Vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease;Factores de riesgo vascular y enfermedad de Alzheimer

Revista Espanola de Geriatria y Gerontologia

Volumn 44, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 98-105

  Regalado Doña, Pedro J ^a   Azpiazu Artigas, Pilar ^a   Sánchez Guerra, M Luisa ^a   Almenar Monfort, Consuelo ^a  

^a Benito Menni Complex Assistencial en Salut Mental   (Spain)

Author keywords

Alzheimer; Homocysteine; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypertension; Vascular risk factors

Indexed keywords

HOMOCYSTEINE;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; OBESITY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING;

EID: 67349244033     PISSN: 0211139X     EISSN: 15781747     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2008.12.004     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. C.E. Schorer Alzheimer and Kraepelin describe Binswanger's disease J Neuropsy Clin Neurosci 4 1992 55 58
2. G.E. Berrios Alzheimer disease: a conceptual history Int J Geriatric Psychiatry 5 1990 355 365
3. D.J. Libon , C.C. Price , K.M. Heilman , and M. Grossman Alzheimer's, 'other dementia'. Cognitive and behavioral neurology Cogn Behav Neurol 19 2006 112 116
4. G. Román Vascular dementia: a historical background Int Psychogeriatrics 15 Suppl 1 2003 11 13 (Pubitemid 37175161)
5. G.C. Román , T.K. Tatemichi , T. Erkinjuntti , J.L. Cummings , J.C. Masdeu , and J.H. Garcia Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop Neurology 43 1993 250 260 (Pubitemid 23060253)
6. S. Wiederkehr , M. Simard , C. Fortin , and R. Van Reekum Comparability of the clinical diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia: a critical review. Part I J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 20 2008 150 161
7. G.C. Román , P. Sachdev , D.R. Royall , R.A. Bullock , J.M. Orgogozo , and S. López-Pousa Vascular cognitive disorder: a new diagnostic category updating vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia J Neurol Sci 226 2004 81 87 (Pubitemid 39505412)
8. M.J. Stampfer Cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease: common links J Intern Med 260 2006 211 223 (Pubitemid 44253634)
9. M. Kivipelto , and A. Solomon Cholesterol as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease - epidemiological evidence Acta Neurol Scand 185 Suppl 2006 50 57 (Pubitemid 44015225)
10. R.N. Kalaria The role of cerebral ischemia in Alzheimer's disease Neurobiol Aging 21 2000 321 330 (Pubitemid 30387091)
11. J.A. Luchsinger , and R. Mayeux Cardiovascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease Curr Atheroscler Rep 6 2004 261 266 (Pubitemid 39359464)
12. E. Duron , and O. Hanon Vascular risk factors, cognitive decline, and dementia Vas Health Risk Manag 4 2008 363 381
13. J.C. De la Torre Alzheimer disease as a vascular disorder: nosological evidence Stroke 33 2002 1152 1162 (Pubitemid 34293607)
14. A. Hofman , M.M.B. Breteler , C.M. Van Duijn , G.P. Krestin , H.A. Pols , and B.H.C. Stricker The Rotterdam Study: objectives and design update Eur J Epidemiol 22 2007 819 829 (Pubitemid 350105372)
15. D.A. Snowdon , and N. Study Healthy aging and dementia: findings from the Nun Study Ann Intern Med 139 2003 450 454 (Pubitemid 38120875)
16. D.A. Snowdon , L.H. Greiner , J.A. Mortimer , K.P. Riley , P.A. Greiner , and W.R. Markesbery Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The Nun Study JAMA 277 1997 813 817 (Pubitemid 27111317)
17. C. Geroldi , G.B. Frisoni , G. Paolisso , S. Bandinelli , M. Lamponi , and A.M. Abbatecola Insulin resistance in cognitive impairment: the InCHIANTI study Arch Neurol 62 2005 1067 1072 (Pubitemid 41043726)
18. S. Kalmijn , D. Foley , L. White , C.M. Burchfiel , J.D. Curb , and H. Petrovitch Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in Japanese-American elderly men. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 2000 2255 2260
