Genetically and medically susceptible workers

Occupational Medicine - State of the Art Reviews

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 595-611

  Mohr, Sandra ^a   Gochfeld, Michael ^a   Pransky, Glenn ^b  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANAMNESIS; DISABILITY; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETICS; HUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; PREDICTION AND FORECASTING; REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

DISABILITY EVALUATION; GENETIC MARKERS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENETIC SCREENING; HUMANS; MEDICAL HISTORY TAKING; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE; PHYSICIAN'S ROLE; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 6744253620     PISSN: 0885114X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Agúndez JAG, Ledesma MC, Benitze J, et al: CYP2D6 genes and risk of liver cancer. Lancet 345:830-831, 1995.
2. Albers JW, Kallenbach LR, Fine LJ, et al: Neurological abnormalities associated with remote occupational elemental mercury exposure. Ann Neurol 24:651-655, 1988.
3. Ambrosone CB, Kadlubar FF: Acetyltransferase polymorphisms and disease susceptibility. In Mendelsohn ML, Mohr LC, Peeters J (eds): Biomarkers: Medical and Workplace Applications. Washington DC, Joseph Henry Press, 1998.
4. Amoruso MA, Ryer J, Easton D, et al: Estimation of risk of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient red cells to ozone and nitrogen dioxide. J Occup Med 28:473-479, 1986.
5. Anonymous: Global regulations on diabetics treated with insulin and their operation of commercial motor vehicles. DiaMond Project Group on Social Issues. 307(6898):250-253, 1993.
6. Arnfield RN: Americans with disabilities act of 1990: A primer of title 1 provisions for occupational health care professionals. J Occup Med 34:503-509, 1992.
7. Aronow WS, Isbell MW: Carbon monoxide effect of exercise-induced angina pectoris. Ann Intern Med 79:392-395, 1973.
8. Ashford NA: Medical screening in the workplace: Legal and ethical considerations. Semin Occup Med 1:67-79, 1986.
9. Atherley G: Human rights versus occupational medicine. Int J Health Services 13:265-275, 1983.
10. Bailey W: Observation on the etiology and frequency of spondylolisthesis and its precursors. Radiology 48:107-112, 1947.
11. Boucher RC: Cystic fibrosis. In Fauci AS, et al (eds): Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1998.
12. Brandt-Rauf PW: Biomarkers of gene expression: Growth factors and oncoproteins. Environ Health Perspect 105(Suppl4):807-816, 1997.
13. Campione KM: The pre-employment examination: An evaluation. Ind Med Surg 41:27-30, 1972.
14. Carpenter CJC, Fischl MA, Hammer SM, et al: Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1998: Updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society. JAMA 280:78-86, 1998.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Update: Trends in AIDS diagnosis and reporting under the expanded surveillance definition for adolescents and adults - United States, 1993. MMWR 43:826-831, 1994.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Update: Trends in AIDS incidence, deaths, and prevalence-United States, 1996. MMWR 46:165-173, 1997.
17. Chaffin DB: Human strength capability and low-back pain. J Occup Med 16:248-254, 1974.
18. Chan-Yeung M, Ashley MJ, Corey P, Maledy H: Pi phenotypes and the prevalence of chest symptoms and lung function abnormalities in workers employed in dusty industries. Am Rev Resp Dis 117:239-245, 1978.
19. Chaplin JE, Wester A, Tomson T: Factors associated with the employment problems of people with established epilepsy. Seizure 7(4):299-303, 1998.
20. Charap MH: The periodic health examination: Genesis of a myth. Ann Intern Med 95:733-735, 1981.
21. Chia KS, Ong CN, Endo G: Renal tubular function of workers exposed to low levels of cadmium. Br J Ind Med 46:165-170, 1989.
22. Clark CM Jr, Lee DA: Prevention and treatment of the complications of diabetes mellitus. New Eng J Med 332:1210-1217, 1995.
23. Clark JB: Risk assessment and clinical aeromedical decision-making. Aviat Space Environ Med 64:741-747, 1993.
24. Code of Federal Regulations, Vol. 29, Part 1910.
25. Cohen JE, Goel V, Frank JW, Gibson ES: Predicting risk of back injuries, work absenteeism, and chronic disability: The shortcomings of preplacement screening. J Occup Med 36(10): 1093-1099, 1994.
