Group. Systematic assessment of geriatric drug use via epidemiology. Arch Intern Med 160 (2000) 53-60
12. Mangoni A.A., and Jackson S.H. The implications of a growing evidence base for drug use in elderly patients Part 2. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure and high cardiovascular risk patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 61 (2006) 502-512
13. Cohn J.N., Tognoni G., and the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 1667-1675
14. Pfeffer M.A., Swedberg K., Granger C.B., et al. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 362 (2003) 759-766
15. Ajayi A.A., Hockings N., and Reid J.L. Age and the pharmacodynamics of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors enalapril and enalaprilat. Br J Clin Pharmacol 21 (1986) 349-357
16. Forette F., McClaran J., Delesalle M.C., et al. Value of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the elderly: the example of perindopril. Clin Exp Hypertens A 11 Suppl 2 (1989) 587-603
17. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288 (2002) 2981-2997
18. Kjeldsen S.E., Dahlof B., Devereux R.B., et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: A Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) Substudy. JAMA 288 (2002) 1491-1498
19. Jamerson K., Weber M.A., Bakris G.L., et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 359 (2008) 2417-2428
20. Yusuf S., Sleight P., Pogue J., et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 145-153
21. ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 358 15 (2008) 1547-1559
22. Hammoud R.A., Vaccari C.S., Nagamia S.H., et al. Regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in coronary atherosclerosis: a review of the literature. Vasc Health Risk Manag 3 (2007) 937-945
23. Beckett N.S., Peters R., Fletcher A.E., et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 358 (2008) 1887-1898
24. PROGRESS. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure lowering regimen among individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 358 (2001) 1033-1041
25. PROGRESS. Effects of a perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering regimen on disability and dependency in 6105 patients with cerebrovascular disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Stroke 34 (2003) 2333-2338
26. Levy D., Anderson K.M., Savage D.D., et al. Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: prevalence and risk factors. The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 108 (1988) 7-13
27. Klingbeil A.U., Schneider M., Martus P., et al. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med 115 (2003) 41-46
28. Dahlof B., Devereux R., de F.U., et al. The losartan intervention for endpoint reduction (LIFE) in hypertension study: rationale, design, and methods. The LIFE Study Group. Am J Hypertens 10 (1997) 705-713
29. Ruggenenti P., Perna A., and Remuzzi G. ACE Inhibitors to prevent end-stage renal disease: when to start and why possibly never to stop: A Post Hoc Analysis of the REIN Trial Results. J Am Soc Nephrol 12 (2001) 2832-2837
30. Coresh J., Selvin E., Stevens L.A., et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 298 (2007) 2038-2047
31. Ruggenenti P., Perna A., Zoccali C., et al. Chronic proteinuric nephropathies. II. Outcomes and response to treatment in a prospective cohort of 352 patients: differences between women and men in relation to the ACE gene polymorphism. J Am Soc Nephrol 11 (2000) 88-96
32. Brenner B.M., Cooper M.E., de Zeeuw D., et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 861-869
33. Lewis E.J., Hunsicker L.G., Clarke W.R., et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 851-860
34. Parving H.H., Persson F., Lewis J.B., et al., the ASI. Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 358 (2008) 2433-2446
35. Onder G., Penninx B.W., Balkrishnan R., et al. Relation between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and muscle strength and physical function in older women: an observational study. Lancet 359 (2002) 926-930
36. Cohen H.J., Pieper C.F., Harris T., et al. The association of plasma IL-6 levels with functional disability in community-dwelling elderly. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 52 (1997) M201-M208
37. Sumukadas D., Witham M.D., Struthers A.D., et al. Effect of perindopril on physical function in elderly people with functional impairment: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 177 (2007) 867-874
38. Carter C.S., Onder G., Kritchevsky S.B., et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition intervention in elderly persons: effects on body composition and physical performance. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60 (2005) 1437-1446
39. Tzourio C., Anderson C., Chapman N., et al. Effects of blood pressure lowering with perindopril and indapamide therapy on dementia and cognitive decline in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 163 (2003) 1069-1075
40. Gustafson D.R., Melchior L., Eriksson E., et al. The ACE insertion deletion polymorphism relates to dementia by metabolic phenotype, APOE[var epsilon]4, and age of dementia onset. Neurobiology of Aging (2008) in press
41. Ohrui T., Tomita N., Sato-Nakagawa T., et al. Effects of brain-penetrating ACE inhibitors on Alzheimer disease progression. Neurology 63 (2004) 1324-1325
42. Lithell H., Hansson L., Skoog I., et al. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21 (2003) 875-886
43. Hanes D.S., and Weir M.R. Usefulness of ARBs and ACE inhibitors in the prevention of vascular dementia in the elderly. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 16 (2007) 175-182