19. M. Vanhanen , K. Koivisto , L. Moilanen , E.L. Helkala , T. Hänninen , and H. Soininen Association of metabolic syndrome with Alzheimer disease: a population-based study Neurology 67 2006 843 847 (Pubitemid 44394200)
20. G. Razay , A. Vreugdenhil , and G. Wilcock The metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer disease Arch Neurol 64 2007 93 96 (Pubitemid 46072429)
21. H.J. Milionis , M. Florentin , and S. Giannopoulos Metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: a link to a vascular hypothesis? CNS spectrums 13 2008 606 613
22. N. Rasgon , and L. Jarvik Insulin resistance, affective disorders, and Alzheimer's disease: review and hypothesis [discussion 184-82] J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 59 2004 178 183 (Pubitemid 38269152)
23. J.A. Luchsinger , M.X. Tang , S. Shea , and R. Mayeux Hyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer disease Neurology 63 2004 1187 1192 (Pubitemid 39350015)
24. G.S. Watson , E.R. Peskind , S. Asthana , K. Purganan , C. Wait , and D. Chapman Insulin increases CSF A beta42 levels in normal older adults Neurology 60 2003 1899 1903 (Pubitemid 36736003)
25. S.M. Dde la Monte , and J.R. Wands Review of insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression, signaling, and malfunction in the central nervous system: relevance to Alzheimer's disease J Alzheimers Dis 7 2005 45 61 (Pubitemid 40387184)
26. S.E. Young , A.G. Mainous , and M. Carnemolla Hyperinsulinemia and cognitive decline in a middleaged cohort Diabetes Care 29 2006 2688 2693
27. G. Razay , and G.K. Wilcock Hyperinsulinaemia and Alzheimer's disease Age Ageing 23 1994 396 399 (Pubitemid 24292166)
28. R.P. Stolk , M.M. Breteler , A. Ott , H.A. Pols , S.W. Lamberts , and D.E. Grobbee Insulin and cognitive function in an elderly population. The Rotterdam Study Diabetes Care 20 1997 792 795 (Pubitemid 27202530)
29. J. Kuusisto , K. Koivisto , L. Mykkänen , E.L. Helkala , M. Vanhanen , and T. Hänninen Association between features of the insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer's disease independently of apolipoprotein E4 phenotype: cross sectional population based study BMJ 315 1997 1045 1049 (Pubitemid 27458392)
30. E. Rönnemaa , B. Zethelius , J. Sundelöf , J. Sundström , M. Degerman-Gunnarsson , and C. Berne Impaired insulin secretion increases the risk of Alzheimer disease Neurology 71 2008 1065 1071
31. J.D. Curb , B.L. Rodriguez , R.D. Abbott , H. Petrovitch , G.W. Ross , and K.H. Masaki Longitudinal association of vascular and Alzheimer's dementias, diabetes, and glucose tolerance Neurology 52 1999 971 975 (Pubitemid 29161605)
32. R. Peila , B.L. Rodriguez , L.R. White , and L.J. Launer Fasting insulin and incident dementia in an elderly population of Japanese-American men Neurology 63 2004 228 233 (Pubitemid 38971119)
33. T. Cukierman , H.C. Gerstein , and J.D. Williamson Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes-systematic overview of prospective observational studies Diabetologia 48 2005 2460 2469 (Pubitemid 41738208)
34. C.L. Leibson , W.A. Rocca , V.A. Hanson , R. Cha , E. Kokmen , and P.C. O"Brien Risk of dementia among persons with diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study Am J Epidemiol 145 1997 301 308 (Pubitemid 27082028)
35. A. Ott , R.P. Stolk , F. Van Harskamp , H.A. Pols , A. Hofman , and M.M. Breteler Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study Neurology 53 1999 1937 1942
36. R. Peila , B.L. Rodriguez , L.J. Launer , and H.A.A. Study Type 2 diabetes, APOE gene, and the risk for dementia and related pathologies: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Diabetes 51 2002 1256 1262 (Pubitemid 34438377)
37. Z. Arvanitakis , R.S. Wilson , J.L. Bienias , D.A. Evans , and D.A. Bennett Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function Arch Neurol 61 2004 661 666 (Pubitemid 38637681)
38. F. Irie , A.L. Fitzpatrick , O.L. Lopez , L.H. Kuller , R. Peila , and A.B. Newman Enhanced risk for Alzheimer disease in persons with type 2 diabetes and APOE epsilon4: the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study Arch Neurol 65 2008 89 93