26. Cohen OJ, Fauci AS: HIV/AIDS in 1998 - Gaining the upper hand? JAMA 280:87-88, 1998.
27. Cole RB, Nevin NC, Blundell G, et al: Relation of alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotype to the performance of pulmonary function tests and to the prevalence of respiratory illness in a working population. Thorax 31:149-157, 1976.
28. Conney AH, Burns JJ: Metabolic interactions among environmental chemicals and drugs. Science 178:576-586, 1972.
29. Conney AH: Induction of microsomal enzymes by foreign chemicals and carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Res 42:4875-4917, 1982.
30. Cowell JWF: Guidelines for fitness-to-work examinations. CMAJ 135:985-989, 1986.
31. Cox DW, Hoeppner VH, Levison H: Protease inhibitors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The alpha 1-antitrypsin heterozygote controversy. Am Rev Resp Dis 113:601-606, 1976.
32. Cullen MR, Cherniack MG, Rosenstock L: Occupational medicine. New Eng J Med 322:594-601, 675-683, 1990.
33. Dagastapa AK, Saunders M, Dick DJ: Epilepsy in the British Steel Corporation: An evaluation of sickness, accident, and work records. Br J Ind Med 39:145, 1982.
34. Daniell WE, Couser WG, Rosenstock L: Occupational solvent exposure and glomerulonephritis: A case report and review of the literature. JAMA 259:2280-2283, 1989.
35. DeKort W, van Dijk F: Preventive effectiveness of preplacement medical assessments. Occ Environ Med 54:1-6, 1997.
36. Dionne G, Desjardins D, Laberge-Nadeau C, Maag U: Medical conditions, risk exposure, and truck drivers' accidents: An analysis with count data regression models. Accid Anal Prev 27:295-305, 1995.
37. Eadington DW, Frier BM: Type 1 diabetes and driving experience: An eight-year cohort study. Diabet Med 6:137-141, 1989.
38. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: A technical assistance manual on the employment provisions (Title I) of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington DC, US Government Printing Office, January 1992.
39. Fauci AS, Lane HC: Human immunodeficiency virus disease: AIDS and related disorders. In Fauci AS, et al (eds): Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1998.
40. Federal Register 61:606-610, DOT waiver program, 1996.
41. Fielding JE: Appraising the health of health risk appraisal. Am J Public Health 72:337-340, 1982.
42. Forrest AR: Ethical aspects of workplace urine screening for drug abuse. J Med Ethics 23:12-17, 1997.
43. Foster DW: Diabetes. In Fauci AS, et al (eds): Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1998.
44. Frazier JM, Mattie DR, Peirano WB: Summary of the conference on risk assessment issues for sensitive populations. Toxicology 111:1-2, 1996.
45. Friedlander BR, Hearne FT: Epidemiological investigation of employees chronically exposed to methylene chloride. J Occup Med 20:657-666, 1978.
46. Frymoyer WB: Predicting disability from low back pain. Clin Orthop 279:101-109, 1992.
47. Furness FN (ed): Genetic perspectives in disease resistance and susceptibility. Ann NY Acad Sci 91:598-818, 1961.
48. Galizzi M, Boden L, Liu TC: The Worker's Story: Results of a Survey of Workers Injured in Wisconsin. Workers' Compensation Research Institute, Cambridge MA, 1998.
49. Gastaut H, Zifkin B: The risk of automobile accidents with seizures occurring while driving: Relation to seizure type. Neurology 37:1613-1616, 1987.
50. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Beasley JW, et al: ACC/AHA guidelines for exercise testing: Executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Exercise Testing). Circulation 96:345-354, 1997.
51. Gibson ES, Martin RH, Terry CW: Incidence of low back pain and preplacement x-ray screening. J Occup Med 22:515-519, 1980.
52. Gibson ES: The value of preplacement screening radiography of the low back. Occup Med 3:91-107, 1988.
53. Gillen M, Lallas D, Brown C, et al: Work disability in adults with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152:153-156, 1995.
