Do the cardiovascular disease risks and benefits of oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy differ between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women?

Menopause

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 963-967

  Clarkson, Thomas B ^a   Karas, Richard H ^b  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; LIPID; LIPOPROTEIN; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL FUNCTION; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DOSAGE FORM COMPARISON; EDITORIAL; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ESTROGEN THERAPY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASODILATATION; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MENOPAUSE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 36048961414     PISSN: 10723714     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318157ac70     Document Type: Editorial

References (38)

1. Mueck AO, Genazzani AR, Samsioe G, Vukovic-Wysocki I, Seeger H. Low dose continuous combinations of hormone therapy and biochemical surrogate markers for vascular tone and inflammation: transdermal versus oral application. Menopause 2007;14:978-984.
2. Adams MR, Kaplan JR, Manuck SB, et al. Inhibition of cornary artery atherosclerosis by 17-beta estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys. Lack of an effect of added progesterone. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:1051-1057.
3. Clarkson TB. Estrogen effects on arteries vary with stage of reproductive life and extent of subclinical atherosclerosis progression. Menopause 2007;14:373-384.
4. Zegura B, Guzic-Salobir B, Sebestjen M, Keber I. The effect of various menopausal hormone therapies on markers of inflammation, coagulation, fibrinolysis, lipids, and lipoproteins in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause 2006;13:643-650.
5. Baksu B, Davas I, Agar E, Akyol A, Uluocak A. Do different delivery systems of estrogen therapy influence serum lipids differently in surgically menopausal women? J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007;33:346-352.
6. Chu MC, Cosper P, Nakhuda GS, Lobo RA. A comparison of oral and transdermal short-term estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Fertil Steril 2006;86:1669-1675.
7. Karas RH, Clarkson TB. Considerations in interpreting the cardiovascular effects of hormone replacement therapy observed in the WHI: timing is everything. Menopausal Med 2003;10:8-12.
8. Clarkson TB, Anthony MS. Effects on the cardiovascular system - basic aspects. In: Dempster D, Lindsay R, Jordan VC, eds. Estrogens and Antiestrogens. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997:89-118.
9. Karim R, Mack WJ, Lobo RA, et al. Determinants of the effect of estrogen on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial. Menopause 2005;12:366-373.
10. Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Lobo RA, et al. Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:939-953.
11. Mendelsohn ME, Karas RK. Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences. Science 2005;308:1583-1587.
12. Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1801-1811.
13. Edwards DP. Regulation of signal transduction pathways by estrogen and progesterone. Annu Rev Physiol 2005;67:335-376.
14. Sader MA, Celermajer DS. Endothelial function, vascular reactivity and gender differences in the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc Res 2002;15:597-604.
15. Maffei S, Mercuri A, Zucchelli GC, Vassalle C. Estrogen therapy effects on different vasoactive factors in recent postmenopausal healthy women. Int J Cardiol 2006;107:194-199.
16. Vihma V, Vehkavaara S, Yki-Jarvinen H, Hohtari H, Tikkanen MJ. Differential effects of oral and transdermal estradiol treatment on circulating estradiol fatty acid ester concentrations in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:588-593.
17. Helisten H, Hockerstedt A, Wahala K, et al. Accumulation of high-density lipoprotein-derived estradiol-17β fatty acid esters in low-density lipoprotein particles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1294-1300.
18. Ho JY, Chen MJ, Sheu WH, et al. Differential effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen on atherosclerotic vascular disease risk markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Human Reprod 2006;21:2715-2720.
19. Vallance P, Leone A, Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S. Endogenous dimethylarginine as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992;20:S60-S62.
20. Verhoeven MO, Hemelaar M, Van Der Mooren MJ, Kenemans P, Teerlink T. Oral, more than transdermal, oestrogen therapy lowers asymmetric dimethylarginine in healthy postmenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Intern Med 2006;259:199-208.
21. Koh KK, Kang MH, Jin DK, et al. Vascular effects of estrogen in type II diabetic postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1409-1415.
22. Herrington DM, Espeland MA, Crouse JR, et al. Estrogen replacement and brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation in older women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001;21:1955-1961.
23. Sherwood A, Bower JK, McFetridge-Durdle J, Blumenthal JA, Newby LK, Hinderliter AL. Age moderates the short-term effects of transdermal 17β-estradiol on endothelium-dependent vascular function in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol epub, 2007.
24. Karas RH. Mechanisms of action of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. In: Lobo RA, ed. Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical Aspects, 3rd ed. San Diego: Elsevier, 2007:453-469.
25. Decensi A, Omodei U, Robertson C, et al. Effect of transdermal estradiol and oral conjugated estrogen of C-reactive protein in retinoid-placebo trial in healthy women. Circulation 2002;106:1224-1228.
26. Zegura B, Keber I, Sebestjen M, Koenig W. Double-blind, randomized study of estradiol replacement therapy on markers of inflammation, coagulation and fibrinolysis. Atherosclerosis 2003;168:123-129.
27. Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Kasama S, et al. Different effects of oral conjugated estrogen and transdermal estradiol on arterial stiffness and vascular inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 2006;189:436-442.
28. Eilertsen AL, Hoibraaten E, Os I, Andersen TO, Sandvik L, Sandset PM. The effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy in C-reactive protein levels and other inflammatory markers in women with high risk of thrombosis. Maturitas 2005;52:111-118.
29. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Eng J Med 2002;347:1557-1565.
30. Clarkson TB, Kaplan JR. Stage of Reproductive Life, Atherosclerosis progression and estrogen effects on coronary artery atherosclerosis. In: Lobo RA, ed. Treatment of the Postmenopausal Woman: Basic and Clinical Aspects, 3rd ed. San Diego: Elsevier, 2007:509-528.
31. Lewandowski KC, Komorowski J, Mikhalidis DP, et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy type and route of administration on plasma matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:3123-3130.
32. Hwang J, Hodis HN, Hsiai TK, Asatryan L, Sevanian A. Role of annexin II in estrogen-induced macrophage matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity: the modulating effect of statins. Atherosclerosis 2006;189:76-82.
33. Post MS, Thomassen MC, Van Der Mooren MJ, et al. Effect of oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on hemostatic variables associated with venous thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:1116-1121.
34. Brosnan JF, Sheppard BL, Norris LA. Haemostatic activation in postmenopausal women taking low-dose hormone therapy: less effect with transdermal administration? Thromb Haemost 2007;97:558-565.
35. Scarabin PY, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G. Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk. Lancet 2003;362:428-432.
36. Caconico M, Oger E, Plu-Bureau G, et al. Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women. Impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER Study. Circulation 2007;115:840-845.
37. Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia-Rodriguez LA, Perez-Gutthann S, Duque-Oliart A. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000;101:2572-2578.
38. Manson JE, Allison MA, Rossiuw JE, et al. Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2591-2602.