39. M.S. Beeri , J.M. Silverman , K.L. Davis , D. Marin , H.Z. Grossman , and J. Schmeidler Type 2 diabetes is negatively associated with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60 2005 471 475 (Pubitemid 40712864)
40. Z. Arvanitakis , J.A. Schneider , R.S. Wilson , Y. Li , S.E. Arnold , and Z. Wang Diabetes is related to cerebral infarction but not to AD pathology in older persons Neurology 67 2006 1960 1965
41. J.A. Luchsinger , C. Reitz , B. Patel , M.X. Tang , J.J. Manly , and R. Mayeux Relation of diabetes to mild cognitive impairment Arch Neurol 64 2007 570 575 (Pubitemid 46588347)
42. M.F. Elias , P.A. Wolf , R.B. D"Agostino , J. Cobb , and L.R. White Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: the Framingham Study Am J Epidemiol 138 1993 353 364 (Pubitemid 23289288)
43. L.J. Launer , K. Masaki , H. Petrovitch , D. Foley , and R.J. Havlik The association between midlife blood pressure levels and latelife cognitive function. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study JAMA 274 1995 1846 1851 (Pubitemid 26001260)
44. L. Kilander , H. Nyman , M. Boberg , L. Hansson , and H. Lithell Hypertension is related to cognitive impairment: a 20 year follow-up of 999 men Hypertension 31 1998 780 786 (Pubitemid 28108576)
45. C. Tzourio , C. Dufouil , P. Ducimetière , and A. Alpérovitch Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure: a longitudinal study in the elderly. EVA Study Group. Epidemiology of Vascular Aging Neurology 53 1999 1948 1952
46. J.A. Suhr , J.C. Stewart , and C.R. France The relationship between blood pressure and cognitive performance in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) Psychosom Med 66 2004 291 297 (Pubitemid 38668395)
47. C. Reitz , M.X. Tang , J. Manly , R. Mayeux , and J.A. Luchsinger Hypertension and the risk of mild cognitive impairment Arch Neurol 64 2007 1734 1740 (Pubitemid 350254935)
48. T.O. Obisesan , O.A. Obisesan , S. Martins , L. Alamgir , V. Bond , and C. Maxwell High blood pressure, hypertension, and high pulse pressure are associated with poorer cognitive function in persons aged 60 and older: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey J Am Geriatr Soc 56 2008 501 509
49. R.J. Glynn , L.A. Beckett , L.E. Hebert , M.C. Morris , P.A. Scherr , and D.A. Evans Current and remote blood pressure and cognitive decline JAMA 281 1999 438 445 (Pubitemid 29069442)
50. J. Verghese , R.B. Lipton , C.B. Hall , G. Kuslansky , and M.J. Katz Low blood pressure and the risk of dementia in very old individuals Neurology 61 2003 1667 1672 (Pubitemid 38020809)
51. I. Skoog , B. Lernfelt , S. Landahl , B. Palmertz , L.A. Andreasson , and L. Nilsson 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia Lancet 347 1996 1141 1145 (Pubitemid 126512042)
52. I. Skoog Hypertension and cognition Inter Psychogeriatrics/IPA 15 Suppl 1 2003 139 146 (Pubitemid 37175181)
53. R. Moretti , P. Torre , R.M. Antonello , D. Manganaro , C. Vilotti , and G. Pizzolato Risk factors for vascular dementia: hypotension as a key point Vas Health Risk Manag 4 2008 395 402
54. Z. Guo , M. Viitanen , L. Fratiglioni , and B. Winblad Low blood pressure and dementia in elderly people: the Kungsholmen project BMJ 312 1996 805 808 (Pubitemid 26099298)
55. M.C. Morris , P.A. Scherr , L.E. Hebert , R.J. Glynn , D.A. Bennett , and D.A. Evans Association of incident Alzheimer disease and blood pressure measured from 13 years before to 2 years after diagnosis in a large community study Arch Neurol 58 2001 1640 1646 (Pubitemid 32963229)
56. L.J. Launer , G.W. Ross , H. Petrovitch , K. Masaki , D. Foley , and L.R. White Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging study Neurobiol Aging 21 2000 49 55 (Pubitemid 30224785)
57. M. Kivipelto , E.L. Helkala , M.P. Laakso , T. Hänninen , M. Hallikainen , and K. Alhainen Mid-life vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study BMJ 322 2001 1447 1451 (Pubitemid 32575406)