54. Golka K, Prior V, Blaszkewicz M, et al: Occupational history and genetic N-acetyltransferase polymorphism in urothelial cancer patients of Leverkusen, Germany. Scand J Work Environ Health 22:332-338, 1996.
55. Greenberger PA: Immunologic aspects of lung diseases and cystic fibrosis. JAMA 278:1924-1930, 1997.
56. Gross JA, Haas ML, Swift TR: Ethylene oxide neurotoxicity : Report of four cases and review of the literature. Neurology 29:978-983, 1979.
57. Guengerich FP: Human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Life Sci 50:1471-1478, 1992.
58. Haldane JBS: Heredity and Politics. New York, Norton, 1938.
59. Hall H, McIntosh G, Melles T, et al: Effect of discharge recommendations on outcome. Spine 19(18):2033-2037, 1994.
60. Halperin WE, Ratcliffe J, Frazier TM, et al: Medical screening in the workplace: Proposed principles. J Occup Med 28:547-552, 1986.
61. Hanks TG: The physical examination in industry: A critique. Arch Env Health 12:267-268, 1966.
62. Hansen ES: A cohort study on the mortality of firefighters. Br J Ind Med 47:805-810, 1990.
63. Hansotia P, Broste S: The effect of epilepsy and diabetes mellitus on the risk of automobile accidents. New Eng J Med 324:22-26, 1991.
64. Hansotia P: Seizure disorders, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular disease. Considerations for older drivers. Clin Geriatr Med 9:323-339, 1993.
65. Harber P, Fedoruk MJ: Work placement and worker fitness: Implications of the Americans with Disabilities Act for pulmonary medicine. Chest 105(5):1564-1571, 1994.
66. Harber P, Hsu P, Fedoruk MJ: Personal risk assessment under the Americans with Disabilities Act: A decision analysis approach. J Occup Med 35:1000-1010, 1993.
67. Hartenbaum NP: The DOT Medical Examination: A Guide to Commercial Drivers' Medical Certification. OEM Press, Beverly Farms MA, 1995.
68. Hattis D, Barlow K: Human interindividual variability in cancer risks - technical and management challenges. Health Ecol Risk Assess 2:194-220, 1996.
69. Hattis D, Burmaster DE: Assessment of variability and uncertainty distributions for practical risk analysis. Risk Anal 14:713-730, 1994.
70. Hattis D, Erdreich L, Ballew M: Human variability in susceptibility to toxic chemicals: A preliminary analysis of pharmacokinetic data from normal volunteers. Risk Anal 7:415-426, 1987.
71. Hedberg G, Jacobsson KA, Langendoen S, Nystrom L: Mortality in circulatory diseases, especially ischaemic heart disease, among Swedish professional drivers: A retrospective cohort study. J Human Ergology 20:1-5, 1991.
72. Hellmuth GA; Is workmen's compensation a barrier to cardiac employment? Arch Environ Health 20:404-409, 1970.
73. Heyman A, Pfeiffer JB, Willet RW, et al: Peripheral neuropathy caused by arsenical intoxication. New Eng J Med 254:401-409, 1956.
74. Hicks RA, Hicks MJ: Attitudes of major employers toward the employment of people with epilepsy: A 30-year study. Epilepsia 32:86-88, 1991.
75. Hlatky MA, Boothroys D, Horine S, et al: Employment after coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery in patients employed at the time of vascularization. Ann Intern Med 129:543-547, 1998.
76. Hoffman S, Pransky GS: Pre-placement evaluations and the Americans with Disabilities Act: An analysis. J Occup Rehab 1999 (in press).
77. Hogan JC, Bernacki EJ: Developing job-related preplacement medical examinations. J Occup Med 23:469-476, 1981.
78. Hong J-Y, Yang CS: Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 as a biomarker of susceptibility to environmental toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 105(Supple 4):759-762, 1997.
79. Hughes JT, Devinsky O: Legal aspects of epilepsy. Neurol Clin 12(1):203-223, 1994.
80. John C, McLellan DL: Employers' attitudes to people with epilepsy in the Southampton District. Br J Ind Med 45:713-715, 1988.
81. Kellerman G, Shaw CR, Luyten-Kellerman M: Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility and bronchogenic carcinoma. New Eng J Med 289:934-937, 1973.
82. Klayton R, Fallat R, Cohen AB: Determinants of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with intermediate levels of alpha1-antitrypsin. Am Rev Resp Dis 112:71-75, 1975.
83. Koepsell TD, Wolf ME, McCloskey L, et al: Medical conditions and motor vehicle collision injuries in older drivers. JAGS 42:695-700, 1994.
84. Kueppers F, Dömhart A: Obstructive lung disease in heterozygotes for alpha- 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Ann Intern Med 80:209-212, 1974.
85. Ladero JM, Kwok CK, Jara C, et al: Acetylator polymorphism in human colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 51:2098-2100, 1991.
86. Lancourt J, Kettelhut M: Predicting return to work for lower back pain patients receiving workers' compensation. Spine 17:629-640, 1992.
87. Landes J, Rod JL: Return-to-work evaluation after coronary events: Special emphasis on simulated work activity. Sports Med 13:365-375, 1992.
88. Lappé M: Ethical issues in testing for differential sensitivity to occupational hazards. J Occup Med 25:797-807, 1982.
89. Lawrence JS: Disc degeneration: Its frequency and relationship to symptoms. Ann Rheum Dis 28:121-127, 1969.
90. Li Y, Asherova M, Marion M-J, Brandt-Rauf PW: Mutant oncoprotein biomarkers in chemical carcinogenesis. In Mendelsohn ML, Mohr LC, Peeters J (eds): Biomarkers: Medical and Workplace Applications. Washington DC, Joseph Henry Press, 1998.
91. Lundbom J, Myhre HO, Ystgaard B, et al: Exercise tolerance and work ability following aorto-coronary bypass surgery. Scan J Social Med 22:303-308, 1994.
92. Lysaght R: Job analysis in occupational therapy: Stepping into the complex world of business and industry. Am J Occup Ther 51(7):569-575, 1997.
93. Mark DB, Lam LC, Lee KL, et al: Identification of patients with coronary disease at high risk for loss of employment: A prospective validation study. Circulation 86:1485-1494, 1992.
94. Mason JK: Previous disease in aircrew killed in accidents. Aviat Space Env Med 48:944, 1977.
95. Mawby M: Time for law to catch up with life. Diabetes Care 20:1640-1641, 1997.
96. McLellan DL: Epilepsy and employment. J Soc Occ Med 37:94-99, 1987.
97. Medical conditions, risk exposure, and truck drivers' accidents: An analysis with count data regression models. Accident Analysis & Prevention 27(3):295-305, 1995.
98. Mendelsohn ML, Mohr LC, Peeters J (eds): Biomarkers: Medical and Workplace Applications. Washington DC, Joseph Henry Press, 1998.
99. Miller MS, McCarver DG, Bell DA, et al: Symposium overview: Genetic polymorphisms in human drug metabolic enzymes. Fund Applied Toxicol 40:1-14, 1997.
100. Mital A, Kumar GM, Colon-Brown K: Aerobic capacity of coronary heart disease patients and its use in accommodating them in the workplace. Disability Rehab 18:396-401, 1996.
101. Mittman C, Barbela T, Lieberman J: Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency as an indicator of susceptibility to pulmonary disease. J Occup Med 15:33-38, 1973.
102. Morse JO, Lebowitz MD, Knudson RJ, Burrows B: Relation of protease inhibitor phenotypes to obstructive lung disease in a community. New Eng J Med 296:1190-1194, 1977.
103. Musk AW, Monson RR, Peters JM, et al: Mortality among Boston firefighters, 1915-1975. Br J Ind Med 35:104-108, 1978.
104. Nasr ANM, Block DL, Magnuson HJ: Absenteeism experience in a group of employed diabetics. J Occup Med 8:621-625, 1966.
105. National Center for Health Statistics: Health and the United States, 1994. DHHS (PHS) 95-1232, Hyattsville MD, 1995.
106. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: National Occupational Hazard Survey I. Vol III: Survey Analysis and Supplemental Tables. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication 78-114, 1978.
107. Nebert DW, McKinnon RA, Puga A: Human drug-metabolizing enzyme polymorphisms: Effects on risk of toxicity and cancer. DNA Cell Biol 15:273-280, 1996.
108. Nebert DW: Multiple forms of inducible drug-metabolizing enzymes: A reasonable mechanism by which any organism can cope with adversity. Molec Cell Biochem 27:27-46, 1979.
109. Omenn GS, Motulsky AG: "Ecogenesis": Genetic variation in susceptibility to environmental agents. In Cohen BH, Lilienfeld AM, Huang PC (eds): Genetic Issues in Public Health and Medicine. Springfield IL, C. C. Thomas, 1979.
110. Omenn GS: Predictive identification of hypersusceptible individuals. J Occup Med 24:369-374, 1982.
111. Orchard TJ, Dorman JS, Maser RE, et al: The prevalence of complications in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus by sex and duration: Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study-II. Diabetes 39:1116-1124, 1990.
112. Osterloh J: Drug testing in the workplace. Occup Med 5:617-632, 1990.
113. Office of Technology Assessment: Genetic monitoring and screening in the workplace. Washington DC, U.S. Congress OTA, 1990.
114. Office of Technology Assessment: The role of genetic testing in the prevention of occupational disease. Washington DC, U.S. Congress OTA, 1983.
115. Parmeggiani L (ed): Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 3rd ed. International Labour Office, Geneva, 1983.
116. Pelletier KR: Clinical and cost outcomes of multifactorial, cardiovascular risk management interventions in worksites: A comprehensive review and analysis. J Occup Environ Med 39:1154-1169, 1997.
117. Pilote L, Thomas RJ, Dennis C, et al: Return to work after uncomplicated myocardial infarction: A trial of practice guidelines in the community. Ann Intern Med 117:383-389, 1992.
118. Pommerenke F, Hegmann K, Hartenbaum NP: DOT examinations: Practical aspects and regulatory review. Am Fam Physician 58:415-426, 1998.
119. Poole CJ, Wright AD, Nattrass M: Control of diabetes mellitus in shift workers. Br J Ind Med 49(7):513-515, 1992.
120. Pope AM, Tarlov AR (eds): Disability in America. Institute of Medicine, 1991.
121. Powderly WG, Landay A, Lederman MM: Recovery of the immune system with antiretroviral therapy. The end of opportunism? JAMA 280:72-77, 1998.
122. Pransky GS, Frumkin H, Himmelstein JS: Decision making in worker fitness and risk evaluation. Occup Med 3:179-192, 1988.
123. Redfield JT: The low back x-ray as a pre-employment screening tool in the forest products industry. J Occup Med 13:219-226, 1971.
124. Reuben DB: Assessment of older drivers. Clin Geriatr Med 9:449-459, 1993.
125. Richardson M: The impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act on employment opportunity for people with disabilities. Ann Rev Public Health 15:91-105, 1994.
126. Rodgers SH: Job evaluation in worker fitness and risk evaluation. Occup Med 3:219-240, 1988.
127. Rothstein MH: Employee selection based on susceptibility to occupational illness. Michigan Law Rev 81:1379-1496, 1983.
128. Sackett DL, Epid MS, Gibson RW, et al: Relationship between aortic atherosclerosis and the use of cigarettes and alcohol. New Eng J Med 279:1413-1420, 1968.
129. Sarsycki v. United Parcel Service, 862 F. Supp. 336 (W. Dis. Ok., 1994)
130. Schilling RSF: The role of medical examinations in protecting worker health. J Occup Med 28:553-557, 1986.
131. Schmidt P, Haarhoff K, Bonte W: Sudden natural death at the wheel - A particular problem of the elderly? Forensic Sci Int 48:155-162, 1990.
132. Schmidt vs Safeway, Inc. 3 AD Cases 1141 (D. Or. 1994)
133. Schulte PA, Singal M: Interpretation and communication of the results of medical field investigations. J Occup Med 31:589-594, 1989.