58. A. Ruitenberg , I. Skoog , A. Ott , O. Aevarsson , J.C. Witteman , and B. Lernfelt Blood pressure and risk of dementia: results from the Rotterdam study and the Gothenburg H70 Study Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 12 2001 33 39 (Pubitemid 32008939)
59. W.J. Burke , P.G. Coronado , C.A. Schmitt , K.M. Gillespie , and H.D. Chung Blood pressure regulation in Alzheimer's disease Auton Neurosci 48 1994 65 71 (Pubitemid 24120673)
60. E.S.C. Korf Midlife blood pressure and the risk of hippocampal atrophy: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Hypertension 44 2004 29 34 (Pubitemid 38823483)
61. S.A. Bennett , B.A. Pappas , W.D. Stevens , C.M. Davidson , T. Fortin , and J. Chen Cleavage of amloid precursor protein elicited by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion Neurobiol Aging 21 2000 207 214 (Pubitemid 30387079)
62. K. Jendroska , W. Poewe , S.E. Daniel , J. Pluess , H. Iwerssen-Schmidt , and J. Paulsen Ischemic stress induces deposition of amyloid beta immunoreactivity in human brain Acta Neuropathol 90 1995 461 466
63. S. Takeda , N. Sato , T. Ogihara , and R. Morishita The renin-angiotensin system, hypertension and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: new therapeutic potential Front Biosci 13 2008 2253 2265
64. A.S. Khachaturian , P.P. Zandi , C.G. Lyketsos , K.M. Hayden , I. Skoog , and M.C. Norton Antihypertensive medication use and incident Alzheimer disease: the Cache County Study Arch Neurol 63 2006 686 692
65. O. Hanon , R. Pequignot , M.L. Seux , H. Lenoir , A. Bune , and A.S. Rigaud Relationship between antihypertensive drug therapy and cognitive function in elderly hypertensive patients with memory complaints J Hypertens 24 2006 2101 2107 (Pubitemid 44371278)
66. R. Peila Reducing the risk of dementia: efficacy of long-term treatment of hypertension Stroke 37 2006 1165 1170 (Pubitemid 43731856)
67. J. Birns , R. Morris , N. Donaldson , and L. Kalra The effects of blood pressure reduction on cognitive function: a review of effects based on pooled data from clinical trials J Hypertens 24 2006 1907 1914 (Pubitemid 44371252)
68. M.J. Prince , A.S. Bird , R.A. Blizard , and A.H. Mann Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertensive treatment? Results from 54 months of the Medical Research Council's trial of hypertension in older adults BMJ 312 1996 801 805 (Pubitemid 26099297)
69. I.L. Notkola , R. Sulkava , J. Pekkanen , T. Erkinjuntti , C. Ehnholm , and P. Kivinen Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease Neuroepidemiology 17 1998 14 20 (Pubitemid 28153361)
70. M. Kivipelto , E.L. Helkala , M.P. Laakso , T. Hänninen , M. Hallikainen , and K. Alhainen Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease Ann Intern Med 137 2002 149 155
71. R.A. Whitmer , S. Sidney , J. Selby , S.C. Johnston , and K. Yaffe Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life Neurology 64 2005 277 281
72. M.A. Pappolla , T.K. Bryant-Thomas , D. Herbert , J. Pacheco , M.F. Garcia , and M. Manjon Mild hypercholesterolemia is an early risk factor for the development of Alzheimer amyloid pathology Neurology 61 2003 199 205 (Pubitemid 36875301)
73. L.J. Launer , L.R. White , H. Petrovitch , G.W. Ross , and J.D. Curb Cholesterol and neuropathologic markers of AD: a population based autopsy study Neurology 57 2001 1447 1452 (Pubitemid 32995727)
74. Z.S. Tan , S. Seshadri , A. Beiser , P.W.F. Wilson , D.P. Kiel , and M. Tocco Plasma total cholesterol level as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Study Arch Intern Med 163 2003 1053 1057 (Pubitemid 36548931)
75. S.N. Romas , M.X. Tang , L. Berglund , and R. Mayeux APOE genotype, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and AD in community elderly Neurology 53 1999 517 521 (Pubitemid 29382044)
76. J.T. Moroney , M.X. Tang , L. Berglund , S. Small , C. Merchant , and K. Bell Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of dementia with stroke JAMA 282 1999 254 260 (Pubitemid 29343168)
77. C. Reitz , M.X. Tang , J. Luchsinger , and R. Mayeux Relation of plasma lipids to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia Arch Neurol 61 2004 705 714 (Pubitemid 38637688)
78. M.M. Mielke , P.P. Zandi , M. Sjögren , D. Gustafson , S. Ostling , and B. Steen High total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementia Neurology 64 2005 1689 1695 (Pubitemid 40695799)
79. J.W. Knittweis , and W.A. McMullen The effect of apoE on dementia is not through atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam study Neurology 54 2000 2356 2358
80. G. Li , J. Shofer , W. Kukull , E. Peskind , D. Tsuang , and J.C.S. Breitner Serum cholesterol and risk of Alzheimer disease: A community-based cohort study Neurology 65 2005 1045 1050 (Pubitemid 41429629)
81. R.D. Abbott , D.S. Sharp , C.M. Burchfiel , J.D. Curb , B.L. Rodriguez , and A.A. Hakim Cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels over a 20-year period in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program Ann Epidemiol 7 1997 417 424 (Pubitemid 27355790)
82. R. Stewart , L.R. White , Q.L. Xue , and L.J. Launer Twenty-six-year change in total cholesterol levels and incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Arch Neurol 64 2007 103 107 (Pubitemid 46072431)
83. M. Sjögren , M. Mielke , D. Gustafson , P. Zandi , and I. Skoog Cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease- is there a relation? Mech Ageing Dev 127 2006 138 147 (Pubitemid 43168306)
84. D.L. Sparks , M.N. Sabbagh , J.C.S. Breitner , J.C. Hunsaker , and A.C.L.T.T. Team the Ancillary ADAPT Cholestrol. Is cholesterol a culprit in Alzheimer's disease? Int Psychogeriatrics/IPA 15 Suppl 1 2003 153 159
85. K.J. Anstey , D.M. Lipnicki , and L.F. Low Cholesterol as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a systematic review of prospective studies with metaanalysis Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16 2008 343 354
86. J. Stevens , J. Cai , E.R. Pamuk , D.F. Williamson , M.J. Thun , and J.L. Wood The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality N Engl J Med 338 1998 1 7 (Pubitemid 28040168)
87. F. Nourhashémi , V. Deschamps , S. Larrieu , L. Letenneur , J.F. Dartigues , and P. Barberger-Gateau Body mass index and incidence of dementia: the PAQUID study Neurology 60 2003 117 119 (Pubitemid 36070657)
88. D. Gustafson , E. Rothenberg , K. Blennow , B. Steen , and I. Skoog An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease Arch Intern Med 163 2003 1524 1528 (Pubitemid 36835095)
89. M. Kivipelto , T. Ngandu , L. Fratiglioni , M. Viitanen , I. Kåreholt , and B. Winblad Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease Arch Neurol 62 2005 1556 1560 (Pubitemid 41434560)
90. K.M. Hayden , P.P. Zandi , C.G. Lyketsos , A.S. Khachaturian , L.A. Bastian , and G. Charoonruk Vascular risk factors for incident Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia: the Cache County study Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disor 20 2006 93 100 (Pubitemid 44305908)
91. R.A. Whitmer , E.P. Gunderson , C.P. Quesenberry , J. Zhou , and K. Yaffe Body mass index in midlife and risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia Curr Alzheimer Res 4 2007 103 109 (Pubitemid 46557496)
92. R.A. Whitmer , D.R. Gustafson , E. Barrett-Connor , M.N. Haan , E.P. Gunderson , and K. Yaffe Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later Neurology 71 2008 1057 1064
93. E.C. Gorospe , and J.K. Dave The risk of dementia with increased body mass index Age Ageing 36 2007 23 29 (Pubitemid 47078643)
94. M.A. Beydoun , H.A. Beydoun , and Y. Wang Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and metaanalysis Obes Rev 9 2008 204 218
95. S. Seshadri , A. Beiser , J. Selhub , P.F. Jacques , I.H. Rosenberg , and R.B. D"Agostino Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease N Engl J Med 346 2002 476 483 (Pubitemid 34441738)
96. A. Garcia , and K. Zanibbi Homocysteine and cognitive function in elderly people CMAJ 171 2004 897 904 (Pubitemid 39371559)