134. Schwartz BS, Lee B-K, Stewart W, et al: D-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase genotype modifies 4-hour urinary lead excretion after oral administration of dimercaptosuccinic acid. Occup Environ Med 54:241-246, 1997.
135. Selvyn AP, Braumvald E: Ischemic heart disease. In Fauci AS, et al (eds): Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1998.
136. Shanfield SB: Return to work after an acute myocardial infarction: A review. Heart Lung 19:109-117, 1990.
137. Songer TJ, LaPorte RE, Dorman JS, et al: Motor vehicle accidents and IDDM. Diabetes Care 11:701-707, 1988.
138. Songer TJ: Drivers with diabetes: Innocent until proven guilty. Diabetes Care 12:233-234, 1989.
139. Soskolne CL: Ethical, social, and legal issues surrounding studies of susceptible populations and individuals. Environ Health Perspect 105(Suppl 4):837-842, 1997.
140. Sox HC Jr, Littenberg B, Garber AM: The role of exercise testing in screening for coronary artery disease. Ann Int Med 110:456-469, 1989.
141. Spencer PS, Schaumberg HH, Sabri MI, et al: The enlarging of hexacarbon neurotoxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 7:279-356, 1980.
142. Stern FB, Halperin WE, Hornung RW, et al: Heart disease mortality among bridge and tunnel officers exposed to carbon monoxide. Am J Epidemiol 128:1276-1288, 1988.
143. Stern RM: The management of risk: Application to the welding industry. Risk Anal 5:63-72, 1985.
144. Stewart RD, Fisher TN, Hoska MJ, et al: Experimental human exposure to methylene chloride. Arch Environ Health 25:342-348, 1972.
145. Stokinger HE, Mountain JT: Progress in detecting the worker hypersusceptible to industrial chemicals. J Occup Med 9:537-542, 1967.
146. Stokinger HE, Mountain JT: Test for hypersusceptibility to hemolytic chemicals. Arch Environ Health 6:495-502, 1963.
147. Stokinger HE, Scheel LD: Hypersusceptibility and genetic problems in occupational medicine: A consensus report. J Occup Med 15:564-573, 1973.
148. Straif K, Silverstein M: Comparison of U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standards and German Berufsgenossenschaften Guidelines for Preventive Occupational Health Examinations. Am J Ind Med 31:373-388, 1997.
149. Strama BT: HIV-infected health care workers: The legal perspective. Bull New York Acad Med 72(1 Suppl):240-262, 1995.
150. Temte J: Cardiovascular conditions and worker fitness and risk. Occup Med 3:241-254, 1988.
151. The DCCT Research Group: Diabetes mellitus control and complications trial: Results of a feasibility study. Diabetes Care 10:1-19, 1985.
152. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New Eng J Med 329:977-986, 1993.
153. Tramposh AK: The functional capacity evaluation: Measuring maximal work abilities. Occup Med 7:113-124, 1992.
154. Underwood Ground KE: Pre-existing disease in aircrew killed in flying accidents. Aviat Space Env Med 52:672-676, 1981.
155. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration: The Regulatory Criteria For Evaluation Under Section 391.41(b), 1995.
156. Voge VM: Role of pre-existing disease in the causation of naval aircraft mishaps. Aviat Space Env Med 52:677-682, 1981.
157. Walker BD, Basgoz N: Treat HIV-1 infection like other infections - treat it. JAMA 280:91-93, 1998.
158. Waller RR: Health status and motor vehicle crashes. New Eng J Med 324:54-55, 1991.
159. Ward CM, Steward AW: Hypoglycemia insulin-dependent diabetic patients attending an outpatient clinic. NZ Med Journal 103:339-341, 1990.
160. Wegman chapter, this volume.
161. Williamson SM: Eighteen years' experience without pre-employment examinations. J Occup Med 13:465-475, 1971.
162. Yagi K: Epilepsy: Comprehensive care, quality of life, and factors preventing people with epilepsy from being employed. Clin Ther 20 Suppl A:A19-29, 1998.
163. Zwerling C, Ryan J: Risk and severity of nonback occupational injuries after lumbar laminectomy for degenerative disc disease. Am J Ind Med 19:531-538, 1991.