97. K.M. Riggs , A. Spiro , K. Tucker , and D. Rush Relations of vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, folate, and homocysteine to cognitive performance in the Normative Aging Study Am J Clin Nutr 63 1996 306 314 (Pubitemid 26074688)
98. M.M. Budge , C. De Jager , E. Hogervorst , A.D. Smith , O.P.T.I. Memory , and A. (OPTIMA) Total plasma homocysteine, age, systolic blood pressure, and cognitive performance in older people J Am Geriatr Soc 50 2002 2014 2018 (Pubitemid 35462448)
99. A.A. Garcia , Y. Haron , L.R. Evans , M.G. Smith , M. Freedman , and G.C. Roman Metabolic markers of cobalamin deficiency and cognitive function in normal older adults J Am Geriatr Soc 52 2004 66 71 (Pubitemid 38090392)
100. S. Kalmijn , L.J. Launer , J. Lindemans , M.L. Bots , A. Hofman , and M.M. Breteler Total homocysteine and cognitive decline in a community-based sample of elderly subjects: the Rotterdam Study Am J Epidemiol 150 1999 283 289 (Pubitemid 29344955)
101. R. Stewart , B. Asonganyi , and R. Sherwood Plasma homocysteine and cognitive impairment in an older British African-Caribbean population J Am Geriatr Soc 50 2002 1227 1232
102. G. Ravaglia , P. Forti , F. Maioli , M. Martelli , L. Servadei , and N. Brunetti Homocysteine and folate as risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer disease Am J Clin Nutr 82 2005 636 643 (Pubitemid 43759250)
103. P.S. Aisen , L.S. Schneider , M. Sano , R. Diaz-Arrastia , C.H. Van Dyck , and M.F. Weiner High-dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 300 2008 1774 1783
104. C. Merchant , M.X. Tang , S. Albert , J. Manly , Y. Stern , and R. Mayeux The influence of smoking on the risk of Alzheimer's disease Neurology 52 1999 1408 1412 (Pubitemid 29190532)
105. H.X. Wang , L. Fratiglioni , G.B. Frisoni , M. Viitanen , and B. Winblad Smoking and the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal data in a population-based study Am J Epidemiol 149 1999 640 644 (Pubitemid 29162713)
106. R. Doll , R. Peto , J. Boreham , and I. Sutherland Smoking and dementia in male British doctors: prospective study BMJ 320 2000 1097 1102 (Pubitemid 30213965)
107. C. Reitz , T. Den Heijer , C. Van Duijn , A. Hofman , and M.M.B. Breteler Relation between smoking and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: the Rotterdam Study Neurology 69 2007 998 1005 (Pubitemid 47366053)
108. J. Belleville The French paradox: possible involvement of ethanol in the protective effect against cardiovascular diseases Nutrition 18 2002 173 177 (Pubitemid 34158678)
109. J. Lindsay , D. Laurin , R. Verreault , R. Hébert , B. Helliwell , and G.B. Hill Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging Am J Epidemiol 156 2002 445 453
110. A. Ruitenberg , J.C. Van Swieten , J.C.M. Witteman , K.M. Mehta , C.M. Van Duijn , and A. Hofman Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study Lancet 359 2002 281 286 (Pubitemid 34119290)
111. T. Truelsen , D. Thudium , M. Grønbaek , and C.C.H. Study Amount and type of alcohol and risk of dementia: the Copenhagen City Heart Study Neurology 59 2002 1313 1319 (Pubitemid 35285979)
112. K.J. Mukamal , L.H. Kuller , A.L. Fitzpatrick , W.T. Longstreth , M.A. Mittleman , and D.S. Siscovick Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of dementia in older adults JAMA 289 2003 1405 1413 (Pubitemid 37430308)
113. J.A. Luchsinger , M.X. Tang , M. Siddiqui , S. Shea , and R. Mayeux Alcohol intake and risk of dementia J Am Geriatr Soc 52 2004 540 546 (Pubitemid 38480630)
114. A. Ott , M.M. Breteler , M.C. De Bruyne , F. Van Harskamp , D.E. Grobbee , and A. Hofman Atrial fibrillation and dementia in a population-based study. The Rotterdam Study Stroke 28 1997 316 321 (Pubitemid 27096997)
115. C. Qiu , B. Winblad , A. Marengoni , I. Klarin , J. Fastbom , and L. Fratiglioni Heart failure and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: a population-based cohort study Arch Intern Med 166 2006 1003 1008
116. H. Park , A. Hildreth , R. Thomson , and J. O"Connell Non-valvular atrial fibrillation and cognitive decline: a longitudinal cohort study Age Ageing 36 2007 157 163 (Pubitemid 46455394)